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95-544: DTS, Inc. was acquired by Tessera Technologies Inc. in December 2016 and combined under the newly created Tessera Holding Corporation. The combined company was renamed to Xperi Corporation in February 2017. DTS was founded by Terry Beard, an audio engineer and Caltech graduate. Beard, speaking to a friend of a friend, was able to get in touch with Steven Spielberg to audition a remastering of Spielberg's film Close Encounters of

190-449: A 12×/10×/32× CD drive can write to CD-R discs at 12× speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10× speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from CDs at 32× speed (4.69 MB/s), if the CPU and media player software permit speeds that high. Software distributors, and in particular distributors of computer games, often make use of various copy protection schemes to prevent software running from any media besides

285-416: A CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks. They can also coexist with audio CD tracks, which is the case of mixed mode CDs . Both Mode 1 and 2 sectors use the first 16 bytes for header information, but differ in the remaining 2,336 bytes due to the use of error correction bytes. Unlike an audio CD, a CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by interpolation ;

380-697: A DOS program that the processor uses to play back the soundtrack, allowing system improvements or bug fixes to be added easily. Unlike Dolby Digital and SDDS, or the home version of DTS, the theatrical DTS system only carries 5 discrete channels on the CD-ROMs. The .1 LFE subwoofer track is mixed into the discrete surround channels on the disc and recovered via low-pass filters in the theater. Most DTS consumer codec techniques are documented in ETSI . DTS Digital Surround, DTS-ES, DTS 96/24, and DTS-HD are recorded in ETSI TS 102 114. DTS:X

475-414: A block). Disc image formats that store raw CD-ROM sectors include CCD/IMG , CUE/BIN , and MDS/MDF . The size of a disc image created from the data in the sectors will depend on the type of sectors it is using. For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for ISO disc images . On a 74-minute CD-R, it

570-450: A center rear channel, can only handle matrixed data and does not support a discrete sixth speaker channel; it is most directly comparable to DTS-ES Matrix 5.1. Note: The center-rear/surround channel is encoded and decoded in exactly the same way as the center-front. The center-surround channel can be decoded using any surround sound processor by feeding the left and right surround signals to the processor inputs. The left-Center-Right surround

665-448: A core DTS Coherent Acoustics data stream. The core stream is compatible with DTS decoders which do not support the extension(s); the extension(s) provide the additional data required to implement the additional functionality. This is a process designed specifically for playback in motion picture theaters equipped with 70 mm film projection and 6-track surround sound. The 70 mm DTS prints do not have 6-track magnetic striping, so there

760-630: A core DTS data stream is augmented with an extension stream which includes the additional data necessary for the new variant in use. The core stream can be decoded by any DTS decoder, even if it does not understand the new variant. A decoder which does understand the new variant decodes the core stream, and then modifies it according to the instructions contained in the extension stream. This method allows backward compatibility. DTS's main competitors in multichannel theatrical audio are Dolby Digital and SDDS , although only Dolby Digital and DTS are used on DVDs and implemented in home theater hardware. One of

855-529: A different channel layout in the playback system compared to the original mix. All Blu-ray players can decode the DTS "core" resolution soundtrack at 1.5 Mbit/s, however, as DTS-HD Master Audio is also implemented as a standard DTS core plus extensions, but cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs. DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD are the only technologies that deliver compressed lossless surround sound for these disc formats. (DTS Coherent Acoustics' coding system

950-490: A full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital ( Batman Returns ). In addition, Jurassic Park also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby Digital home video release ( Clear and Present Danger on Laserdisc), which debuted in January 1995. Universal Pictures would exclusively support DTS until late 1997. In 2008,

1045-466: A higher reliability of the retrieved data is required. To achieve improved error correction and detection, Mode 1, used mostly for digital data, adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correction using a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC). Mode 1 therefore contains 288 bytes per sector for error detection and correction, leaving 2,048 bytes per sector available for data. Mode 2, which

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1140-422: A proprietary 24-bit time code is optically imaged onto the film. An LED reader scans the timecode data from the film and sends it to the DTS processor, using the time code to synchronize the projected image with the DTS soundtrack audio. The multi-channel DTS audio is recorded in compressed form on standard CD-ROM media at a bitrate of 882 kbit/s. The audio compression used in the theatrical DTS system (which

