Misplaced Pages

#297702

44-671: Fadrique may refer to: Fadrique Alfonso, Lord of Haro (1334–1358), illegitimate son of King Alfonso XI of Castile Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba (c. 1460-1531), Spanish military leader and politician Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba (1537-1583), Grandee of Spain and a commander in the Spanish army during the Eighty Years' War Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza (1580-1634), Captain General of

88-426: A combination of threats and diplomacy, Peter I of Castile was able to elicit fealty and a temporary reconciliation with his half-brothers. But this was not to last. Master Fadrique of The Order of Santiago, a religious knight, was named royal emissary to Bourbon, France, when he went to escort Pedro's bride-to-be, Blanche of Bourbon . There were rumors he had slept with his brother's bride. “Just what had happened, it

132-510: A coup. One of the rewards he was given by a sultan of Granada was the famous ruby, a reward for killing an usurper, that is now in the crown of England, brought back by The Black Prince of England along with Peter I's surviving two daughters (Constance and Isabella of Castile, who were legitimized). Not all of Peter's reputation comes from the works of the chronicler Pero López de Ayala , who after his father's change of allegiance had little choice but to serve Peter's usurper. After time passed, there

176-511: A little and "loved women greatly". He was well read and a patron of the arts, and in his formative years he enjoyed entertainment, music and poetry. He was to be married to his contemporary Joan , the second and favourite daughter of King Edward III of England ; however, on their way to Castile she and her retinue travelled through cities infested with the Black Death , ignoring townspeople who had warned them not to enter their settlements. Since

220-646: A long time. One of Bertrand's men said 'This is your enemy.' But King Henry asked if it was he and King Peter said twice, 'I am he, I am he.' Then King Henry recognized him and hit him in the face with a knife and they ... fell to the ground. King Henry struck him again and again." Having dispatched his half-brother, Henry left Peter's body unburied for three days, during which time it was subjected to ridicule and abuse. From The Monk's Tale O noble, O worthy PETRO, glorie OF SPAYNE, Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee, Wel oughten men thy pitous death complayne! Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee, And after, at

264-462: A period of anti-Jewish riots and forced conversions in Castile that lasted approximately from 1370 to 1390. Peter took forceful measures against this, including the execution of at least five anti-Jewish leaders of a riot. The prominence of Samuel ha-Levi , King Peter's treasurer, has often been cited as evidence of Peter's supposed pro-Jewish sentiment, but Ha-Levi's success did not necessarily reflect

308-582: A secret ceremony, was unlikely to have help cement a relationship between King Pedro and Master Fadrique. Fadrique died when he joined the rebellion on the frontier during the War with Aragon, when he was fighting with his brother Tello. A propaganda legend was created that one finds in many manuscripts which claims that he and his knights met with the king in Seville, while paying visits to the King's mistress, Maria de Padilla. He

352-422: A seege, by subtiltee, Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente, Where as he with his owene hand slow thee, Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Popular memory generally views King Peter I as one of the few monarchs who sided with an Islamic sultan (Granada), while also being a Catholic king. Granada paid Pedro I tribute. He helped them during several invasions and

396-503: A servant of the new rulers and of Peter's aristocratic adversaries. The change of dynasty can be considered as the epilogue of the first act of a long struggle between the Castilian monarchy and the aristocracy; this struggle was to continue for more than three centuries and come to an end only under Charles I of Spain , the grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile) and Isabella I of Castile ( The Catholic Monarchs ), in

440-457: A valuable part of his kingdom to him. Prince Jean of Aragon, after angering the king, was promptly killed by being thrown out the window, which Ayala then used later in his propaganda by stating the king yelled as the prince's body fell, "Here is your Lord of Vizcaya!" Propagandists then made this Master Fadrique's death and kept out a lot of the historical details, such as the War of Two Pedros, between Aragon and France vs. Castile and Navarre, which

484-491: Is somewhat difficult to discover, and the story is told that the king, listening to scandalous talk, was made to believe that his royal messenger and half-brother, Fadrique, had played the role of Sir Tristan as he had brought the lady back and that she had been a somewhat willing Isolde.” Women of Romance Countries, John Effinger (2021). The subsequent turmoil of this marriage and Pedro's entanglement with his concubine, María de Padilla , who King Pedro later swore he had married in

