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62-624: Wuzong ( 武宗 ) is the temple name of several Chinese emperors. It may refer to: Emperor Wuzong of Tang (814-846), who reigned over Tang China between 840 and 846 Külüg Khan, Emperor Wuzong of Yuan (1281-1311), who reigned over the Yuan Dynasty between 1307 and 1311 Zhengde Emperor (1491-1521), of the Ming Dynasty, who served between 1505 and 1521 See also [ edit ] Emperor Wu (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

124-414: A different kind. In 843, Liu Congjian the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), who had governed Zhaoyi in de facto independence from the imperial government and who had a strident rivalry with Qiu Shiliang, was seriously ill, and Liu wanted his adoptive son (and biological nephew) Liu Zhen to succeed him, and set up the power structure at

186-586: A drain on the state's economy. Coupled with his devotion to Taoism as well and his deep trust in the Taoist monk Zhao Guizhen ( 趙歸真 ), he set out to act against Buddhism, initiating an imperial edict in 842 weeding out sorcerers and convicts from the ranks of the Buddhist monks and nuns, and returning them to lay life. Monks and nuns were to turn their wealth over to the government unless they returned to lay life and paid taxes. During this first phase, Confucian arguments for

248-465: A foreign religion that was harmful to Chinese society. One notable victim of the persecution was the Japanese Tendai monk Ennin . Among its purposes were to raise war funds and to cleanse China of foreign influences. As such, the persecution was directed not only towards Buddhism but also towards other foreign religions, such as Zoroastrianism , Nestorian Christianity , and Manichaeism . Only

310-613: A meeting between the chancellors and the eunuchs, allowing Li Shi and Zheng to explain what was happening to the eunuchs, that Qiu and the others were less suspicious of the chancellors. Meanwhile, Qiu had been resentful of the military governor of Fufang Circuit (鄜坊, headquartered in modern Yan'an , Shaanxi ), Xiao Hong ( 蕭洪 )—who was not a real brother of Emperor Wenzong's mother Empress Dowager Xiao but pretended to be and therefore received official commissions—because Xiao had ingratiated Li Xun and, under Li Xun's protection, had refused to pay bribes that his predecessor had promised to pay

372-650: A previous khan ( Chongde Khan ), and held her hostage. Various Huigu remnants pillaged the Tang border regions, causing much disturbance for the Tang people. At Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong supplied food to the Huigu remnants to try to calm them, while accepting Wamosi's submission. When Wujie Khan subsequently demanded that Tang turn Wamosi over to him as a traitor, Emperor Wuzong refused. Subsequently, Wujie Khan's forces and Tang's border defense forces came into open combat, even though both sides continued negotiations. In 843,

434-604: A result, Niu and Li Zongmin were exiled to remote regions. In 845, Emperor Wuzong wanted to create his favorite concubine, Consort Wang , empress. Li Deyu, pointing out that Consort Wang was of low birth and that she was sonless, opposed. Emperor Wuzong therefore did not do so. (Emperor Wuzong had five known sons, but very little is known about them other than their names and their princely titles.) Late in Emperor Wuzong's life, he began taking pills made by Taoist alchemists , which were intended to lead to immortality, and it

496-477: A role in Chinese religious life.) By the time that Emperor Wuzong took the throne, his mother Consort Wei had already died, and he posthumously honored her as an empress dowager . Also, knowing that Yang Sifu and Li Jue had not supported him as Emperor Wenzong's successor, he had them removed from their offices. He instead installed Li Deyu , former chancellor under Wenzong, as a chancellor and effectively put most of

558-435: A sign of divine favor. Emperor Wenzong then went to nearby Hanyuan Hall ( 含元殿 ) and ordered the imperial officials, including Li Xun, to examine the purported sweet dew. Li Xun soon returned and stated that it appeared that there was no sweet dew; at Li Xun's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong ordered Qiu and his fellow Shence Army commander Yu Hongzhi ( 魚弘志 ) to lead the eunuchs in examining the sweet dew. When Qiu and Yu arrived at