1235-477: A proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface , LMSI/Philips, Sony and Mitsumi standards. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other data standards) when used with the right software. CD-ROM drives employ a near- infrared 780 nm laser diode . The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether

1330-444: A provider of MPEG software for digital television, VOD, and digital ad insertion. Phorus, a subsidiary of DTS, Inc., is a Los Angeles-based technology group dedicated to wireless audio for connected devices. On September 2, 2015, iBiquity announced that it was being purchased by DTS for US$ 172 million, uniting iBiquity's HD Radio digital radio broadcast technology with DTS' digital audio surround sound systems. In theatrical use,

1425-489: A very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic , with a thin layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as shaped compact discs in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g., business card-sized media ), also exist. Data

1520-463: Is a maximum. 20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until Samsung Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32× CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise. As of 2004, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52× or 10,400 rpm and 7.62 MB/s. Higher spin speeds are limited by the strength of

1615-574: Is a multi-band decoder, unlike Dolby Pro Logic II's broadband logic steering, meaning that the decoder can enhance more than one predominant signal at a time — provided each predominant signal lies in a different frequency band than the others. The number of bands steered varies in each Neo:6 implementation, with the first decoders steering in 12 separate bands and later units steering up to 19. DTS Neo:X reconstructs 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, or 7.1 sources to 11.1 front height and width channel systems. Dolby's Pro Logic IIz 's system adds only front height channels to

1710-633: Is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs , hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player , while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software and data for computers and fifth generation video game consoles . DVDs as well as downloading started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in

1805-511: Is also matrixed into the left and right surround channels, so that the rear center channel's sound is still present when played in 5.1 on non-6.1 systems; an ES decoder removes the matrixed audio from these two channels when playing back DTS-ES Discrete soundtracks. DTS-ES Discrete is sometimes notated as DTS-ES 6.1. Only a few DVD titles have been released with DTS-ES Discrete, due to the fast transition from 6.1 to 7.1 setups and technology. In contrast, Dolby's competing EX codec, which also boasts

1900-578: Is defined as "1× speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second. The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or sectors . Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 650 MB (650 × 2 ). For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 703 MB. CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously. It

1995-492: Is implemented as a core DTS stream plus an extension containing the two additional channels plus details to enable 96/24 sound reproduction. DTS-HD Master Audio , previously known as DTS++ , is the second of two DTS-HD audio formats. It supports a virtually unlimited number of surround sound channels, can deliver audio quality at bit rates extending from lossless (24-bit, 192 kHz) down to DTS Digital Surround and, like Neo, downmix to 5.1 or 2.1 systems. DTS-HD Master Audio

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2090-566: Is limited to 320 kbit/s. When DTS audio was introduced to the DVD specification, a few studios authored DTS tracks on some DVDs at the full bitrate (1509.75 kbit/s). Most later DVD titles that offered DTS tracks were encoded at 754.5 kbit/s (about half the rate of 1536 kbit/s). At this reduced rate, DTS no longer retains audio transparency. This was done to make room for more audio tracks and content to reduce costs of spreading extra material on multiple discs. Dolby Digital 5.1 can compress

2185-418: Is more appropriate for image or video data (where perfect reliability may be a little bit less important), contains no additional error detection or correction bytes, having therefore 2,336 available data bytes per sector. Both modes, like audio CDs, still benefit from the lower layers of error correction at the frame level. Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector

2280-494: Is no analog backup should the digital sound fail. The time code track on the film is many times wider than the 35mm version, since it can occupy the area formerly taken up by a magnetic track. Theaters with 70 mm DTS frequently install two time code readers for greater reliability. The gradual disappearance of 70 mm as a common exhibition format has led to DTS-70 being reserved for niche engagements of 70 mm revivals and restorations. Dolby Digital has not been adapted to

