25-479: See text Cupaniopsis is a genus of about 45 species of flowering plants in the family, Sapindaceae and are native to Fiji , Indonesia, New Caledonia , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands Vanuatu , Samoa , Torres Strait Islands , Micronesia and Australia. Plants in the genus Cupaniopsis are trees with paripinnate with small, regular flowers with 5 sepals and petals with 6 to 10 stamens and
50-470: A family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family . It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include horse chestnut , maples , ackee and lychee . The Sapindaceae occur in temperate to tropical regions, many in laurel forest habitat, throughout the world. Many are laticiferous , i.e. they contain latex , a milky sap , and many contain mildly toxic saponins with soap -like qualities in either
75-555: A nectar disc between the petals and stamens, their filaments are often hairy. The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The gynoecium contains two or three carpels , sometimes up to six. The usually single style has a lobed stigma. Most often they are pollinated by birds or insects , with a few species pollinated by wind . Ripe fruits may be fleshy or dry. They may be nuts , berries , drupes , schizocarps , capsules ( Bridgesia ), or samaras ( Acer ). The embryos are bent or coiled, without endosperm in
100-467: A nut ) per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large, circular, whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, while other capsules are warty or smooth. At maturity, the capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds. Aesculus seeds were traditionally eaten, after leaching , by
125-598: A 'resemblance to the genus Cupania ' , in turn, named after the Italian monk, Francesco Cupani . The following is a list of Cupaniopsis species accepted by Plants of the World Online as at August 2024: In 1991 a 190-page monograph of the genus was published by Dutch botanist Frits Adema . Australian botanist Sally T. Reynolds , from 1984 to 1991 published new formal scientific names, descriptions, updates and species clarifications, in her scientific journal articles and
150-572: A log cabin made of buckeye logs and drinking hard cider, causing Ohio to become known as "the Buckeye State". In Geneva , Switzerland , an official chestnut tree is used to indicate the beginning of the Spring ; every year since 1818, the tree is observed by the secretary of the Grand Council of Geneva (the local parliament), and the opening of the first leaf is recorded and announced publicly. Over
175-494: A swollen base and lacks stipules . Some genera and species have laurel forest foliage due to convergent evolution . The flowers are small and unisexual , or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either dioecious or monoecious. They are usually found in cymes grouped in panicles . They most often have four or five petals and sepals (petals are absent in Dodonaea ). The stamens range from four to 10, usually on
200-452: Is divided into four subfamilies, Dodonaeoideae (about 38 genera), Sapindoideae (about 114 genera), Hippocastanoideae (5 genera) and Xanthoceroideae (1 genus). The largest genera are Serjania (about 220 species), Paullinia (about 180 species), and Allophylus (about 200 species) in the tropical Sapindoideae and Acer (about 110 species) in the temperate Hippocastanoideae. The largely temperate genera formerly separated in
225-446: Is elliptical with a thin, cup-shaped aril that usually nearly encloses the seed. The genus Cupaniopsis was first formally described in 1879 by Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer in the journal Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen . The first species he named, the type species, was Cupaniopsis anacardioides . The genus name ( Cupaniopsis ) means
250-482: Is the bottlebrush buckeye, Aesculus parviflora , a flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red horse chestnut Aesculus × carnea , a hybrid between A. hippocastanum and A. pavia . Interpretations of the tree leaves can be seen in architectural details in the Reims Cathedral . The horse chestnut
275-414: Is the source of Indian macassar oil . Saponins extracted from the drupe of Sapindus species are effective surfactants and are used commercially in cosmetics and detergents . Aesculus The genus Aesculus ( / ˈ ɛ s k j ʊ l ə s / or / ˈ aɪ s k j ʊ l ə s / ), with species called buckeye and horse chestnut , comprises 13–19 species of flowering plants in
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#1732854580504300-636: The Flora of Australia treatment. Globally, the New Caledonian endemic species C. crassivalvis has become extinct according to the IUCN's 1998 assessment. In Australia, C. shirleyana and C. tomentella are listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and C. cooperorum is listed as "vulnerable" under
325-467: The Aceraceae ( maples and Dipteronia ), to be included in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The species of Aesculus include: The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the common horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum . The yellow buckeye, Aesculus flava (syn. A. octandra ), is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species
350-472: The Jōmon people of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD. All parts of the buckeye or horse chestnut tree are moderately toxic, including the nut-like seeds. The toxin affects the gastrointestinal system, causing gastrointestinal disturbances. The USDA notes that the toxicity is due to saponin aescin and glucoside aesculin , with alkaloids possibly contributing. Native Americans used to crush