620-497: A son?" Qiu was insulted and angered, and the new chancellor Li Deyu , who resented Yang Sifu (whom Emperor Wuzong had exiled by this point), believed that Li Zhongmin was an associate of Yang's, and therefore had Li Zhongmin exiled. Meanwhile, Qiu resented Liu Hongyi and Xue Jileng for their close association with Emperor Wenzong. Qiu therefore repeatedly made accusations against them, as well as Yang and Li Jue. In 841 Emperor Wuzong ordered Liu and Xue to commit suicide and, initially,

682-630: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Emperor Wuzong of Tang Li Chan was born in 814, as the ninth son of Li Heng at least, who was then Crown Prince under Li Chan's grandfather Emperor Xianzong . He was born at the Eastern Palace (i.e., the Crown Prince's palace). His mother was Consort Wei, whose rank was lost to history. After Li Heng became Emperor Muzong in 820, he made many of his brothers and sons princes in 821, and Li Chan

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744-576: The Ganlu Incident —an event in which Emperor Wenzong tried, but failed, to seize power back from powerful eunuchs by slaughtering them. It is not known when Qiu Shiliang was born, but it was known that he was from Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern Huizhou , Guangdong ). During the brief reign of Emperor Shunzong (805), Qiu became a servant to Emperor Shunzong's crown prince Li Chun , and after Li Chun became emperor later that year (as Emperor Xianzong), he became an imperial attendant, and later served as

806-422: The chancellors Wang Ya , Jia Su , and Shu Yuanyu , who were not involved in the plot but whom Qiu and the other eunuchs held responsible as well. At Qiu's order, Zheng was killed by the eunuch monitor of Fengxiang, Zhang Zhongqing ( 張仲卿 ). From this point on, Qiu was the leading figure at the imperial court, with even Emperor Wenzong under the eunuchs' control. Qiu was given an honorary general title as well as

868-415: The eunuch monitor of the army to such circuits as Pinglu (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang , Shandong ) and Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ). On an occasion, when both he and the imperial censor Yuan Zhen happened to be at the imperial messenger outpost Fushui (敷水, in modern Weinan , Shaanxi ), he and Yuan got into a dispute over who had the right to use the main bedroom at

930-468: The Prince of Chen crown prince. When Emperor Wenzong became deathly ill in spring 840, he had his trusted eunuchs Liu Hongyi ( 劉弘逸 ) and Xue Jileng ( 薛季稜 ) summon the chancellors Li Jue and Yang Sifu to the palace, preparing to entrust Li Chengmei to them. Qiu and Yu, however, opposed Li Chengmei, as Emperor Wenzong did not consult them before making Li Chengmei crown prince. They discussed with Li Jue and Yang

992-567: The Prince of Jiàng emperor, but another group of eunuchs—led by the directors of palace communications Wang Shoucheng and Yang Chenghe ( 楊承和 ) and the commanders of the Shence Armies Wei Congjian ( 魏從簡 ) and Liang Shouqian ( 梁守謙 ), and Qiu, who was then a general of the Shence Army as well, was a part of this group—attacked the conspirators, killing them and Li Wu. This group of eunuchs made Emperor Jingzong's younger brother Li Han

1054-488: The Prince of Jiāng (note different tone) emperor (as Emperor Wenzong). Despite Qiu's participation in the counterattack, however, because Wang suppressed Qiu, Qiu was not rewarded, and from this point on he resented Wang. As of 835, Emperor Wenzong was conspiring with the officials Zheng Zhu and Li Xun to slaughter the powerful eunuchs. They first wanted to target Wang Shoucheng, and as they knew that Wang and Qiu Shiliang were enemies, in summer 835 Emperor Wenzong made Qiu