2375-428: Is organized into four business units: Pay-TV, Consumer Electronics, Connected Car, and Media Platform. Xperi's brands include DTS, HD Radio, and TiVo. Xperi Inc. was formerly part of Xperi Holding Corporation, which was itself the result of significant M&A over many years, including publicly traded firms such as DTS, Inc . and TiVo Corporation . Xperi Holding Corporation traces its roots to Tessera, Inc. , which

2470-428: Is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ≈650 MB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data. CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes , subtracting the space used for error correction data. The capacity of a CD-ROM depends on how close

2565-534: Is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive. Manufacturers of CD writers ( CD-R or CD-RW ) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code. This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with " IFPI " that

2660-574: Is produced. This will work for a "center-surround" reproduction, whether the source material is explicitly encoded, as in DTS-ES, or hidden as the ambience in any 5.1 sources, including DTS-ES 5.1 and Dolby Digital Surround EX 5.1. DTS 96/24 , introduced in May 2001, allows the delivery of 5.1 channels of 24-bit, 96 kHz audio and high quality video on the DVD-Video format. Prior to the development of DTS 96/24, it

2755-454: Is provided with 6 they are simply added onn-extra channel, with content disc as einto a 7-channel format by adding extensions in DTS Core, will wo DTS-ES Discrete provides 6.1 discrete channels, with a discrete, mastered and recorded (non- matrixed ) center-surround channel; in home theater systems with a 7.1 configuration, the two rear-center speakers play in mono , as does other decoders like

2850-572: Is recorded in ETSI TS 103 491. On the consumer level, DTS is the oft-used shorthand for the DTS Coherent Acoustics (DCA) codec , transportable through S/PDIF and part of the LaserDisc , DVD , and Blu-ray specifications. This system is the consumer version of the DTS standard, using a similar codec without needing separate DTS CD-ROM media. As with standard CD players, DVD and Blu-ray Disc players cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs. DTS

2945-404: Is related to the aptX audio coding format , and it is based on the adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) audio data compression algorithm. In contrast, Dolby Digital (AC-3) is based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) compression algorithm. Both music and movie DVDs allow delivery of a DTS audio signal, but DTS was not part of the original DVD specification (it

DTS, Inc. - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-593: Is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up. These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the Red Book in order to be finally stored on a CD. The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs: The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 channels × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 150 KB/s (150 × 2 ) . This value, 150 Kbyte/s,

3135-426: Is selected as an optional surround sound format for Blu-ray , where it has been limited to a maximum of 8 discrete channels. DTS-HD MA supports variable bit rates up to 24.5 Mbit/s, with up to 6 channels encoded at up to 192 kHz or 8 channels and nine objects encoded at 96 kHz/24 bit. If more than two channels are used, a "channel remapping" function allows for remixing the soundtrack to compensate for

3230-487: Is similar to the DTS-ES 5.1 Matrix's goal, but differ in that DTS-ES Matrix is a 5.1 in discrete channels, but upmix to 6.1 and also states this in its name, being a matrixed, or rather upmixed format for use with non-6.1 content, not unlike the DTS Neo:6 but those are usually upmixing stereo-content and not discrete channels into a 5.1 matrix sound setup. The newer DTS Neo:X formats, using DTS proprietary upmixer, DTS Neural:X,

3325-421: Is stored on a separate set of CD-ROM media, with greater storage capacity that affords the potential to deliver greater audio fidelity and is not subject to the usual wear and damage suffered by the film print during the normal course of the movie's theatrical screening. Disregarding the separate CD-ROM assembly as a potential point of failure, the DTS audiopath is comparatively impervious to film degradation, unless

3420-421: Is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations called "pits", with the non-indented spaces between them called "lands". A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected beam 's phase is shifted in relation to

3515-598: Is the sum of Dolby Atmos and Auro-3D . The layout showcased at AMC Burbank theatre number 8 has a standard eight channel base layer, a five channel height layer on top of the base layer (on the front and side walls) and three rows of speakers on the ceiling. The surround arrays are bass managed by woofers suspended from the ceiling. A first public demonstration was performed at CES 2015 on a Trinnov Altitude32 processor. A follow up, non-consumer focused format known as DTS:X Pro, usually supported by many consumer receivers anyway, supports up to 32 channels of audio, effectively making

