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46-555: Daming Temple is so named because it was constructed during the periods in the reign of Xiaowu Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty during the period of Daming (453–464 AD). In the first year of Renshou in the Sui dynasty (601), Emperor Wen Yang Jian issued an edict to build 30 pagodas across the country for the worship of Buddhist relics (佛骨) to celebrate his birthday. So the Qi Ling Tower

92-828: A major attack on Liu Song and crossed the Yellow River . In winter 422, Northern Wei forces captured Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang , Henan ). In spring 423, they captured Luoyang . Tan Daoji was dispatched to try to save the northern cities, and he was able to save Shandong Peninsula from falling, but by summer 423, the last major Liu Song outpost on the Yellow River, Hulao (虎牢, in modern Zhengzhou , Henan ), had fallen, along with Xuchang . Only then did Northern Wei stop its advances. In fall 423, Emperor Shao honored his mother Consort Zhang as empress dowager . By 424, Xu, Fu, and Xie had grown increasingly dissatisfied with Emperor Shao as an emperor, as Emperor Shao had failed to follow

138-453: A part of Liu Dan's rebellion, and first broke Yan's legs and then forced him to commit suicide, killing all male members of Yan's household after Yan had died. Shen soon captured Guangling and killed Liu Dan; upon Emperor Xiaowu's orders, most of Guangling's population was slaughtered in inhumane manners. In 461, Emperor Xiaowu's impulsive younger brother Liu Xiumao ( 劉休茂 ) the Prince of Hailing,

184-664: A political issue as well—as he was said to have engaged in incest with all of Liu Yixuan's daughters who remained in Jiankang, drawing Liu Yixuan's ire. Further, because of both Liu Yixuan's and Zang Zhi's contributions to his cause, they expected to be able to act with absolute powers within their domains (Jing and Jiang Province, respectively), and yet Emperor Xiaowu was trying to establish his personal authority and therefore often overrode and questioned their actions. Liu Yixuan and Zang therefore resolved to rebel. In spring 454, they sent messengers to persuade Lu Xiu's brother Lu Shuang ( 魯爽 )

230-493: A scandal where they had engaged a witch to curse Emperor Wen to death so Liu Shao could become emperor faster, and Emperor Wen was set on deposing them. Liu Shao, in 453, then led a coup d'etat and assassinated Emperor Wen, taking over as emperor himself. At this time, Liu Jun the Prince of Wuling was at Wuzhou (五洲, a small island on the Yangtze River in modern Huanggang , Hubei ) preparing to attack rebellious aborigines in

276-679: A state of emergency, preparing a major rebellion against Liu Shao. Meanwhile, Liu Jun's uncle Liu Yixuan ( 劉義宣 ) the Prince of Nanqiao and governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei ), and Zang Zhi ( 臧質 ) the governor of Yong Province both refused Liu Shao's promotions as well and sent messengers to Liu Jun, requesting that he declare himself emperor. Liu Jun first returned to the capital of Jiang Province, Xunyang (尋陽, in modern Jiujiang , Jiangxi ), and then issued declarations requesting other governors to join him. Liu Yixuan and Zang Zhi soon arrived with their troops, and they quickly advanced toward Jiankang. Meanwhile, Liu Jun's brother Liu Dan ( 劉誕 )

322-938: The Buddhist monk Tanbiao ( 曇標 ) was discovered, and Emperor Xiaowu issued an edict reducing the number of monks and nuns greatly, but because members of Emperor Xiaowu's households often associated with nuns, the edict never actually took effect. (Emperor Xiaowu also took this opportunity to falsely accuse the official Wang Sengda ( 王僧達 ), who had disrespected Empress Dowager Lu's nephew Lu Qiongzhi ( 路瓊之 ), of being involved in Gao's rebellion, after being urged to kill Wang by Empress Dowager Lu.) With Emperor Xiaowu being distrustful of high level officials, he often consulted his long-time associates Dai Faxing ( 戴法興 ), Dai Mingbao ( 戴明寶 ), and Chao Shangzhi ( 巢尚之 ). The three became therefore very powerful and wealthy, notwithstanding their actual relatively low rank. By 459, there were many rumors that Liu Dan

368-482: The Crown Prince , and He Shangzhi ( 何尚之 ), Emperor Wen put his brother Liu Yikang , the former prime minister who had been deposed in 440, to death.) In 452, Liu Jun was sent to be the governor of South Yan Province (南兗州, modern central Jiangsu ), and then of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian ). In 452, Liu Shao and another brother, Liu Jun the Prince of Shixing (different character), were caught in