SECTION 10

#1732869654298

528-531: The Iberian Peninsula , bringing with him two of Peter's daughters, Constance and Isabella of Castile, whom he had taken as hostages as assurers that Peter would pay up. He married the princesses to his younger brothers, most famously Constance to his brother John of Gaunt, in order to make a claim on the Castilian throne. Meanwhile, Henry of Trastámara returned to Castile in September 1368. The cortes of

572-553: The Order of Santiago . Henry prevailed with the assistance of Bertrand du Guesclin . Peter took refuge in the fortress, which, being controlled by a military order of Galician origin, remained faithful to him. Negotiations were opened between Peter and his besieger, Henry. Peter met with du Guesclin, who was acting as Henry's envoy. Peter offered du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and several towns, including Soria, Almazán, and Atienza to betray Henry. Ever opportunistic, du Guesclin informed Henry of

616-605: The " War of the Two Peters ", in which he showed neither ability nor skill in his support of his English ally or Castilian interests in the Mediterranean against the French and Aragonese. The king of Aragon then supported Peter's bastard brothers against him. It was during this period that Peter perpetrated the series of murders which made him notorious. In 1366 began the calamitous Castilian Civil War , which would see him dethroned. He

660-513: The Chancellor Pedro López de Ayala (1332–1407). To put that in perspective are a biography by Prosper Mérimée , Histoire de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille (1848) and a modern history setting Peter in the social and economic context of his time by Clara Estow ( Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350–1369) , 1995). Strictly speaking, Peter was not defeated by Henry but by the opposing aristocracy;

704-555: The Duchy of Athens Pedro I Fadrique (died 1355), Count of Salona, vicar general of the Duchy of Athens, son of Alfonso Fadrique Louis Fadrique (died 1382), Count of Salona, Count of Zitouni and Lord of Aegina, vicar general of the Duchy of Athens, grandson of Alfonso Fadrique [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to

748-507: The French court of Jean II after he was cornered in Asturias in 1354, and the count sought support from the French monarchy. Fadrique did not join his brother's rebellion until much later, during the War of Two Peters (Aragon vs. Castile). When Alfonso XI died from the Black Death during a siege of Gibraltar, the sons of Dona Eleanor Guzman rebelled after the king's death, refusing to acknowledge

792-464: The Portuguese minister Count Alburquerque . Becoming attached to María de Padilla , he married her in secret in 1353. María turned him against Alburquerque, who fled to Portugal. In the summer of 1353, the young king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying Blanche of Bourbon ; he deserted her at once upon hearing rumors that she had slept with his half-brother Fadrique, who

836-608: The Queen Mother that Eleanor de Guzman had played a part in the rebellion, and not needing much prodding, Dona Eleanor was executed. The subsequent execution of Eleanor in Talavera in 1351, added more fuel to the fire of the rebellion by Guzman's sons, in particular her fourth born, Count Henry of Trastamara, who through marriage, ruled the northeastern portion of the kingdom. The future Henry II of Castile and León, had several brothers: Fadrique, Tello of Castile, and Sancho of Castile. Through

880-551: The Spanish Navy Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, the name of the six Dukes of Fernandina Fadrique Enríquez (c. 1465–1538), fourth Admiral of Castile Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza (1390-1473), second Admiral of Castile, Count of Melgar and Rueda, and Lord of Medina del Rioseco Fadrique de Portugal (c. 1465–1539), Spanish viceroy of Catalonia and bishop of Sigüenza Alfonso Fadrique (died 1338), eldest and illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily, vicar general of

924-470: The children of Eleanor de Guzman, the king's favorite, profited from appointments and royal grants. With this backing, in 1342, Fadrique rose to the leading role of Maestre of the militant monastic Order of Santiago . The prior Maestre had been Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán , his maternal uncle.In 1354, Fadrique was granted the role as custodian ( Adelantado Mayor de la Frontera ) of the Portuguese frontier. The rebelling Count Henry of Trastamara took refuge in