3610-402: Is used for data. XA Mode 2 Form 2 has 2,324 bytes of user data, and is similar to the standard Mode 2 but with error detection bytes added (though no error correction). It can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, and it is used for audio/video data. Video CDs , Super Video CDs , Photo CDs , Enhanced Music CDs and CD-i use these sector modes. The following table shows a comparison of

3705-460: Is used in all formats having the suffix ":X", allowing DTS Neo:X to matrix up to an 11.1 setup - more commonly set up as 7 1.4 Therefore, like other more modernized DTS formats such as DTS:X , can be played back on older DTS compatible equipment because of the backwards compatibility DTS offer through its use of extensions. This backwards compatibility is present in all of the later and modern formats followconsidered extensions. DTS-ES Matrix 5.1

3800-487: Is very different and completely unrelated to the home Coherent Acoustics-based DTS Digital Surround format) is the APT-X100 system. Unlike the home version of DTS or any version of Dolby Digital, the APT-X100 system is fixed at a 4:1 compression ratio. Data reduction is accomplished via sub-band coding with linear prediction and adaptive quantization. The theatrical DTS processor acts as a transport mechanism, as it holds and reads

3895-645: The Arctis Pro headphone variants by SteelSeries , and several other companies like headphone systems by [[Turtle Beach]] with the Elite2+SuperAmp combination, specifically the one for PlayStation and not Xbox, as in Xbox there is the potential for using the Windows Spatial Audio API which can be set up in apps like DTS Sound Unbound, avoiding the original audio format to be processed by a dedicated device, to get

DTS, Inc. - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-689: The ISO 9660 standard in 1988. One of the first products to be made available to the public on CD-ROM was the Grolier Academic Encyclopedia , presented at the Microsoft CD-ROM Conference in March 1986. CD-ROMs began being used in home video game consoles starting with the PC Engine CD-ROM (TurboGrafx-CD) in 1988, while CD-ROM drives had also become available for home computers by

4085-432: The 1990s were called " multimedia " computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. The first laptop to have an integrated CD-ROM drive as an option was 1993's CF-V21P by Panasonic ; however, the drive only supported mini CDs up to 3.5 inches in diameter. The first notebook to support standard 4.7-inch-diameter discs

4180-447: The 7.1 configuration. Neo:X also matrix downmixes 11.1 sources to 5.1 or 7.1 channel systems. DTS Neural:X , like Dolby Surround , is an upmixing technique to serve legacy bitstreams and PCM content by upmixing or remapping them to virtually any speaker layout (in which the sound can come from anywhere around the listener, including above). It is complementary to the DTS:X system, allowing

4275-487: The 70 mm format. DTS-ES (DTS Extended Surround), introduced in March 1999 theatrically and in June 2000 for home theaters; includes two variants, DTS-ES Discrete 6.1, and DTS-ES Matrix 5.1, depending on how the sound was originally mastered and produced originally - as many DTS-ES 6.1 Discrete tracks, are simply remastered from DTS 5.1, where both surround channels are split up to add new center surround channel as well, which

4370-526: The Creative DDTS-100, a standalone 7.1 channel decoder which includes support for up to 6.1 when paired with the GigaWorks S750 7.1 surround sound system. However, there is a switch to make all the speakers work on the system, either 5.1->7.1 or 6.1->7.1 as no discrete formats for 7.1 was included. To maintain compatibility with DTS decoders which do not support DTS-ES, the center-surround channel

4465-454: The DTS Inc.'s initial investors was film director Steven Spielberg , who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of Jurassic Park , which came slightly less than

4560-528: The DTS-HD extension to the original DTS audio format. It delivers up to 7.1 channels of sound at up to 96 kHz sampling frequency and 24-bit depth resolution. DTS-HD High Resolution Audio is selected as an optional surround sound format for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD , with constant bit rates up to 6.0 Mbit/s and 3.0 Mbit/s, respectively. It is intended to be an alternative for DTS-HD Master Audio where disc space may not allow it. DTS-HD High Resolution Audio

