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60-706: According to his colophon, the Damascus Crown was written in 1260 by Menaḥem son of Rabbi Abraham, the son of Malek, in the city of Burgos in Castile (modern-day Spain). The book was transferred to the Khush al-Bâsha al-Anâbi Synagogue in Damascus, Syria, hence the name of the Crown today. Historian and orientalist, Abraham Harkavy , examined the codex when visiting Damascus in 1886. He was followed by Avinoam Yellin in 1919, who also examined

120-473: A European Union (EU) student-exchange programme, and each semester hosts students from various countries across the 15-state European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Malta and associated countries in Eastern Europe. Additionally, university students from various regions around the world including China, Latin and North America are able to participate in exchange programmes to study abroad at

180-403: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Cathedral is the resting place for El Cid (the famous knight from Medieval Spain's history) and his wife Dona Jimena. The west front is flanked by towers terminating in octagonal spires covered with open stonework traceries. The middle section, which serves as an entrance, has three alabaster pilasters, the intercolumnar spaces bearing panel-pictures representing

240-488: A flight and from the airport to the center one-half hour after the arrival of a flight. Burgos Airport is located to the north east of the province capital city, on a broad plain between the neighbourhoods of Gamonal and Villafría de Burgos, where the N-120 road and A-1 highway (also called ring road BU-30) meet in a great roundabout. From here to the airport building, there is a 650 metres (0.40 mi) long road that ends opposite

300-484: A single aeronautical infrastructure. On 8 August 1941, Burgos City Hall agreed to purchase a country estate of almost 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) that formed part of the old Monte de Gamonal. On 10 November, the mayor offered this land to the Air Ministry. On 6 December, a decree granted the urgent installation of services and work to be carried out on the fields that it was trying to link. In fact,

360-654: A weapons factory. After its destruction by the French during the War of Independence in 1813, there are hardly any buildings left standing. From the Castle it is possible to see fantastic views of the city. Burgos has a total of 10 museums, the newest being the Museum of Human Evolution (the 10th most visited museum in Spain). The Museum of Human Evolution was inaugurated on 13 July 2010. Its foundation

420-488: Is 72%. In winter, temperatures very often (almost every day) drop below freezing, often reaching temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F), and snowfalls are common, while the summer months see average high temperatures of 27.5 °C (81.5 °F). The lowest recorded temperature in Burgos was −22 °C (−8 °F) on 20 January 1885. The highest recorded temperature was 39 °C (102 °F) on 13 August 1987. Burgos

480-599: Is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos . Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula , on the confluence of the Arlanzón river tributaries, at the edge of the central plateau . The municipality has a population of about 180,000 inhabitants. The Camino de Santiago runs through Burgos. Founded in 885 by

540-523: Is a staple country food known across the Iberian peninsula. Spiced with onions and herbs its most noticeable content is rice (often mistaken for fat) which makes it one of the lightest and healthiest products of its kind. Oral tradition says that it must be "salty, smooth and piquant" (see Spanish pages Burgos (desambiguación)  [ es ] for details). As with the Queso de Burgos, several comarcas or towns in

600-430: Is acceptable for people with sensitive digestion. Burgos is blessed with a moderate climate and this fresh cheese was able to be conserved there without the need for curing of more than 10 days. With the improvement of aseptic industrial production processes this can be extended to about 30 days at a cool 6 °C. Its production reaches 35,000 tons annually. Morcilla de Burgos , a pig's-blood sausage ( black pudding ),

660-514: Is an airport located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the historic center of Burgos , a city in Spain . The company Aeronova has its maintenance headquarters in Villafría. The origins of Villafría aerodrome date back to the 1920s, when a small aeronautical detachment was established in Gamonal, which served its purpose until it became too small to cope with the progress in aeronautics. After this,

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720-484: Is based on the archaeological site of Atapuerca located 20 km (12 mi) east of Burgos. The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It contains several caves, where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids in West Europe have been found, near Atapuerca Mountains . The museum also allows the visitor to travel to the archaeological site and biological park. It summarizes

780-576: Is called LOE ( Ley Orgánica de Educación ). Often abbreviated 'UBU', the University of Burgos is a public university with about 10,000 students studying over 30 different undergraduate degrees, over 20 PhD Programmes, as well as several Official Masters and other graduate courses. It was established in 1994 when it was divided from the University of Valladolid . UBU cooperates with the Erasmus Project ,