SECTION 20

#1732869654298

968-413: The city of Burgos recognized him as King of Castile. Others followed, including Córdoba , Palencia , Valladolid , and Jaén . Galicia and Asturias , on the other hand, continued to support Peter. As Henry made his way toward Toledo , Peter, who had retreated to Andalusia , chose to confront him in battle. On 14 March 1369, the forces of Peter and Henry met at Montiel , a fortress then controlled by

1012-545: The clergy. Peter was born in the defensive tower of the Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos , Spain. His parents were Alfonso XI of Castile and Maria of Portugal . According to chancellor and chronicler Pedro López de Ayala , he had a pale complexion, blue eyes and very light blonde hair; he was 1.83 metres (6 ft 0 in) tall and muscular. He was accustomed to long, strenuous hours of work, lisped

1056-586: The general experience of the Spanish Jewry in this period which was often marked by discrimination and pogroms. Following Peter's death, Jews had to wear a yellow badge, as punishment for having supported him. In the summer of 1366, Peter took refuge with Edward, the Black Prince , who restored him to his throne in the following year after the Battle of Nájera . The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left

1100-423: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fadrique&oldid=979987404 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Fadrique Alfonso, Lord of Haro Fadrique was a twin to Henry of Trastámara . While his father lived,

1144-460: The involvement of John of Gaunt 's claim to Castille . Peter's children by María de Padilla were: Peter had one son with Juana de Castro : With María de Henestrosa, cousin of María de Padilla: With Isabel de Sandoval, aya of his son Alfonso: With Teresa de Ayala, niece of Pero López de Ayala : The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the Chronicle of

1188-406: The new fifteen year-old heir, Pedro I of Castile. During the reign of King Alfonso XI, Dona Eleanor de Guzman (the king's favorite concubine) had taken Queen Maria of Portugal's place at many important events, thus causing bad feelings between the two. Queen Maria of Portugal was regent for one year after her husband's death. When Dona Eleanor's sons' rebelled Count Jao de Albuquerque easily convinced

1232-499: The nobles accomplished their objective of enthroning a weaker dynasty (the House of Trastámara ), much more amenable to their interests. Most of the bad stories about Peter are likely to be colored by black legend , coined by his enemies, who finally succeeded in their rebellion. The Chancellor López de Ayala , the main source for Peter's reign, was the official chronicler of the Trastámara,

1276-467: The offer and immediately bargained for greater compensation from Henry to betray Peter. Having made a deal with Henry, Du Guesclin returned to Peter. Under the guise of accepting his deal, du Guesclin led Peter to his tent on the night of 23 March 1369. Henry was waiting. The historian López de Ayala described the encounter as follows: "Upon entering du Guesclin's tent, Henry saw King Peter. He did not recognize him because they had not seen each other for

1320-583: The party striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from Toro , where he was under observation, to Segovia . In 1361, Queen Blanche died at Medina Sidonia . French historians claim that Peter ordered two Jews to murder her; another version of the story says she was poisoned; a third one that she was shot with a crossbow, although it may have been the plague. Also that year, Maria de Padilla died in Seville. After Maria's death, Peter declared that she had been his first and only legitimate wife. From 1356 to 1366, Peter engaged in constant wars with Aragon in

1364-508: The peasants and burghers subjected to the nobles by late feudal gifts and by the merchants, who enjoyed security under his rule. The English, who backed Peter, also remembered the king positively. Geoffrey Chaucer visited Castile during Peter's reign and lamented the monarch's death in The Monk's Tale , part of The Canterbury Tales . (Chaucer's patron, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster , had fought on Peter's side in his struggle to reclaim

Fadrique - Misplaced Pages Continue

1408-430: The plague had not yet entered England, it is likely that they underestimated the danger. Joan soon contracted the disease and died in 1348, aged 14. About two years later Peter began his reign when almost sixteen years old and subject to the control of his mother and her favourites. Though at first controlled by his mother, Maria of Portugal, Peter ascended the throne with the encouragement of his mother's second cousin,