4655-598: The LPCM digital audio track with the DTS soundtrack. This soundtrack is output via digital coaxial or optical audio outputs and requires an external decoder to process the bitstream. For PC playback, many software players support the decoding of DTS. The VideoLAN project has created a decoding module for DTS called libdca (formerly libdts), which is the first open source implementation of DTS. Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 are capable of DTS decoding and output via TOSLINK or HDMI as LPCM. However, HDMI output on

4750-456: The North American digital audio broadcast standard known as HD Radio . At the completion of the acquisition of DTS in December 2016, Tessera Technologies, Inc. became Tessera Holding Corporation, and two months later began operating under the new corporate name Xperi Corporation. On December 19, 2019, Xperi Corporation and TiVo Corporation announced their intent to merge. The merger

4845-538: The Third Kind mixed in DTS. Spielberg then selected DTS sound for his next film, Jurassic Park (1993) and with the backing of Universal and its then-parent Matsushita Electric , over 1,000 theatres in the United States adopted the DTS system. Work on the new audio format started in 1991, four years after Dolby Laboratories started work on its new codec , Dolby Digital . The basic and most common version of

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4940-562: The Windows and Xbox versions of the technology, there exists almost 600 pre-made presets (by DTS) for different headphone models or earbuds , tuned specifically for the purpose of DTS Headphone:X . Xperi Xperi Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, that develops software for consumer electronics and connected cars, as well as media platforms for video service over broadband. The company

5035-513: The Xbox 360 is only found on the " Elite " model and newer models available since mid-2007, with the release of the Falcon motherboard revision. Also, the Xbox 360 cannot decode DTS from DTS audio CDs. PlayStation 3 consoles can bitstream DTS over HDMI, but cannot decode audio from DTS audio CDs. The newer "slim" models are able to bitstream DTS-HD MA as well, but also cannot decode audio from DTS CDs. DTS and Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS's chief competitor in

5130-414: The aforementioned setup a DTS:X Pro setup. There is no other differences than the added support for more channels, nor does it exist a Pro-variant of a DTS:X soundtrack - it is merely to be more convenient in large cinemas. DTS Neo:6 , like Dolby's Pro Logic IIx system, reconstructs 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, or 7.1 sources to 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1 channel systems. A 7.1 system's 2 rear speakers are mono. Neo:6

5225-435: The audio discs. When the DTS format was launched, it used one or two discs with later units holding three discs, thus allowing a single DTS processor to handle two-disc film soundtracks along with a third disc for theatrical trailers. The DTS time code on the 35mm print identifies the film title which is matched to the individual DTS CD-ROMs, guaranteeing that the film cannot be played with the wrong disc. Each DTS CD-ROM contains

5320-406: The beam has been reflected or scattered. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs. If a CD-ROM is read at the same rotational speed as an audio CD , the data transfer rate is 150 Kbyte/s, commonly called "1×" (with constant linear velocity, short "CLV" ). At this data rate, the track moves along under the laser spot at about 1.2 m/s. To maintain this linear velocity as

5415-413: The cinema and home theatre markets, are often compared because of their similarity in product goals, though Dolby believed that the surround channels should be diffused and DTS said they should be directional. In theatrical installations, AC-3 audio is placed between sprocket holes on the 35 mm film itself, leaving the audio content susceptible to physical damage from film wear and mishandling. DTS audio

5510-413: The cinema division was divested to form DTS Digital Cinema . In 2009 DTS Digital Cinema was purchased by Beaufort International Group Plc. and became known as Datasat Digital Entertainment . In 2012, DTS acquired the business of SRS Labs (Sound Retrieval System), a psychoacoustic 3D audio processing technology, including over 1,000 audio patents and trademarks. In 2014, DTS acquired Manzanita Systems,

5605-513: The company he founded, Gauss Electrophysics. The LaserDisc was the immediate precursor to the CD, with the primary difference being that the LaserDisc encoded information through an analog process whereas the CD used digital encoding. Key work to digitize the optical disc was performed by Toshi Doi and Kees Schouhamer Immink during 1979–1980, who worked on a taskforce for Sony and Philips . The result

5700-430: The creation of height channels) to allow systems with a reduced number of physical speakers (such as TV soundbars) to provide a more "immersive" experience. DTS Surround Sensation : Previously known as DTS Virtual. It allows a virtual 5.1 surround sound to be heard through a standard pair of headphones. DTS Headphone:X is a spatial audio technology, sometimes referred to as DTS Headphone:X "v2.0" or even "v2.0 7.1", if