840-708: Is composed of two octagonal sections in Corinthian style . The Monasterio de las Huelgas Reales (Monastery of the Royal Retreats) on the outskirts of the city, was founded in 1180 by king Alfonso VIII , and was begun in a pre-Gothic style, although almost every style has been introduced over many additions. The remarkable cloisters have been described as "unrivalled for beauty both of detail and design, and perhaps unsurpassed by anything in its age and style in any part of Europe" (1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ). One cloister has semicircular arches with delicate and varied columns;

900-462: Is not served by any scheduled flights. There is an urban bus that provides airport service to and from the center of Burgos. The route begins in Plaza de España and stops in the following streets: Belorado, Segovia, Avenida de Castilla y León, San Roque, Glorieta de Logroño, San Bruno, Pablo Ruiz Picasso, Real y Antigua, Vitoria 252, Alcalde Martín Cobos and from here to the airport terminal. The route from

960-548: Is rich in ancient churches and convents. The three most notable are the cathedral, with its chapel of the Condestables de Castilla (Lords Constable of Castile), the monastery of Las Huelgas and the Carthusian monastery of Miraflores. Minor notable churches are San Esteban, San Gil (Sancti Aegidii), San Pedro, San Cosme y San Damián, Santiago (Sancti Jacobi), San Lorenzo and San Lesmes (Adelelmi). The Convento de la Merced, occupied by

1020-418: Is surrounded by wheat fields. Burgos is a very industrial city, with a secondary sector widely developed. The city has the biggest industrial park of north Spain, called Villalonquéjar . The city is the headquarters of Grupo Antolin , designer and manufacturer of interior automotive components. It is also the headquarters for south Europe Benteler International . It employs the bigger percentage in

1080-536: Is written on parchment. It includes 428 pages measuring 350 x 270 mm. The writing is in square Spanish-Hebrew script, three columns per page, except for the books Proverbs, Job and Psalms, which are written in two columns per page. Between each of the parts of the Bible there is a colorful illustration page. The weekly biblical lections ( Sedarim ) and pericopes are decorated in gold and other colors. Burgos Burgos ( Spanish: [ˈbuɾɣos] )

1140-586: The Jesuits , and the Hospital del Rey are also of historic and architectural interest. Among the other interesting architectural structures, in the walls of the city are the gateway of Santa María , erected for the first entrance of the Emperor Charles V , and the arch of Fernán González. Construction on Burgos' Gothic Cathedral began in 1221 and spanned mainly from the 13th to 15th centuries. It has been declared

1200-531: The first hominins in Europe , who lived in this area 750,000-800,000 years ago. The Cathedral of Burgos is a World Heritage Site . Burgos was selected as the "Spanish Gastronomy Capital" of 2013. In 2015 UNESCO named it "City of Gastronomy", and it has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then. There are several possible origins for the toponymy. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of

1260-411: The hermandades of cities that leagued together for mutual protection in 1295 and 1315. In the 14th century, official royal intrusion in city affairs was perceived as a palliative against outbreaks of violence by the large excluded class of smaller merchants and artisans, on whom the tax burden fell. The alguacil was the royal official instituted to judge disagreements. On 9 June 1345, sweeping aside

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1320-563: The reconquista . It was eventually dispersed throughout the Spanish empire following the conquest and colonization of the Americas, and Spain after the union of the Catholic Monarchs 's kingdoms being co-spoken with other languages. Of the many different variations and dialects found throughout the world, it's argued that the purest Spanish can be found in the region of Burgos due to the fact that

1380-524: The siege of Burgos (between 19 September to 21 October) was a scene of a withdrawal for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . Again in the 19th-century Carlist civil wars of the Spanish succession Burgos was the scene of a battle. During the Spanish Civil War , Burgos was the base of General Franco 's rebel nationalist government. Historically, there was a large and thriving Jewish community in Burgos. Its first documentation dates to 974. In

1440-434: The " Silos Glosses ", recorded in the Burgos monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos. Burgos province is famous in gastronomy for: Queso de Burgos , a white cheese which is soft and unctuous (because it is made with whey ). Although originally made with sheep's milk, now cow's milk or mixtures are more common. Each comarca (rural district) produces a minor variation, and the major dairies produce an industrial product that