1452-462: The principles of aristocracy they represented themselves. But his moral superiority was reduced too by the violent means, including fratricides, by which he sought to suppress opposition; he at times was extremely despotic and unpredictable, even by the standards of his age. In this he was preceded by his father Alfonso XI, who since the crisis at the death of Alfonso X had faced multiple rebellions against royal authority. The death of King Peter ended

1496-462: The throne.) The English Lake Poet Robert Southey was presented in 1818 with a copy of a five-act play by the novelist Ann Doherty , entitled Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon . Peter had many qualities of those later monarchs educated in the centralization style. He built a strong Royal administrative force ahead of his times. He failed to counter or check all the feudal powers that supported his rivals, however illegitimate and opposite to

1540-575: The traditional alliance of Castile and Navarre with England, which had been started by the Plantagenets to keep France in check. The alliance was later renewed by the Trastámaras and Tudors . His death also led to the Fernandine Wars , where portuguese king Ferdinand I would claim the throne of Galicia , which would eventually lead to the historical alliance between Portugal and England with

1584-458: Was a nullity. The bishops of Avila and Salamanca were asked to concur, and were afraid to say otherwise. Peter and Juana were married in Cuellar, and Juana was proclaimed Queen of Castile. After two nights, he then deserted her. They had a son who died young, after Peter's death. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and, in effect, imprisoned. The dissension within

1628-517: Was a reaction in Peter's favour and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as El Justiciero , the executor of justice (the Lawful). Apologists were found to say that he had killed only men who would not submit themselves to the law or respect the rights of others. Peter did have his supporters. Even López de Ayala confessed that the king's fall was regretted by many, among them

1672-402: Was assailed by his bastard brother Henry of Trastámara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, including Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley , and abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from Burgos , then from Toledo , and lastly from Seville ) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, where he

1716-468: Was coldly received by his uncle, King Peter I of Portugal , and thence to Galicia , in the northern Iberian Peninsula , where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of Santiago , and the dean , Peralvarez. Peter's rival Henry II of Castile continuously depicted Peter as "King of the Jews", and had some success in taking advantage of popular Castilian antisemitism. Henry instigated pogroms beginning

1760-530: Was putatively required to remain celibate. Through illegitimate marriages he fathered the lineage of the Enríquez family, who became Admirals of Castile and later Dukes of Medina de Rioseco . By an unknown woman (possibly a Sephardic Jewish woman named Paloma), he had one illegitimate son: By Leonor de Angulo y Córdoba (b. c.  1340 ), a Castilian noblewoman, he had two illegitimate children: His descendant Juana Enriquez (1425 – February 13, 1468),

1804-428: Was supposed to be guarding her virtue and made her instead "an unwilling Isolde to his Tristan," according to one historian. This marriage necessitated Peter's denying that he had married María, but his relationship with her continued and they had four children. He also apparently went through the form of marriage with Juana de Castro , widow of Don Diego de Haro, convincing her that his previous marriage to Queen Blanche

Fadrique - Misplaced Pages Continue

1848-668: Was taking place at the time, known as the One Hundred Years' War. After M. Fadrique de Guzman died in battle, his body was most likely interred in a church nearby in Aragon. In 1579, his mortal remains were transferred to the crypt of the royal chapel, probably by order of the Trastamara ruler, to the Cathedral in Seville where they remain to this day. As Maester of the Order of Santiago, Fadrique

1892-534: Was the second wife of John II of Aragon and the mother of Ferdinand II of Aragon . Peter I of Castile Peter ( Spanish : Pedro ; 30 August 1334 – 23 March 1369), called Peter the Cruel ( el Cruel ) or the Just ( el Justo ), was King of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the House of Ivrea . He was excommunicated by Pope Urban V for his persecutions and cruelties committed against

1936-489: Was then apprehended and killed by being tossed out the window while the king ate his lunch. This legend is in reality the real-life death of the exiled Prince Jean of Aragon, the king's cousin, who was plotting to take the throne as the king had no acknowledged legitimate heirs, as yet. Jean foolishly thought King Pedro I would make him the Lord of Vizcaya and dimwittedly met with the autocratic king, who had no intention of handing over

#297702