5795-423: The data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or phase transition material in a process that is often referred to as " burning ". Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification (originally defined for audio CD only). This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding (CIRC), eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), and

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5890-500: The data stored in these sectors corresponds to any type of digital data, not audio samples encoded according to the audio CD specification. To structure, address and protect this data, the CD-ROM standard further defines two sector modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2, which describe two different layouts for the data inside a sector. A track (a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in

5985-401: The disc at 1600 to 4000 rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6 m/s and a transfer rate of 1200 Kbyte/s. Above 12× speed most drives read at Constant angular velocity (CAV, constant rpm) so that the motor is not made to change from one speed to another as the head seeks from place to place on the disc. In CAV mode the "×" number denotes the transfer rate at the outer edge of the disc, where it

6080-446: The early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now uncommon. The earliest theoretical work on optical disc storage was done by independent researchers in the United States including David Paul Gregg (1958) and James Russel (1965–1975). In particular, Gregg's patents were used as the basis of the LaserDisc specification that was co-developed between MCA and Philips after MCA purchased Gregg's patents, as well as

6175-441: The effects of spatial audio through the use of sound objects rather than channels, and placing them where they would naturally occur in a 3D space, but is also compatible with stereo PCM tracks, and can be encoded on top of a 2-channel lossy DTS bitstream that reproduces 12 channels of spatial audio, sometimes called surround sound, using Head-related transfer function to allow for any pair of stereo headphones to be used. However, in

6270-449: The end of the 1980s. In 1990, Data East demonstrated an arcade system board that supported CD-ROMs, similar to 1980s LaserDisc video games but with digital data, allowing more flexibility than older LaserDisc games. By early 1990, about 300,000 CD-ROM drives were sold in Japan, while 125,000 CD-ROM discs were being produced monthly in the United States. Some computers that were marketed in

6365-557: The film-printed timecode is completely destroyed. Dolby claims its competing AC-3 codec achieves similar transparency at its highest coded bitrate (640 kbit/s). However, in program material available to home consumers (DVD, broadcast, and subscription digital TV), neither AC-3 nor DTS typically run at their highest allowed bitrate. DVD and broadcast (ATSC) HDTV cap AC-3 bitrate at 448 kbit/s. But even at that rate, consumer audio gear already enjoys better audio performance than theatrical (35 mm movie) installations, in which AC-3

6460-470: The first Japanese COMDEX computer show in 1985. In November 1985, several computer industry participants, including Microsoft , Philips , Sony , Apple and Digital Equipment Corporation, met to create a specification to define a file system format for CD-ROMs. The resulting specification, called the High Sierra format, was published in May 1986. It was eventually standardized, with a few changes, as

6555-626: The format is a 5.1-channel system, similar to a Dolby Digital setup, which encodes the audio as five primary (full-range) channels plus a special LFE ( low-frequency effects ) channel for the subwoofer . Encoders and decoders support numerous channel combinations, and stereo, four-channel, and four-channel+LFE soundtracks have been released commercially on DVD, CD, and Laserdisc. Other, newer DTS variants are also currently available, including versions that support up to seven primary audio channels plus one LFE channel (DTS-ES). These variants are generally based on DTS's core-and-extension philosophy, in which

6650-474: The full use of a DTS:X speaker layout when the content has not been encoded for it or exceeds the number of supported channels in DTS:X, effectively being exactly what a DTS:X Pro setup consists of with support for 32 channels (via Neural:X, the spatial audio remapping engine ad opposed to a format contrary to popular belief.) . DTS Virtual:X creates "phantom" surround or height speakers using psychoacoustic processing of existing soundtracks (including, if needed,

6745-538: The incoming beam, causing destructive interference and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the Rainbow Books . The Yellow Book , created in 1983, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the ISO / IEC 10149 standard and in 1989 as the ECMA -130 standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of