1116-402: The Tang general Liu Mian ( 劉沔 ) launched a surprise attack against Wujie Khan, led by his officer Shi Xiong . Shi crushed Wujie Khan's forces and rescued Princess Taihe. Wujie Khan fled, and subsequently, the Huigu remnants created only minor nuisances for Tang and no longer posed a major threat. Immediately after the dissipation of the Huigu threat, however, Emperor Wuzong faced a crisis of

1178-460: The Zuo Jinwu headquarters, however, Han had lost his composure, and Qiu realized that something was wrong when he saw soldiers converging and the noise of weapons clanging. He and the other eunuchs immediately ran back to Hanyuan Hall and seized Emperor Wenzong. The soldiers under Luo and Li Xiaoben battled the eunuchs, killing a number of them, but the eunuchs were able to escort Emperor Wenzong back to

1240-541: The chancellors Yang Sifu and Li Jue to the palace, intending to entrust Li Chengmei to them. However, the powerful eunuchs Qiu Shiliang and Yu Hongzhi ( 魚弘志 ), who were not consulted in the decision, opposed Li Chengmei, and despite Li Jue's objection, forged an edict in Emperor Wenzong's name deposing Li Chengmei by claiming that Li Chengmei was too young, and creating Li Chan crown prince instead. Subsequently, Qiu and Yu had soldiers escort Li Chan from his mansion to

1302-406: The circuit to facilitate the transition. He submitted petitions requesting that Liu Zhen be allowed to take over the circuit. When Liu Congjian thereafter died, Liu Zhen sought to inherit the circuit. Li Deyu, believing that this would be a prime opportunity for the imperial government to seize control of Zhaoyi Circuit, advocated a campaign against Liu Zhen, and Emperor Wuzong agreed. Initially,

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1364-458: The commander of the Left Shence Army so that he would divert Wang's authority. Subsequently, after Wang retired, Emperor Wenzong had the eunuch Li Haogu ( 李好古 ) send poisoned wine to Wang, and Wang died shortly thereafter. Wang Shoucheng's death, however, was only a small part of Emperor Wenzong's planning with Zheng Zhu and Li Xun—they planned to use the occasion of Wang's funeral to gather

1426-566: The construction of the Temple for Viewing Immortals in the Imperial court. (Emperor Wuzong was one of the last Tang emperors and ruled China during a long period of decline; despite his reforms, he was unable to revive the empire through his religious persecutions. After his death, with the help of his uncle Emperor Xuānzong, Buddhism was able to recover from the persecution; but Christianity, Manichaeism, and Zoroastrianism never again played as significant

1488-618: The dynasty's own spirits (as Tang beliefs included that the dynasty was protected by earth), while Yan ( 炎 ) contained two instances of fire ( 火 ), which was more harmonious with earth. Despite this change, his conditions did not get better. The eunuchs, believing that Emperor Wuzong's uncle Li Yi the Prince of Guang to be simple-minded, decided to make him Emperor Wuzong's successor; they therefore had an edict issued in Emperor Wuzong's name creating Li Yi crown prince (and changing Li Yi's name to Li Chen). Soon thereafter, Emperor Wuzong died after drinking an elixir of immortality, and Li Chen took

1550-410: The eunuchs, and then have Zheng's troops (as Zheng was then the military governor ( jiedushi ) of Fengxiang Circuit) slaughter them. (Unknown to Zheng and Emperor Wenzong, Li Xun had, by this point, grown jealous of Zheng as well, and so was instead gathering troops commanded by his associates Guo Xingyu ( 郭行餘 ), Wang Fan ( 王璠 ), Luo Liyan ( 羅立言 ), Han Yue ( 韓約 ), and Li Xiaoben ( 李孝本 ) to carry out

1612-401: The honorific title of Tejin ( 特進 ). From thereon, few officials dared to stand up to Qiu Shiliang, although late in 835, there was an incident in which Xue Yuanshang ( 薛元賞 ) the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the capital Chang'an ) executed a Shence Army officer who was being disrespectful to the chancellor Li Shi , and then met Qiu to apologize. Qiu, knowing that