414-487: The Prince of Luling crown prince instead. Xie, however, after meeting with Liu Yizhen, had an even worse opinion of Liu Yizhen, and so Emperor Wu stopped considering so. As Emperor Wu grew seriously ill later that year, he entrusted Crown Prince Yifu to Xu Xianzhi , Fu Liang , Xie Hui, and Tan Daoji . At the same time, however, he secretly warned Crown Prince Yifu that Xie was such a quick thinker that he could not be trusted greatly. He then died, and Crown Prince Yifu took

460-607: The Prince of Sui, the governor of Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay , also declared support for Liu Jun. In less than a month, Liu Jun arrived in the vicinity of Jiankang; during the journey, however, he suffered a major illness, during which his assistant Yan Jun ( 顔竣 ) had to impersonate him to avoid public knowledge that he was ill. Initially, Liu Shao's troops had minor success over his, but one of Liu Shao's major generals, Lu Xiu ( 魯秀 ), soon sabotaged his efforts and then fled to Liu Jun's camp. Liu Jun soon declared himself emperor (as Emperor Xiaowu), while

506-473: The battle was continuing to be waged. Seven days later, the palace fell, and Liu Shao and Liu Jun the Prince of Shixing were captured and executed. Emperor Xiaowu settled in Jiankang, welcoming his mother Consort Lu and his wife Princess Wang Xianyuan to the capital, honoring his mother as empress dowager and his wife as empress . He also created his oldest son Liu Ziye crown prince. One major issue with Emperor Xiaowu's personal conduct immediately became

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552-546: The border with rival Northern Wei , and with Emperor Wen interested in recovering provinces lost to Northern Wei during the reign of his brother Emperor Shao , Yong was considered a key post. As his mother was not favored by the Emperor, she mostly accompanied him rather than stay at the palace in the capital Jiankang . In 448, Liu Jun was made the governor of the equally important Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui ), with its capital at Pengcheng , and it

598-547: The distant scenes, the mountains are at the same level with sight line, hence the name "Pingshan Hall" ( 平山堂 ; Ping means the same level and shan means mountains). Some time during the Renshou reign of the Sui dynasty – between 601 and 604 AD, the nine-story "Qiling Pagoda" ( 栖灵塔 ) was completed. Emperor Xiaowu of Song Emperor Xiaowu of Song (宋孝武帝; 19 September 430 – 12 July 464 ), personal name Liu Jun (劉駿), courtesy name Xiulong (休龍), childhood name Daomin (道民),

644-497: The emperor's watchdogs on the provincial governors, began to expand greatly. Emperor Xiaowu, after he had completed the mourning period for his father Emperor Wen, began to spend his energy on various pleasures and construction projects. Yan Jun the mayor of Jiankang, who had assisted him greatly during his campaign against Liu Shao and who had been a long-time subordinate of his, repeatedly urged him to change his ways, and Emperor Xiaowu became displeased at him, and sent him away to be

690-639: The families of all of Liu Dan's associates—many of whom had not been aware of Liu Dan's plans and had in fact fled out of Guangling back to Jiankang upon the battle being waged, only to find their families already dead. Emperor Xiaowu sent Shen Qingzhi against Liu Dan, and Shen put Guangling under siege after cutting off Liu Dan's potential path of fleeing to Northern Wei. Liu Dan briefly abandoned Guangling and tried to flee, but upon urging by his associates returned to Guangling and defended it. Meanwhile, Emperor Xiaowu, also believing that Yan Jun had revealed his personal indiscretions, falsely accused Yan of having been

736-530: The four provinces' rebellion, initially felt that he was unable to withstand them and considered offering the throne to Liu Yixuan, but at earnest opposition by his brother Liu Dan the Prince of Jingling, decided to resist. Most of the other provinces quickly declared their support for Emperor Xiaowu, and Yuan Huzhi ( 垣護之 ) the governor of Ji Province (冀州, modern northwestern Shandong ), along with Ming Yin ( 明胤 ) and Xiahou Zuhuan ( 夏侯祖歡 ) quickly defeated Xu, forcing him to flee to Lu Shuang. Lu's ferocity in battle

782-404: The governor of East Yang Province. Meanwhile, Emperor Xiaowu also became suspicious of his brother Liu Dan the Prince of Jingling, then the governor of South Yan Province, who was capable and who had gathered many warriors about him, and he set up military safeguards between Liu Dan's post at Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) and the capital. In 458, a coup plot by Gao Du ( 高闍 ) and