6840-673: The late 1990s. Over 10 years later, commonly available drives vary between 24× (slimline and portable units, 10× spin speed) and 52× (typically CD- and read-only units, 21× spin speed), all using CAV to achieve their claimed "max" speeds, with 32× through 48× most common. Even so, these speeds can cause poor reading (drive error correction having become very sophisticated in response) and even shattering of poorly made or physically damaged media, with small cracks rapidly growing into catastrophic breakages when centripetally stressed at 10,000–13,000 rpm (i.e. 40–52× CAV). High rotational speeds also produce undesirable noise from disc vibration, rushing air and

6935-412: The optical head moves to different positions, the angular velocity is varied from about 500 rpm at the inner edge to 200 rpm at the outer edge. The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150 Kbyte/s) is different from the 1× speed rating for DVDs (1.32 MB/s). When the speed at which the disc is spun is increased, data can be transferred at greater rates. For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8× speed spins

7030-473: The original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs , further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications. The Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM. ISO 9660 defines

7125-432: The original CD-ROMs. This differs somewhat from audio CD protection in that it is usually implemented in both the media and the software itself. The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy

7220-576: The outer edge of the disc with the same rotational speed as a standard ( constant linear velocity , CLV) 12×, or 32× with a slight increase. However, due to the nature of CAV (linear speed at the inner edge is still only 12×, increasing smoothly in-between) the actual throughput increase is less than 30/12; in fact, roughly 20× average for a completely full disc, and even less for a partially filled one. Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since

7315-463: The outward data track is extended to the disc's outer rim. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 703 MB of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB (4.7 × 10 bytes) of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs. CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE ( ATA ), SCSI , SATA , FireWire , or USB interface or

7410-529: The polycarbonate plastic of which the discs are made. At 52×, the linear velocity of the outermost part of the disc is around 65 m/s. However, improvements can still be obtained using multiple laser pickups as demonstrated by the Kenwood TrueX 72× which uses seven laser beams and a rotation speed of approximately 10×. The first 12× drive was released in late 1996. Above 12× speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. CAV drives give speeds up to 30× at

7505-643: The same data to less, taking up minimal space. Conversely, DTS proponents claim that the extra bits give higher fidelity and more dynamic range, providing a richer and more lifelike sound. But no conclusion can be drawn from their respective bitrates, as each codec relies on different coding tools and syntax to compress audio. In addition to the standard 5.1-channel DTS Surround codec, the company has several other technologies in its product range designed to compete with similar systems from Dolby Labs . Those which conceptually extend DTS (to add more channels or more accurate sound reproduction) are implemented as extensions to

7600-575: The spindle motor itself. Most 21st-century drives allow forced low speed modes (by use of small utility programs) for the sake of safety, accurate reading or silence, and will automatically fall back if numerous sequential read errors and retries are encountered. Other methods of improving read speed were trialled such as using multiple optical beams, increasing throughput up to 72× with a 10× spin speed, but along with other technologies like 90~99 minute recordable media, GigaRec and double-density compact disc ( Purple Book standard) recorders, their utility

7695-482: The standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO 13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW , as well as multiple sessions . The ISO 13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs . A bootable CD specification, called El Torito ,

7790-462: The structure of sectors in CD-ROM XA modes: When a disc image of a CD-ROM is created, this can be done in either "raw" mode (extracting 2,352 bytes per sector, independent of the internal structure), or obtaining only the sector's useful data (2,048/2,336/2,352/2,324 bytes depending on the CD-ROM mode). The file size of a disc image created in raw mode is always a multiple of 2,352 bytes (the size of

7885-431: The technology is to be licensed out to companies and not implemented by DTS themselves (through 1st party applications such as DTS Sound Unbound and others), where usually on non-PC devices such as video game consoles can still provide the technology, using multi-channel [[Dolby Digital]] bitstreams, usually over a separate optical SPD/F that contain metadata which is then processed by an external headphone decoder, as seen in

7980-538: The ticker symbol XPER.   At the same time, the remaining IP licensing business changed its name to Adeia Inc. and began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol ADEA. Products within Xperi's four business units are as follows: Pay TV Consumer Electronics Connected Car Media Platform CD-ROM A CD-ROM ( / ˌ s iː d iː ˈ r ɒ m / , compact disc read-only memory )