1674-450: The imperial forces could not advance well against Zhaoyi forces, and the campaign was complicated by a mutiny by the officer Yang Bian ( 楊弁 ) at Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ) early in 844. Yang's mutiny was quickly put down, however, and the imperial forces continued their assault on Zhaoyi. In fall 844, the three eastern prefectures surrendered to He Hongjing and Wang Yuankui, and soon thereafter, Liu Zhen

1736-527: The imperial government was concerned that three other de facto independent circuits north of the Yellow River (Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ), then governed by He Hongjing ; Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), then governed by Wang Yuankui ; and Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing , then governed by Zhang Zhongwu ) would side with Zhaoyi. Emperor Wuzong secured their cooperation by effectively promising

1798-569: The imperial government. On one occasion, Liu offered Emperor Wuzong a large horse as a tribute, but Emperor Wuzong did not accept it and returned it to Liu. Liu believed that Emperor Wuzong rejected the horse at Qiu's suggestion and, in anger, killed the horse. Thereafter, Liu acted effectively independently from the imperial government. In 843, when Liu fell ill, he wanted to have his adopted son Liu Zhen (the biological son of his brother Liu Congsu ( 劉從素 ) and therefore his biological nephew) inherit Zhaoyi Circuit. When Emperor Wuzong subsequently refused

1860-543: The imperial palace. Knowing that he had lost this gambit, Li Xun fled. Once the eunuchs took Emperor Wenzong back to the palace, they realized that Emperor Wenzong was complicit in this plot to slaughter them, and they cursed him and held him. Qiu then ordered the Shence Army officers Liu Tailun ( 劉泰倫 ) and Wei Zhongqing ( 魏仲卿 ) to search and arrest Li Xun. The Shence Army soldiers took this chance to slaughter many imperial officials and Wei Army soldiers. Eventually, Li Xun and his conspirators were found and executed, along with

1922-677: The imperial scholar Cui Shenyou ( 崔慎由 ) and asked him to draft an edict in the name of Emperor Wenzong's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Guo deposing Emperor Wenzong on excuses of his being too ill to govern. Cui resisted, pointing out that it would be inappropriate and that he was willing to risk his own life, but not those of his household of 300 people (i.e., if he committed treason, his household would be slaughtered). Qiu and Yu then led Cui to Emperor Wenzong and, in Cui's presence, made various accusations against Emperor Wenzong, and Emperor Wenzong did not dare to respond. Qiu then stated, "If it were not for

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1984-400: The imperial scholar, you would not be allowed to remain on this throne." At Qiu's order, Cui kept this matter secret, but wrote secret records of this incident and left them for his son Cui Yin . (It was said that it was because of this incident that Cui Yin, who would later become chancellor under Emperor Zhaozong , was determined to exterminate eunuchs.) In spring 836, at the suggestion of

2046-423: The leadership of the prince Wamosi and the nobles Chixin ( 赤心 ), Pugu ( 僕固 ), and Najiachuo ( 那頡啜 ), headed for the Tang border city of Tiande (天德, in modern Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ) and sought to submit to Tang. The leader of another major group, the noble Yaoluoge Wuxi , claimed the khan title for himself (as Wujie Khan). Wujie Khan subsequently seized Emperor Wuzong's aunt Princess Taihe , who had married

2108-510: The matter. Through the rest of Emperor Xianzong's reign and the reigns of his son Emperor Muzong and grandson Emperor Jingzong , Qiu often served as the director of the imperial servants (五坊使, Wufangshi ), and it was said that he was harsh to the people, often allowing his subordinates to pillage them. Around new year 827, Emperor Jingzong was assassinated by a group of eunuchs and officers resentful of his harsh temperament. The conspirators initially tried to make Emperor Muzong's brother Li Wu