1500-656: The 11th century, the city became the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burgos and the capital of the Kingdom of Castile . Burgos was a major stop for pilgrims on the French Way the most popular path to Santiago de Compostela and a centre of trade between the Bay of Biscay and the south, which attracted an unusually large foreign merchant population, who became part of the city oligarchy and excluded other foreigners. Throughout

1560-532: The 1300s or as early as the 10th-century CE, were secretly brought to Israel. For centuries they were kept inside synagogues in the Syrian capital, and were presented to the public only at special events. The Jews of Damascus treated them with respect and appreciation and ascribed unto them special talisman powers. One of the carpet pages of the Crown (containing an illustration) was sold at auction in June 1987, and purchased by

1620-495: The 13th and 14th centuries, Burgos was a favourite seat of the kings of León and Castile and a favoured burial site. The consejo or urban commune of Burgos was firmly in the hands of an oligarchic class of caballeros villanos , the "peasant knights" of Burgos, who provided the monarchs with a mounted contingent: in 1255 and 1266 royal charters granted relief from taxes to those citizens of Burgos who owned horses and could arm themselves, provided that they continue to live within

1680-492: The 13th century, Burgos was the largest Jewish center in northern Castile. Renowned Talmudists Meir Abulafia , Todros ben Joseph Abulafia , and poet Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia were born in Burgos. In the latter half of the 13th century, many kabbalists began moving to Burgos. After new restrictions were imposed on Jews, and they began to suffer from more violent acts of antisemitism, many converted to Christianity. The most well-known convert from Burgos, Paul of Burgos ,

1740-719: The Air Ministry was founded in Burgos after the civil war, when the Military Aeronautical Service forces created by King Alfonso XIII in 1910 were modernised. These, in turn, were inherited from the Military Service Air Station, that belonged at the time to the Military Engineering Corp, established by the same monarch. On 21 July 1949, the University Air Militia began its activities, after which 22 classes would form in its facilities,

1800-750: The Damascus Crowns and their care for the public, the Jewish people and future generations,” the court said. The Crown contains the complete 24 canonical books of the Hebrew Bible, is punctuated in the Tiberian tradition and contains trope symbols (cantillations) and orthographic notes on each page written in micrography, known as the Masora Magna (large Masora ),as well as the Masora Parva (small Masora ). The codex

1860-513: The Great of León reconquered it about the middle of the 9th century, and built several castles for the defence of Christendom, which was then extended through the reconquest of lost territory. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella ), i.e. "(land of) castles". Burgos was founded in 884 as an outpost of this expanding Christian frontier , when Diego Rodríguez "Porcelos", count of Castile , governed this territory with orders to promote

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1920-640: The Jewish Museum in Toledo, Spain . In August 2020, the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the books were “treasures of the Jewish people” that had “historic, religious and national importance” and must be preserved. The best way to do so would be to keep them at the National Library under a public trust, it ruled. “The trust and its conditions are aimed at ensuring first and foremost the preservation of

1980-711: The Main Square "Plaza Mayor" and the Promenade of the Espolón "Paseo del Espolón," on the side street, Travesía del Mercado nº3, you find the Fadrique de Basilea Book Museum "Museo del Libro Fadrique de Basilea", of the Burgos publisher, Siloé, a cosy museum that shows the history of the book from its first written form to its modern electronic form. State Education in Spain is free, and compulsory from 6 to 16 years. The current education system

2040-562: The Moors, Burgos became a testing ground for royal policies of increasing power against the consejo , in part by encouraging the right to appeal from the consejo to the king. In 1285, Sancho IV added a new body to the consejo which came to dominate it: the jurado in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing public works; the king reserved the right to select its members. The city perceived that danger to its autonomy came rather from an uncontrolled aristocracy during royal minorities: Burgos joined

2100-638: The Romans took possession of what is now the province of Burgos, the site had been a Celtic city. In Roman times, it belonged to Hispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then to Hispania Tarraconensis . In the 5th century, the Visigoths drove back the Suebi , then the Berbers occupied almost all of Castile in the 8th century, though only for a very brief period, and left little if any trace of their occupation. King Alfonso III

2160-474: The University of Burgos. In total, the University of Burgos has education agreements with over 100 international academic institutions. Isabella I of Castile University Isabella I of Castile University , established in 2008, is a private state-recognized university located in Burgos. It was fully accredited by the Spanish Government in 2011. Most of the parks in the city of Burgos can be found along