375-472: The Japanese horse chestnut, A. turbinata . Species are deciduous or evergreen. Flowers are showy, insect- or bird-pollinated, with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube , arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 growing degree days . The fruit matures to a capsule 2–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter, usually globose, containing one to three seeds (often erroneously called
400-789: The Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act . C. newmannii is listed as "near threatened" under the same Act. C. serrata is listed as "endangered" in New South Wales under the Biodiversity Conservation Act . C. anacardioides has been introduced into the United States , where in some parts they are invasive plants , primarily in Florida and Hawaii , where the common name carrotwood applies. Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are
425-660: The Roman name for an edible acorn. Common names for these trees include "buckeye" and "horse chestnut", though they are not in the same order as the true chestnuts, Castanea in the Fagales . Some are also called white chestnut or red chestnut. In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of conkers , played with the seeds, also called conkers. Aesculus species have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds, with opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large—to 65 cm (26 in) across in
450-894: The families Aceraceae ( Acer , Dipteronia ) and Hippocastanaceae ( Aesculus , Billia , Handeliodendron ) were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in the Sapindaceae. The Sapindaceae include many species of economically valuable tropical fruit , including the lychee , longan , pitomba , guinip/mamoncillo , korlan , rambutan , pulasan , and ackee . Other products include guaraná , soapberries , and maple syrup . Some species of maple and buckeye are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as Koelreuteria , Cardiospermum , and Ungnadia , are popular ornamentals . Schleichera trijuga
475-475: The family Sapindaceae . They are trees and shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to 13 species native to Eurasia. Several hybrids occur. Aesculus exhibits a classical Arcto-Tertiary distribution . Mexican buckeye seedpods resemble the Aesculus seedpods, but belong to a different genus. Carl Linnaeus named the genus Aesculus after
500-562: The foliage and/or the seeds, or roots. The largest genera are Serjania , Paullinia , Allophylus and Acer . Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from trees to herbaceous plants to lianas . The leaves of the tropical genera are usually spirally alternate, while those of the temperate maples ( Acer ), Aesculus , and a few other genera are opposite. They are most often pinnately compound , but are palmately compound in Aesculus , and simply palmate in Acer . The petiole has
525-459: The fruit a capsule . Plants in the genus Cupaniopsis are trees, either monoecious or diecious with paripinnate leaves arranged in opposite pairs or alternately along the branches, the flowers arranged in leaf axils in raceme -like or panicle -like groups. The flowers are small, have 5 sepals and 5 petals with 6 to 10 stamens, the ovary usually with 3 locules . The fruit is an oval to more or less spherical, slightly fleshy capsule. The seed
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#1732854580504550-624: The seed, and frequently with an aril . The Sapindaceae are related to the Rutaceae , and both are usually placed in an order Sapindales or Rutales , depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order. The most basal member appears to be Xanthoceras . Some authors formerly maintained some or all of Hippocastanaceae and Aceraceae , however this resulted in paraphyly . The former Ptaeroxylaceae , now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae. The family
575-487: The seeds and the resulting mash was thrown into still or sluggish waterbodies to stun or kill fish. They then boiled and drained (leached) the fish at least three times to dilute the toxin's effects. New shoots from the seeds also have been known to kill grazing cattle. The genus was considered to be in the ditypic family Hippocastanaceae along with Billia , but phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data have more recently caused this family, along with
600-489: The years, four different horse chestnut trees have been used for these recordings. In North America, several native American tribes, particularly in the western and central United States, such as Miwok , Pomo, Yokut, Maidu, historically used Buckeye trees ( Aesculus spp. ) like California Buckeye to harvest fish by utilizing the saponins , which had been extracted by the plant's seeds. These tribes used crushed Buckeye nuts to release saponins into streams or shallow water, where
625-452: Was not native to Britain and was only introduced from Europe in 1650 (on the estates of both Dawyck House and Stobo Castle ). The leaf of Aesculus was the official symbol of Kyiv on its coat of arms used from 1969 to 1995. It remains an official symbol of Kyiv to this day. In the 1840 U.S. presidential campaign , candidate William Henry Harrison called himself the "log cabin and hard cider candidate", portraying himself sitting in
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