2170-473: The military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei ) instead. Meanwhile, as Emperor Wenzong's son and crown prince Li Yong died in 838, a question arose as to who would succeed Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang supported Emperor Wenzong's younger brother Li Rong the Prince of An, but after opposition by the chancellor Li Jue , Emperor Wenzong created Emperor Jingzong's son Li Chengmei

2232-456: The native Chinese ideologies of Confucianism and Taoism survived the upheaval relatively unaffected. He all but destroyed Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism in China, and his persecution of the growing Nestorian Christian churches sent Chinese Christianity into a decline from which it never recovered. At the same time, Wuzong went far to promote Taoist worship in China through religious regulations and

2294-468: The officer could not be brought back to life, feasted with Xue. In 836, Qiu suggested that Shence Army soldiers guard the palace, instead of the Jinwu Corps (i.e., Zuo Jinwu and You Jinwu), but at the opposition of the advisory official Feng Ding ( 馮定 ), Qiu's suggestion was not carried out. At one point, Qiu and Yu Hongzhi were so resentful of Emperor Wenzong that they considered deposing him. They summoned

2356-571: The officers of the Shence Armies. Qiu found out that Xiao was not really Empress Dowager Xiao's brother and exposed his deceit; Xiao was exiled and, on the way, ordered to commit suicide. As Li Shi had been willing to stand up to the eunuchs on policy issues, Qiu began to resent him deeply. In 838, Qiu sent assassins to try to kill Li Shi, but the assassination failed. Despite the failure, Li Shi became fearful and offered to resign his chancellor position. Emperor Wenzong reluctantly agreed, making Li Shi

2418-409: The other eunuchs began to be apprehensive, and allowed Emperor Wenzong and the chancellors Li Shi and Zheng Tan more room to govern. Soon thereafter, however, there was an incident when there were rumors that Emperor Wenzong was prepared to give the chancellors commands of the armies to again act against the eunuchs, and tensions rose again. It was only after Li Shi proposed that Emperor Wenzong convene

2480-415: The outpost, and he battered and injured Yuan. After the incident, Yuan's superior, the deputy chief imperial censor Wang Bo proposed that the matter be handled per the previous formal policy that whenever an imperial censor and an imperial messenger arrived at the same location, the one who arrived first should have precedence . Emperor Xianzong, favoring Qiu, demoted Yuan, rather than to look further into

2542-427: The palace and, after Emperor Wenzong then died, persuaded Li Chan to order Consort Yang, Li Chengmei, and Li Rong all to commit suicide. After a short mourning period, Li Chan took the throne (as Emperor Wuzong). Buddhism had flourished into a major religious force in China during the Tang period, and its monasteries enjoyed tax-exempt status. Because they didn't contribute taxes, Emperor Wuzong believed Buddhism to be

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2604-486: The pardon is declared, the soldiers will gather in front of Danfeng Tower [(丹鳳樓, the tower from which emperors declared pardons)] and demonstrate!" Emperor Wuzong, angered by the remarks, sent eunuchs to rebuke Qiu and the other Shence Army officers for spreading rumors, and Qiu apologized. Throughout the years, Qiu and Liu Congjian continued to have an adversarial relationship, as Liu repeatedly accused Qiu of crimes, and Qiu repeatedly accused Liu of plotting to rebel against

2666-422: The possibility of changing the crown prince and, despite Li Jue's opposition, issued an edict in Emperor Wenzong's name deposing Li Chengmei and creating Emperor Wenzong's younger brother Li Chan the Prince of Ying crown prince instead. Soon thereafter, Emperor Wenzong died. At Qiu's urging, Li Chan, even before he would officially take the throne, ordered Consort Yang, Li Rong, and Li Chengmei to commit suicide. It

2728-468: The reform of Buddhist institutions and the protection of society from Buddhist influence and practices were predominant. The religious persecution reached its height in the year 845 CE, ultimately confiscating the Buddhist temple properties, destroying 4,600 Buddhist temples and 40,000 shrines, and removing 260,500 monks and nuns from the monasteries. Emperor Wuzong's reasons for doing so were not purely economic. A zealous Taoist, Wuzong considered Buddhism