8075-407: The use of pits and lands for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD. The structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book . Like audio CDs (CD-DA), a CD-ROM sector contains 2,352 bytes of user data, composed of 98 frames, each consisting of 33 bytes (24 bytes for the user data, 8 bytes for error correction, and 1 byte for the sub code). Unlike audio CDs,

8170-466: Was IBM 's ThinkPad 755CD in 1994. On early audio CD players that were released prior to the advent of the CD-ROM, the raw binary data of CD-ROM was played back as noise. To address this problem, the subcode channel Q has a "data" flag in areas of the disc that contain computer data rather than playable audio. The data flag instructs CD players to mute the audio. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs , and data are stored and retrieved in

8265-868: Was added later in 1997), so early DVD players do not recognize DTS audio tracks at all. The DVD specification was revised to allow optional inclusion of DTS audio tracks. The DVD title must carry one or more primary audio tracks in AC-3 or LPCM format (in Europe, MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is also an allowed primary track format). The DTS audio track, if present, can be selected by the user. Subsequent DVD players now decode DTS natively or pass it through to an external decoder. Nearly all standalone receivers and many integrated DVD player/receivers can decode DTS. A small number of LaserDiscs carry DTS soundtracks. The NTSC LaserDisc format allows for either analog audio only or both analog and digital audio tracks. LaserDiscs encoded with DTS sound replace

8360-540: Was completed on June 1, 2020. The combined entity operated under the name Xperi Holding Corporation, and became one of the largest intellectual property (IP) and product licensing companies in the world. On October 1, 2022, the product business of Xperi Holding Corporation was separated from the IP licensing business and spun-off as a stand-alone public company named Xperi Inc., trading on the New York Stock Exchange under

8455-467: Was founded in 1990 and renamed Tessera Technologies, Inc. prior to its initial public offering in 2003. Tessera developed chip-scale packaging technologies that were broadly licensed in the semiconductor industry. In 2008, Tessera acquired FotoNation, which specialized in image enhancement and analysis, and in 2016 Tessera acquired DTS, Inc. , an audio technologies company. DTS had previously acquired iBiquity Digital Corporation in 2015, which developed

8550-572: Was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and CD-i ( Green Book ) and was published by Sony and Philips , and backed by Microsoft , in 1991, first announced in September 1988. "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture. CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2). XA Mode 2 Form 1 is similar to the Mode 1 structure described above, and can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 2 sectors; it

8645-413: Was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk . Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable ( CD-R ) and rewritable ( CD-RW ) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby

8740-1036: Was nullified by the introduction of consumer DVD-ROM drives capable of consistent 36× equivalent CD-ROM speeds (4× DVD) or higher. Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2.5 minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment. A similar stratification effect has since been seen in DVD development where maximum speed has stabilised at 16× CAV (with exceptional cases between 18× and 22×) and capacity at 4.3 and 8.5 GB (single and dual layer), with higher speed and capacity needs instead being catered to by Blu-ray drives. CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings: one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e.

8835-413: Was only possible to deliver two channels of 24-bit, 96 kHz audio on DVD Video. DTS 96/24 can also be placed in the video zone on DVD-Audio discs, making these discs playable on all DTS-compatible DVD players. DTS 96/24 is implemented as a core DTS stream plus an extension containing the deltas to enable 96/24 sound reproduction. DTS-HD High Resolution Audio , along with DTS-HD Master Audio, comprise

8930-442: Was selected as mandatory audio technology for Blu-ray Discs.) For each speaker, DTS:X allows the "location" (direction from the listener) of "objects" (audio tracks) to be specified as polar coordinates . The audio processor is then responsible for dynamically rendering sound output depending on the number and position of speakers available. Dolby Atmos uses a similar technique, although the speaker layout employed by cinema DTS:X

9025-510: Was the Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), defined in 1980. The CD-ROM was later designed as an extension of the CD-DA, and adapted this format to hold any form of digital data, with an initial storage capacity of 553 MB . Sony and Philips created the technical standard that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983, in what came to be called the Yellow Book . The CD-ROM was announced in 1984 and introduced by Denon and Sony at

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