2220-441: The aerodrome was declared a site of general interest, directly managed by the central government, through Aena. On 3 July 2008, the airport opened its doors to commercial flight operations. In order to do this, Aena has undertaken a series of measures, including the construction of a new terminal building with parking facilities, a multi-service building, a new runway and an aircraft parking apron. As of October 2022, Burgos Airport

2280-417: The airport to the center will be on a reverse route with stops in the next points: Martín Cobos, Vitoria 259, Real y Antigua, Vitoria 163, San Bruno, Antigua Academia de Ingenieros, San Roque, Avenida de Castilla y León, Avenida de la Paz 51, Antonio Machado and Plaza de España. The route schedules depend on the time of the flight; the bus will depart from Plaza España to the airport an hour and one-half before

2340-501: The city and is represented by the public sector (production, delivery and allocation of goods and services), due to the capital status. The city has a complete culture infrastructure, remarked by the Auditorio y Palacio de Congresos de Burgos , which opened in mid-2012. Spanish , also called Castilian, originated in Castile and spread throughout the Crown of Castile's possessions following

2400-466: The city celebrates with fireworks, concerts, sports, folklore, games for children, theater and other activities. Burgos Airport is located only 5 km (3.11 mi) from the city centre, with daily flights to Barcelona International Airport, and during spring and summer to Palma de Mallorca and Paris Orly . Burgos Airport Burgos Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto de Burgos ) ( IATA : RGS , ICAO : LEBG ), also known as Villafría ,

2460-582: The city government, Alfonso XI established direct royal rule of Burgos through the Regimiento of sixteen appointed men. In 1574, Pope Gregory XIII made the bishopric a Metropolitan archbishopric , at the request of king Felipe II . Burgos has been the scene of many wars: with the Moors , the struggles between León and Navarre, and between Castile and Aragon . In the Peninsular War against Napoleonic France,

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2520-451: The city walls. The merchant oligarchy succeeded the cathedral chapter as the major purchasers of land after 1250; they carried on their mercantile business in common with municipal or royal functions and sent their sons to England and Flanders to gain experience in overseas trade. A few families within the hermandades or confraternities like the Sarracín and Bonifaz succeeded in monopolising

2580-432: The codex. In 1940 the Crown was stolen from the synagogue, and was discovered again in 1962, and in 1993 was furtively taken out of Syria in an operation whose details remain largely undisclosed to the public, and purchased for the National Library of Israel. Altogether, between 1993 and 1995, nine leather-bound manuscripts containing microscopic calligraphy and decorated with gold leaves, written mostly in Spain and Italy in

2640-575: The government of King Alfonso XIII created the national Villafría Burgos airport by Royal Decree on 19 July 1927. On 3 January 1928, the Cabinet approved the construction of Burgos airport and, on the 15th of the same month, Villafría Town Hall agreed to cede the field called Gorreñal to the Superior Council of Military Aeronautics for the airport to be built there. As from 1936, the fields of Gamonal and Villafría joined their facilities, which went on to form

2700-421: The heads and carrying them away to France. King Juan II's daughters by his first wife, heiresses Princesses Catherine and Eleanor of Asturias , are also buried in the monastery. Located on a hill 75 meters above the city, it is a medieval defensive fortress built during the time of the reconquest. Used by Castilian kings as accommodation and a place for celebrations, it later became an artillery fort and then

2760-464: The history of the province of Burgos . It has important objects and documents from all the ages, starting from Atapuerca, passing to the Romans and Iberians, and finishing in the contemporary period. These include the traditional sword of El Cid . The museum is located in the renaissances palaces, the House of Íñigo Angulo and the House of Miranda, which has a main patio that structures the museum. Between

2820-543: The increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). The county ( condado ) of Castile , subject to the Kings of León , continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended; one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence. In

2880-434: The language first developed here in the 10th century. The Spanish language can be traced back to the monastery of Valpuesta located 100 km (62 mi) north-east of the city of Burgos. The Valpuesta cartularies are significant in the history of the Spanish language, and their status as manuscripts containing the earliest words written in Spanish has been officially recognised. The first utterings of Spanish continued in