2790-496: The request after Liu Congjian's death and instead ordered Liu Zhen to escort Liu Congjian's casket to the eastern capital Luoyang , Liu Zhen resisted, citing the adversarial relationship between Liu Congjian and Qiu as the reason why he did not dare to leave Zhaoyi Circuit. Emperor Wuzong thus declared a campaign against Liu Zhen. (Eventually, the imperial government would prevail in 845, after Qiu himself had died.) Meanwhile, although Emperor Wuzong outwardly honored Qiu, he actually

2852-406: The responsibilities of governance in his hands. (In 841, Emperor Wuzong further ordered Liu Hongyi and Xue Jileng to commit suicide and planned to order Yang and Li Jue to do so as well, but Yang and Li Jue were spared (and only demoted) after the intercession by Li Deyu and the other chancellors, Cui Gong , Cui Dan , and Chen Yixing .) One of the first things that Emperor Wuzong had to deal with

2914-486: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wuzong&oldid=826908088 " Categories : Human name disambiguation pages Temple name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description

2976-658: The senior official Linghu Chu , Emperor Wenzong ordered that Wang Ya and the other executed officials, whose bodies had been exposed to the elements, be properly buried. Qiu, however, secretly sent soldiers to dig up their bodies and throw the bodies into the Wei River . Meanwhile, Qiu continued to be largely the power controlling the policies at this point. However, after Liu Congjian the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ) submitted several petitions that, in harsh language, defended Wang and accused Qiu and other eunuchs of crimes, Qiu and

3038-519: The slaughter; he planned to, after the slaughter, kill Zheng as well.) On December 14, 835, six days before the scheduled funeral for Wang, Han reported to Emperor Wenzong, at the imperial meeting hall Zichen Hall ( 紫宸殿 ), that there had been sweet dew (甘露, ganlu in Chinese) that appeared on a pomegranate tree outside the headquarters of Zuo Jinwu ( 左金吾 ), one of the Wei Army ( 衛軍 ) headquarters—viewed as

3100-543: The three circuits that he would not interfere with their independence, and in fact secured the military cooperation of both Weibo and Chengde in the campaign against Zhaoyi by leaving the task of capturing Zhaoyi's three eastern prefectures, east of the Taihang Mountains , to Wang and He Hongjing. The other imperial generals, including Wang Zai , Shi Xiong, and Liu Mian, concentrated on Zhaoyi's two western prefectures, including its capital Lu Prefecture ( 潞州 ). Initially,

3162-632: The throne as Emperor Xuānzong. Consorts and Issue: Played by Edwin Siu , a fictionalized version of Wuzong was portrayed in 2009 Hong Kong's TVB television series, Beyond the Realm of Conscience . Qiu Shiliang Qiu Shiliang ( 仇士良 ) (died 843 ), courtesy name Kuangmei ( 匡美 ), formally the Duke of Chu ( 楚公 ), was an eunuch official of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty , becoming particularly powerful after

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3224-410: The title of honorary minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, Libu Shangshu ). It was said that Li Chan was silent, intelligent, and decisive, not showing his emotions easily. It was also said that Emperor Wenzong treated him and another brother, Li Rong the Prince of An, better than other princes. Emperor Wenzong originally created his son Li Yong crown prince, but after Li Yong died in 838, he

3286-437: Was an incident in which Qiu requested that, per Tang regulations that high-level officials be allowed to recommend their sons for official service, his adopted son become an officer for the imperial guards. The imperial attendant Li Zhongmin ( 李中敏 ) opposed the request, stating, in provocative language, "Of course, Kaifu [(one of the honorific titles that Qiu held)] qualified one to recommend one's son, but how can an eunuch have