828-401: The governor of Jing Province (荊州, roughly modern Hubei ), but at the counsel of Zhang Shao ( 張邵 ) that Liu Yifu, as the heir, should not be sent away from Jiankang, that post was given to Liu Yilong instead. When Liu Yu accepted the greater title of Duke of Song that year, Liu Yifu became the heir apparent to his dukedom, and in 419, after he was created the Prince of Song, Liu Yifu was given

874-565: The governor of Yong Province, angry that his communications officers Yang Qing ( 楊慶 ) and Dai Shuang ( 戴雙 ) and military officer Yu Shenzhi ( 庾深之 ) curbed his powers, started a rebellion that was quickly put down by Liu Xiumao's own subordinates. Knowing that Emperor Xiaowu had become increasingly suspicious of all of his brothers, his uncle Liu Yigong, now prime minister, suggested that imperial princes be prohibited from having weapons, from being governors of border provinces, and from associating with people other than members of their household. At

920-550: The governor of Yu Province (豫州, modern central Anhui ) to join them in rebellion in the fall—but when the messengers arrived, Lu Shuang was so drunk that he misunderstood the messengers and declared a rebellion immediately, declaring Liu Yixuan emperor, and he was joined by Xu Yibao ( 徐遺寶 ) the governor of Yan Province (兗州, modern western Shandong ). Upon hearing Lu Shuang's premature actions, Liu Yixuan and Zang had to quickly declare rebellion as well, although they fell short of declaring Liu Yixuan emperor. Emperor Xiaowu, hearing of

966-448: The imperial government to supply him with more and more money. They therefore stoked the rivalry that Emperor Shao already had with Liu Yizhen and then accused Liu Yizhen of crimes, and Emperor Shao reduced Liu Yizhen to commoner status and exiled him to Xin'an Commandery (新安, roughly modern Hangzhou , Zhejiang ). With Liu Yizhen out of the way, Xu, Fu, and Xie prepared to remove Emperor Shao as well. Because they were apprehensive about

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1012-416: The powerful armies that Tan and Wang Hong had, they summoned Tan and Wang to the capital and then informed them of the plot. They then sent soldiers into the palace to arrest Emperor Shao, after first persuading the imperial guards not to resist. Before Emperor Shao could get up from bed in the morning, the soldiers were already in his bedchamber, and he made a futile attempt to resist, but was captured. He

1058-567: The proper behavior during the three-year mourning period for his father, but spent most of his time on games and pleasure rather than on studies and important matters of state, despite encouragement from his official Fan Tai ( 范泰 ). They therefore considered deposing him, but they were also dissatisfied with the next ranked son of Emperor Wu, Liu Yizhen, who was talented but was even more frivolous than Emperor Shao in his behavior, often spending time with other talented but frivolous men, including Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi ( 顏延之 ) and often requesting

1104-447: The region. His communications officer Dong Yuansi ( 董元嗣 ) arrived from Jiankang and informed him how Liu Shao had assassinated Emperor Wen, and he in turn had Dong inform it to his subordinates. Meanwhile, Liu Shao wrote a secret letter to the general Shen Qingzhi ( 沈慶之 ), who at the time was with Liu Jun. However, Shen had no intentions of following Liu Shao's orders, and after showing the letter to Liu Jun, ordered his troops to enter

1150-406: The side effect, however, of adding administrative expenses due to the multiplicity of provinces. In 455, Emperor Xiaowu's 16-year-old younger brother Liu Hun ( 劉渾 ) the Prince of Wuchang, the governor of Yong Province, in jest, wrote a declaration in which he referred to himself as the Prince of Chu and changed era name —but Liu Hun had no intention whatsoever to rebel. However, when this document

1196-592: The special honor to be known as Crown Prince of Song. It was also around this time that he married Emperor Gong of Jin 's daughter Sima Maoying the Princess Haiyan. After Liu Yu seized the throne from Emperor Gong and established Liu Song (as its Emperor Wu) in 420, he created Liu Yifu crown prince . By 422, Emperor Wu was ill. His official Xie Hui saw that Crown Prince Yifu was often spending time with people lacking in abilities and virtue, and warned Emperor Wu about it. Emperor Wu considered making Liu Yizhen

1242-614: The style of the Main Hall in the Tōshōdai-ji which was organized and built by Jianzhen in Japan. A wood carving sitting statue of Jianzhen which was dry-lacquered and wrapped with linen layer by layer is enshrined in the hall. The Pingshan Hall ( 平山堂 ) was built by Song dynasty scholar official Ouyang Xiu in 1048 during the Qingli period when he was prefecture chief of Yangzhou. When people overlook