2940-550: The martyrdom of saints. The façade possesses ornate and fantastic surface decoration. The octagonal chapel of the Condestable, in florid, thus highly sculpted, Gothic design, has a roof finished with balustraded turrets, needle-pointed pinnacles and statues. In the lower portion, coats of arms, shields and crouching lions have been worked into the ensemble. The exterior of the sacristy is decorated with carved traceries, figures of angels and armoured knights. The elaborate tabernacle

3000-585: The offices of the latter being handed over in 1971. Villafría airdrome was opened to civil traffic in the autumn of that year. In 1973, what is now the Burgos Royal Flying Club was set up. Since then, and during the summer, the airport has hosted different teaching and training activities. In August 1995, the Ministry of Defence signed an agreement with Burgos City Council making the Villafría aerodrome facilities exclusively for civil use. On 20 October 2000,

3060-412: The other has an ogival style of early Gothic. The interior of the church has enormous columns supporting its magnificent vault; the entrance is modern. This convent historically benefited from extraordinary privileges granted to its abbess by kings and popes. The Carthusian monastery, Miraflores Charterhouse ( Cartuja de Miraflores ) is situated about four kilometres from the historic city center. Among

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3120-415: The post of alcalde , or mayor; a special court, the alcalde del rey was first mentioned at Burgos in 1281. By the reign of Alfonso X , the exemption of the non-noble knights and religious corporations, combined with exorbitant gifts and grants to monasteries and private individuals, placed great stress on the economic well-being of the realm. In the century following the conquest of Seville (1248) on

3180-515: The province ( Cardeñadijo , Sotopalacios , Aranda de Duero, Briviesca , Covarrubias , Villarcayo , Trespaderne , Miranda de Ebro ...) made their own morcillas, with minor variations between them. Even though Burgos is not on a D.O. wine is a fundamental piece in local gastronomy thanks to nearby wine cellars from Ribera de Duero, Rioja and Arlanza D.O. The city's main festival is San Pedro y San Pablo (also referred to locally as "Sampedros") celebrated on June 29. Every year, for about two weeks,

3240-407: The river Arlanzón. Indeed, the banks of the river itself constitute a green corridor along the city. In total, there are nearly 3 square miles (1,878 acres) of parks in Burgos and one tree for every 3 inhabitants. Burgos is one of Spain's richest cities, with a GDP above the Spain average. It is an important trade and tourist center with a sizeable manufacturing base. Wheat is a major crop. The city

3300-407: The sea and higher altitude. Burgos' climate features chilly and windy winters, due to altitude and an inland location, which always include snow and temperatures below freezing. Temperature ranges can be extreme and Burgos is drier than Spain's coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 546 mm (21.5 in) and the average annual relative humidity

3360-522: The second Count of Castile , Diego Rodríguez Porcelos , Burgos soon became the leading city of the embryonic County of Castile . The 11th century chieftain Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( El Cid ) had connections with the city: born near Burgos, he was raised and educated there. In a long-lasting decline from the 17th century, Burgos became the headquarters of the Francoist proto-government (1936-1939) following

3420-483: The start of the Spanish Civil War . Declared in 1964 as Pole of Industrial Promotion and in 1969 as Pole of Industrial Development, the city has grown since then in terms of economic activity. At the regional level, Burgos forms part of an economic axis together with the cities of Valladolid and Palencia . In 2008, the international Burgos Airport started to service commercial flights. The Museum of Human Evolution opened here in 2010. The museum features remains of

3480-575: The surrounding country moved into the fortified village, whose Visigothic name of Burgos signified consolidated walled villages (Gothic baurgs ). The cities Burgas in Bulgaria and numerous cities containing the Germanic burg "city" such as Hamburg have a similar literal composition. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). Early humans occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800,000 years ago. When

3540-544: The treasures of the Charterhouse are the wooden statue of St. Bruno , the wooden choir stalls in the church and the tombs of King Juan II and of his spouse, Queen Isabella of Portugal , constructed of marble and with their recumbent effigies sculpted in alabaster . Around the top frieze are statues of angels in miniature. The French soldiers in the Spanish War of Independence (1814) mutilated this work, cutting off some of

3600-502: Was originally a Spanish Jew named Solomon Halevi. During the Edict of Expulsion in 1492, most Jews in Burgos became conversos rather than fleeing Spain. Those who did went to Portugal. At an elevation of 865 metres (2,838 ft), the city of Burgos lies in the transition zone between a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb ) and an Oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb ), with some continental influence resulting from its distance from

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