3348-437: Was given the additional title of the monitor of the Shence Armies (觀軍容使, Guanjunrongshi ). However, he began to resent Li Deyu for Li Deyu's hold on power as well. In 842, when Emperor Wuzong was planning to issue a general pardon, rumors got to Qiu that, as part of the edict, the chancellors and the director of finances were planning to reduce Shence Army's clothing and food stipends, Qiu publicly declared, "If this occurred, when

3410-687: Was killed by his own officer Guo Yi ( 郭誼 ), who then surrendered. After the Zhaoyi campaign, Li Deyu used the opportunity to carry reprisals against his political enemies in the Niu-Li Factional Struggles —those who were members of what would later be referred to as the Niu Faction (named after Niu Sengru ) against Li Deyu's Li Faction—including the former chancellors Niu Sengru and Li Zongmin —by accusing them of complicity in Liu Zhen's rebellion. As

3472-419: Was made the Prince of Ying. Little is known about Li Chan's activities during the reigns of Emperor Muzong or Li Chan's older brothers Emperor Jingzong (Emperor Muzong's oldest son) and Emperor Wenzong (Emperor Muzong's second son), other than that during the middle of Emperor Wenzong's Kaicheng era (836–840), Emperor Wenzong bestowed the honorary title of Kaifu Yitong Sansi ( 開府儀同三司 ) on him, as well as

3534-464: Was said that his mood became harsh and unpredictable as a side effect. By late 845, he was seriously ill. In early 846, in an attempt to ward off the illness, he changed his name to Li Yan—under the theory that under the Wu Xing cosmology, his original name of Chan ( 瀍 ) contained two instances of earth ( 土 ) while only containing one instance of water ( 水 ), which meant that he was getting suppressed by

3596-449: Was said that this point, Qiu and the other powerful eunuchs resented Emperor Wenzong so much that any eunuchs and musicians whom Emperor Wenzong favored were being executed and exiled en masse. Soon, Li Chan formally took the throne (as Emperor Wuzong). Qiu Shiliang continued to be powerful, initially, in Emperor Wuzong's administration. Emperor Wuzong created him the Duke of Chu. In 840, there

3658-519: Was set to send eunuchs to Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha , Hunan , where Yang was then serving as governor of Hunan Circuit ( 湖南) ) and Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi , where Li Jue was then serving as the governor of Gui District ( 桂管) ), to order Yang and Li Jue to commit suicide as well. At the intercession of Li Deyu and his fellow chancellors Cui Gong , Cui Dan , and Chen Yixing , Yang and Li Jue were spared their lives, but were further demoted and exiled. In fall 841, Qiu

3720-617: Was suspicious of and despised Qiu. Realizing this, Qiu claimed to be ill and requested to be given less important offices. Emperor Wuzong agreed. Qiu then retired in summer 843. It was said that when he was retiring, the other eunuchs escorted him back to his mansion, and he advised them: Do not let the Son of Heaven be without something to do. Keep him occupied with a life of luxury and pleasures, with enjoyment for his eyes and ears. We further need to find new methods to keep him freshened, so that he would not have time to do other things. This would be

3782-450: Was the collapse of Tang's erstwhile vassal and ally Huigu —which had supported Tang in various campaigns through the decades. In 840, due to internal power struggles, Huigu was weakened, such that when the Xiajiasi (Kirghiz) khan Are ( 阿熱 ) attacked, the Huigu khan Yaoluoge Hesa ( 藥羅葛闔馺 ) was killed. The Huigu tribespeople scattered, fleeing in various directions. One major group, under

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3844-455: Was unsure whom to make his successor. Emperor Wenzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang recommended Li Rong, but when Emperor Wenzong consulted the chancellors , Li Jue opposed this proposal. Emperor Wenzong thus, in 839, created Emperor Jingzong's youngest son Li Chengmei the Prince of Chen crown prince. When Emperor Wenzong became seriously ill early in 840, he had his trusted eunuchs Liu Hongyi ( 劉弘逸 ) and Xue Jileng ( 薛季稜 ) summon

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