1288-470: The suggestion of Zhang Chang ( 張暢 ), Liu Jun insisted on defending Pengcheng, and Liu Yigong gave up his plan to flee. Emperor Taiwu, after diplomatic parlaying at Pengcheng, continued advancing south, all the way to the Yangtze River , before withdrawing in 451. Despite holding Pengcheng, Liu Jun was slightly demoted after the war. (During the war, at the instigation of Liu Jun, his older brother Liu Shao

1334-620: The temple reverted to its former name of "Daming Temple". The temple was constructed around the hill, which consisted of three parts. The central part consistes of the Hall of the " Four Heavenly Kings " ("Fēng Tiáo Diàn") and the Great Hall. The eastern part consisted of Pingyuan Hall and the "Jianzhen Memorial Hall". The western part consisted of Pingshan Hall, Si Garden and other features. The palaces and pavilions are well integrated with each other and well-arranged in structure. The Memorial Hall modeled

1380-415: The throne as Emperor Shao. Emperor Shao honored his stepgrandmother Xiao Wenshou as grand empress dowager, and he created his wife Crown Princess Sima Maoying as empress. The matters of the central government were largely in the hands of Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, and Xie Hui. One immediate matter that needed to be dealt with was that Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei , hearing of Emperor Wu's death, launched

1426-684: The urging of Shen Huaiwen ( 沈懷文 ), however, Liu Yigong's suggestions were not acted upon. In 462, Emperor Xiaowu's favorite concubine Consort Yin died. (Most historians believe that Consort Yin was actually a daughter of Liu Yixuan, whom Emperor Xiaowu officially made a consort after Liu Yixuan's death but covered up the incestuous relationship by claiming that she was from the household of his official Yin Yan ( 殷琰 ), although some believe Consort Yin to have actually been from Yin's household and been given to Liu Yixuan before Emperor Xiaowu took her as his own after Liu Yixuan's death.) He mourned her so greatly that he

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1472-475: Was an emperor of the Liu Song dynasty of China. He was a son of Emperor Wen . After his older brother Liu Shao assassinated their father in 453 and took the throne, he rose in rebellion and overthrew Liu Shao. He was generally regarded as a capable, but harsh and sexually immoral emperor. He curtailed the powers of the officials and imperial princes greatly during his reign. Liu Jun was born in 430, as Emperor Wen's third son. His mother, Consort Lu Huinan ,

1518-461: Was an emperor of the Chinese Liu Song dynasty . He was the oldest son of the founding emperor, Emperor Wu , and became emperor after his father's death in 422. The officials whom his father left in charge of the government became convinced that he was unfit to govern, and so deposed and killed him in 424, making his more-capable younger brother Liu Yilong (Emperor Wen) the emperor. Liu Yifu

1564-426: Was born in 406, when his father Liu Yu was already a paramount general of Jin and effectively regent. His mother was Liu Yu's concubine Consort Zhang . He was Liu Yu's oldest son. As Liu Yu consolidated his power, he began to bestow on Liu Yifu increasingly more nominal authority, although Liu Yu had his subordinates actually carry out the duties that Liu Yifu would otherwise be expected to carry out. In 415, he

1610-430: Was brought to Emperor Xiaowu's intention, Emperor Xiaowu stripped Liu Hun of his title and reduced him to commoner rank, and then further forced Liu Hun to commit suicide. This would start a trend in which Emperor Xiaowu suppressed the authority of his brothers. In addition, the authority of the provincial communication officers, because they served as liaisons between the emperor and the provincial governors and doubled as

1656-562: Was built in this temple. The magnificent tower had nine floors and was known as "China's most magnificent and special architecture", so the temple was also called "Qi Ling Temple". During the periods of the Wuzong reign of the Tang dynasty (618–907), it was called Qiling Temple. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), due to social taboo of "Daming" (Daming Chinese: 大明 means Ming dynasty ), its name

1702-415: Was changed into "Qiling Temple" ( 栖灵寺 ). In 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong period (1736–1795), Qianlong Emperor honored the name "Fajing Temple" ( 法净寺 ). In 1922, Japanese scholar Tokiwa Daijo ( 常盘大定 ) built a pavilion, a gallery and a memorial hall before Daming Temple to commemorate master Jianzhen. In 1973, Jianzhen Memorial Hall, designed by Liang Sicheng , was constructed. In 1980,

