Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
43-839: See text Cypriniformes / s ɪ ˈ p r ɪ n ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / is an order of ray-finned fish , which includes many families and genera of cyprinid ( carps and their kin) fish, such as barbs , gobies , loaches , botias , and minnows (among others). Cypriniformes is an "order-within-an-order", placed under the superorder Ostariophysi —which is also made up of cyprinid, ostariophysin fishes. The order contains 11–12 families (with some authorities having listed as many as 23), over 400 genera, and more than 4,250 named species ; new species are regularly described, and new genera are recognized frequently. Cyprinids are most diverse in South and Southeast Asia , but are entirely absent from Australia and South America . At 112 years old,
86-456: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,
129-473: A dorsal fin on their backs; most other fishes of Ostariophysi have a small, fleshy adipose fin behind the dorsal fin. Other differences are the Cypriniformes' unique kinethmoid , a small median bone in the snout, and the lack of teeth in the mouth. Instead, they have convergent structures called pharyngeal teeth in the throat. While other groups of fish, such as cichlids , also possess pharyngeal teeth,
172-478: A different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use
215-566: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in
258-470: A group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order
301-412: A very large number of species about which essentially nothing is known except how they look and where they were first found. Globally extinct Cypriniformes species are: Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking
344-578: Is found in saltwater, the Pacific redfin, Tribolodon brandtii . Brackish water and marine cyprinids are invariably anadromous , swimming upstream into rivers to spawn. Sometimes separated as family Psilorhynchidae , they seem to be specially adapted fishes of the Cyprinidae. The Balitoridae and Gyrinocheilidae are families of mountain-stream fishes feeding on algae and small invertebrates . They are found only in tropical and subtropical Asia . While
387-581: Is known from the Eocene of China. In the Oligocene , around 30 Mya, advanced cyprinids began to outcompete catostomids wherever they were sympatric , causing a decline of the suckers. Cyprinids reached North America and Europe about the same time, and Africa in the early Miocene (some 23–20 Mya). The cypriniforms spread to North America through the Bering land bridge , which formed and disappeared again several times during
430-631: Is usually treated as a junior synonym of the Cobitoidei, but it could be split off the Catostomidae and Gyrinocheilidae in a distinct superfamily; the Catostomoidea might be closer relatives of the carps and minnows than of the "true" loaches. While the Cyprinioidea seem more "primitive" than the loach-like forms, they were apparently successful enough never to shift from the original ecological niche of
473-529: Is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by
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#1732851850274516-628: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )
559-520: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position
602-692: The Mae Klong River of The Bridge on the River Kwai fame possibly only survives in captivity. Ironically, while pollution and other forms of overuse by humans have driven it from its native home, it is bred for the aquarium fish trade by the thousands. The Yarqon bleak ( Acanthobrama telavivensis ) from the Yarqon River had to be rescued into captivity from imminent extinction; new populations have apparently been established again successfully from captive stock. The Balitoridae and Cobitidae, meanwhile, contain
645-573: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given
688-438: The basal Ostariophysi . Yet, from the ecomorphologically conservative main lineage apparently at least two major radiations branched off. These diversified from the lowlands into torrential river habitats , acquiring similar habitus and adaptations in the process . The mountain carps are the highly apomorphic Cyprinidae, perhaps close to true carps (Cyprininae), or maybe to the danionins . While some details about
731-766: The phylogenetic structures of this massively diverse family are known – e.g. that Cultrinae and Leuciscinae are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – no good consensus exists yet on how the main lineages are interrelated. A systematic list, from the most ancient to the most modern lineages, can thus be given as: Phylogeny based on the work of the following works Cyprinidae (carps & minnows) [REDACTED] Psilorhynchidae [REDACTED] Catostomidae [REDACTED] Gyrinocheilidae Botiidae [REDACTED] Vaillantellidae [REDACTED] Cobitidae [REDACTED] Balitoridae [REDACTED] Ellopostomatidae Nemacheilidae [REDACTED] Cypriniformes include
774-576: The Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at
817-539: The carps and minnows ( Cyprinidae ) and also the mountain carps as the family Psilorhynchidae . In 2012, Maurice Kottelat reviewed the superfamily Cobitoidei and under his revision it now consists of the following families: hillstream loaches ( Balitoridae ), Barbuccidae , Botiidae , suckers ( Catostomidae ), true loaches ( Cobitidae ), Ellopostomatidae , Gastromyzontidae , sucking loaches ( Gyrinocheilidae ), stone loaches ( Nemacheilidae ), Serpenticobitidae , and long-finned loaches ( Vaillantellidae ). Catostomoidea
860-561: The cypriniformes' teeth grind against a chewing pad on the base of the skull, rather than an upper pharyngeal jaw. The most notable family placed here is the Cyprinidae ( carps and minnows ), which make up two-thirds of the order's diversity. This is one of the largest families of fish, and is widely distributed across Africa , Eurasia , and North America . Most species are strictly freshwater inhabitants, but some are found in brackish water, such as roach and bream . At least one species
903-419: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus
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#1732851850274946-780: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
989-491: The former are a speciose group, the latter contain only a handful of species . The suckers ( Catostomidae ) are found in temperate North America and eastern Asia. These large fishes are similar to carps in appearance and ecology. Members of the Cobitidae are common across Eurasia and parts of North Africa . A midsized group like the suckers, they are rather similar to catfish in appearance and behaviour, feeding primarily off
1032-436: The international aquarium fish trade. Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are found on all continents except Antarctica . In some cases, these exotic species have a negative impact on the environment. Carp in particular stir up the riverbed, reducing the clarity of the water, making plant growth difficult. In science, one of
1075-603: The living family Catostomidae; from the Paleocene of Alberta , they are roughly 60 million years old. During the Eocene (55–35 Mya), catostomids and cyprinids spread throughout Asia; the earliest members of the cyprinid subfamilies Barbinae and Danioninae are known from the Eocene Sangkarewang Formation of Indonesia , in addition to possibly Smilogastrinae and Labeoninae . The extinct family Jianghanichthyidae
1118-644: The longest-lived cypriniform fish documented is the bigmouth buffalo . Their closest living relatives are the Characiformes ( characins , tetras and their kin), the Gymnotiformes ( electric eel and American knifefishes ), and the Siluriformes ( catfishes ). Like other orders of the Ostariophysi , fishes of Cypriniformes possess a Weberian apparatus . They differ from most of their relatives in having only
1161-488: The many millions of years of cypriniform evolution . The Cyprinidae in particular are important in a variety of ways. Many species are important food fish, particularly in Europe and Asia. Some are also important as aquarium fish, of which the goldfish and koi are perhaps the most celebrated. The other families are of less commercial importance. The Catostomidae have some importance in angling , and some "loaches" are bred for
1204-611: The most famous members of the Cypriniformes is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate model organisms in biological and biochemical sciences, being used in many kinds of experiments. During early development, the zebrafish has a nearly transparent body, so it is ideal for studying developmental biology. It is also used for the elucidation of biochemical signaling pathways. They are also good pets, but can be shy in bright light and crowded tanks. Habitat destruction , damming of upland rivers, pollution , and in some cases overfishing for food or
1247-652: The most primitive of the Ostariophysi in the narrow sense (i.e. excluding the Gonorynchiformes ). This is evidenced not only by physiological details, but also by their great distribution, which indicates they had the longest time to spread. The earliest that Cypriniformes might have diverged from Characiphysi ( Characiformes and relatives) is thought to be about the Early Triassic , about 250 million years ago ( mya ). However, their divergence probably occurred only with
1290-411: The order Siluriformes . By this definition, the Cypriniformes were paraphyletic , so recently, the orders Gonorhynchiformes , Characiformes , ( characins and allies), and Gymnotiformes ( knifefishes and electric eels ) have been separated out to form their own monophyletic orders. The families of Cypriniformes are traditionally divided into two suborders . Superfamily Cyprinioidea contains
1333-633: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
Cypriniformes - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-542: The other otophysans . If this were the case, they would have spread to Asia through Africa or North America before the continents split up, for these are purely freshwater fishes. As the Characiformes began to diversify and spread, they may have outcompeted South American basal cypriniforms in Africa, where more advanced cypriniforms survive and coexist with characiforms. The earliest cypriniform fossils are already assignable to
1419-556: The pet trade have driven some Cypriniformes to the brink of extinction or even beyond. In particular, Cyprinidae of southwestern North America have been severely affected; a considerable number went entirely extinct after settlement by Europeans. For example, in 1900 the thicktail chub ( Gila crassicauda ) was the most common freshwater fish found in California ; 70 years later, not a single living individual existed. The well-known red-tailed black shark ( Epalzeorhynchos bicolor ) from
1462-547: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named
1505-494: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),
1548-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with
1591-661: The splitting-up of Pangaea in the Jurassic , maybe 160 million years ago (Mya). By 110 Mya, the plate tectonics evidence indicates that the Laurasian Cypriniformes must have been distinct from their Gondwanan relatives. The Cypriniformes are thought to have originated in South-east Asia , where the most diversity of this group is found today. The alternative hypothesis is that they began in South America , similar to
1634-432: The substrate and equipped with barbels to help them locate food at night or in murky conditions. Fishes in the families Cobitidae, Balitoridae, Botiidae, and Gyrinocheilidae are called loaches, although the last do not seem to belong to the lineage of "true" loaches, but are related to the suckers. Historically, these included all the forms now placed in the superorder Ostariophysi except the catfish, which were placed in
1677-560: The suffix -virales . Superorder Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as
1720-525: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In
1763-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as
Cypriniformes - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-485: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
1849-409: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,
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