1748-540: Was feared by many, but he continued to drink heavily throughout the campaign, and when he encountered the troops of Emperor Xiaowu's general Xue Andu ( 薛安都 ), he fell off his horse and was killed, greatly discouraging Liu Yixuan's and Zang's troops. Liu Yixuan also did not personally trust Zang, and declined Zang's strategy of attacking Jiankang directly, instead choosing to engage Emperor Xiaowu's troops at Liangshan (梁山, in modern Chaohu , Anhui ), and after some initial losses, Liu Yixuan's troops collapsed, and he fled. Zang

1794-568: Was forced to flee as well, and soon was killed in flight. Liu Yixuan was captured and executed, ending this episode of opposition against Emperor Xiaowu. In response to the rebellion, Emperor Xiaowu decided to cut down on the strengths of the major provinces (Jing, Jiang, as well as the capital province Yang Province (揚州, modern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu ) by reducing them in size, carving East Yang Province (東揚州, modern central and eastern Zhejiang) out of Yang and Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei ) out of Jing and Jiang Provinces, which had

1840-796: Was going to rebel or that Emperor Xiaowu was going to act against Liu Dan, and Liu Dan built strong defenses around Guangling in response. Meanwhile, upon reports of Liu Dan's crimes (which appeared to have been instigated by Emperor Xiaowu himself), Emperor Xiaowu issued an edict demoting Liu Dan to marquess, and at the same time sent the general Yuan Tian ( 垣闐 ) and Dai Mingbao to make a surprise attack on Guangling. When they approached, however, Liu Dan realized it and counterattacked, killing Yuan Tian. Liu Dan made public declarations of Emperor Xiaowu's incestuous relationships (including an allegation, which some historians believed to be true, that he had an incestuous relationship with his mother Empress Dowager Lu), infuriating Emperor Xiaowu, who proceeded to slaughter

1886-567: Was made the defender of the capital Jiankang , even though it was Liu Muzhi ( 劉穆之 ) who had actual authority. In 417, after Liu Yu had destroyed Later Qin and annexed its territory, Liu Muzhi died. Liu Yu then withdrew, leaving the former Later Qin capital Chang'an in the hands of Liu Yifu's younger brother Liu Yizhen ( 劉義真 ) the Duke of Guiyang, but again with generals and officials actually in charge. In 418, after he had reached Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), he considered making Liu Yifu

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1932-532: Was not one of Emperor Wen's favorite consorts, and he was also not much favored by his father. In 435, he was created the Prince of Wuling . In 439, at age nine, he was made the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, modern Hunan ), and for the next several years he was rotated through the provinces, although he did not appear to be actually at all in charge until 445, when he was made the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern northwestern Hubei and southwestern Henan ), an important province militarily due to its location on

1978-445: Was officially made heir apparent of Liu Yu's dukedom of Yuzhang and made the governor of Yan Province (兗州, then modern central Jiangsu ). In 416, he was made the governor of Yu Province (豫州, then modern central Anhui ). Later that year, he was again made the governor of Yan Province, but also the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu). Then, in the fall, as Liu Yu launched a major campaign to attack Later Qin , Liu Yifu

2024-481: Was sent back to his old palace. The officials then, in the name of Empress Dowager Zhang, declared Emperor Shao's faults and demoted him to Prince of Yingyang, offering the throne to his younger brother Liu Yilong Prince of Yidu instead. Liu Yifu was exiled to Wu Commandery (roughly modern Suzhou , Jiangsu ) and kept under secure guard. One month later, Xu Xianzhi sent the assassin Xing Antai ( 邢安泰 ) to assassinate

2070-439: Was there that he was involved in a major war between Liu Song and Northern Wei. In 450, with Emperor Wen's northern advances not only repelled by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei , but with Northern Wei troops under Emperor Taiwu attacking south in retaliation, Northern Wei troops quickly reached Pengcheng. Liu Jun's uncle Liu Yigong ( 劉義恭 ) the Prince of Jiangxia, the commander of the northern troops, wanted to abandon Pengcheng, at

2116-617: Was unable to carry on the matters of state, and he built a magnificent tomb and temple for her, forcing many commoners into laboring for these projects. In 464, Emperor Xiaowu died, and was succeeded by his son Liu Ziye (as Emperor Qianfei). The historian Sima Guang , in his Zizhi Tongjian , made the following comments about the late years of Emperor Xiaowu's reign: Consorts and Issue: Emperor Shao of Song Emperor Shao of Liu Song ((劉)宋少帝; 406 – 4 August 424 ), also known by his post-removal title Prince of Yingyang (營陽王), personal name Liu Yifu (劉義符), childhood name Chebing (車兵),

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