160-552: Cubbon Park , officially Sri Chamarajendra Park , is a landmark park in Bengaluru , located in the heart of the city in the Central Administrative Area. Originally created in 1870 under Major General Richard Sankey , then British Chief Engineer of Mysore State , it covered an area of 100 acres (0.40 km). Subsequent expansion has since taken place and the park's area is now reported to be 300 acres (1.2 km). It has
320-500: A mud fort , considered the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas, or pétés , which still exist. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence; in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bengaluru came under Shahaji Bhonsle as a jagir , which later became his capital. The Mughals later captured Bengaluru and sold it to Maharaja Devaraja Wodeyar II of
480-483: A 10 kg (22 lb) yield for a 10-year-old tree is a reliable conservative estimate, though some exceptional specimens of that age have yielded 100 kg (220 lb). So, most producers earn less than $ 5,000 per year, with a third of them not having sold anything so far. Moreover, the plantings have so far been mostly of Chinese species, but the products are not readily available. The American Chestnut Foundation in collaboration with many partners ( SUNY ESF ,
640-550: A cannery in Holland included in its "vegetables-and-meat" ready-cooked combinations, a "chestnuts and sausages" casserole beside the more classic "beef and onions" and "green peas and veal". This celebrated the chestnut culture that would bring whole villages out in the woods for three weeks each autumn (and keep them busy all winter), and deplored the lack of food diversity in the United States's shop shelves. Soon after that, however,
800-482: A classic European style with Tuscan and Corinthian columns, in honour of Sir K. Seshadri Iyer who was Dewan of Mysore State from 1883 to 1901, is an impressive red building with gables. It houses the Seshadri Memorial library . The memorial building is ensconced in the middle of the park, framed by the greenery of the park and fronted by the rose garden. The library has an area of 300 km and functions as
960-544: A germ with two cotyledons connected to creamy-white flesh throughout. Some varieties have consistently only one embryo per fruit (nut) or have only one large fruit per burr, well rounded (no flat face). The name of varieties with these characteristics may start with "marron" for example marron de Lyon in France, or Marrone di Mugello in Italy. Chestnut fruit may not exhibit epigeal dormancy. It may germinate right upon falling to
1120-552: A heavy, sweet odor that some people find too sweet or unpleasant. Other catkins have these pollen-bearing flowers, but also carry near the twig from which these spring, small clusters of female or fruit-producing flowers. Two or three flowers together form a four-lobed prickly calybium , which ultimately grows completely together to make the brown hull, or husk , covering the fruits. Chestnut flowers are not self-compatible, so two trees are required for pollination . All Castanea species readily hybridize with each other. The fruit
1280-539: A joint effort of CEE and the Department of Horticulture. After being largely ignored since Indian independence in 1947, a large number of people have slowly started to acknowledge the pioneering work done by Mark Cubbon and other British administrators. On 23 August 2013, the statue of Mark Cubbon was garlanded for the first time since 1947, by Advocate S Umesh of the Cubbon Park Walkers' Association. The occasion
1440-562: A large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslē defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bengaluru was given to Shāhji as a jagir (feudal estate). Around 1639, he ordered the reconstruction of the destroyed city and the building of new lakes to solve the water shortage in the region. In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb , defeated Ekoji I , son of Shāhji, and sold Bengaluru to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704),
1600-551: A large cable with twisted strands. The leaves are simple, ovate or lanceolate , 10–30 cm long and 4–10 cm wide, with sharply pointed, widely spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuates between. The flowers follow the leaves, appearing in late spring or early summer or into July. They are arranged in long catkins of two kinds, with both kinds being borne on every tree. Some catkins are made of only male flowers, which mature first. Each flower has eight stamens , or 10 to 12 for C. mollissima . The ripe pollen carries
1760-636: A new assignment in Baroda in 1873. To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar's rule in Mysore State, in 1927, the park was again renamed as Sri. Chamarajendra Park, in memory of the 19th-century ruler of the state Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar (1868–94), during whose rule the park came into existence. The landscaping in the park creatively integrates natural rock outcrops with thickets of trees, massive bamboos, with grassy expanse and flowerbeds and
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#17328551130811920-403: A number of organisations for over a couple of days. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 mm (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997. In 2022, Bengaluru faced a large amount of rainfall, 368% more than the yearly average. Several areas were flooded, and power supply was also cut off. March record high Bengaluru is a megacity with a population of 8,443,675 in
2080-493: A part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced earthquakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the Richter scale . Bengaluru has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bengaluru usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable. The coolest month
2240-573: A pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation of India's "Garden City". Its elevation is the highest of India's major cities. The city's history dates back to around 890, as per the old Kannada stone inscription found at the Nageshwara Temple in Begur, Bengaluru . In 1537, Kempé Gowdā , a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire , established
2400-536: A population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 15 million , making it India 's third most populous city and fourth most populous urban agglomeration . It is the most populous city and largest urban agglomeration in South India , and is the 27th largest city in the world . Located on the Deccan Plateau , at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bengaluru has
2560-590: A population of over a million. The city is widely regarded as the " Silicon Valley of India", as the largest IT hub of the country. Infosys , Wipro , Mindtree , Mphasis , Flipkart , and Myntra are headquartered in Bengaluru. IT companies located in the city contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$ 20 billion) IT exports in 2006–07. Bengaluru's IT industry is divided into three main clusters : Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City . Most of
2720-573: A possible floral origin of the name as derived from benga , the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru . On 27 September 2006,
2880-402: A relatively low initial investment; this is a factor in the small size of the present production operations, with half of them being between 3 and 10 acres (12,000 and 40,000 m ). Another determining factor in the small productivity of the sector is that most orchards have been created less than 10 years ago, so have young trees which are as now barely entering commercial production. Assuming
3040-430: A rich recorded history of abundant flora and fauna plantations coupled with numerous impressive and aesthetically located buildings and statues of famous personages, in its precincts. This public park was first named as Meade's Park after Sir John Meade, the acting commissioner of Mysuru in 1870 and subsequently renamed as Cubbon Park after the longest-serving commissioner of the time, Sir Mark Cubbon , when Meade left for
3200-657: A rose garden as a frontage. It is undisputedly the largest public library in the state as evidenced by the college students thronging to read here, and has the world's most extensive collection of Braille books. Other buildings located within or at the periphery of the park are 1) the Indira Priyadarshini Children's Library, 2) the Venkatappa Art Gallery, 3) the Aquarium (stated to be the second largest in India), 4)
3360-464: A single urban centre in 1949. The city was generally known as Bangalore in English until the existing Kannada name, Bengalūru , was declared the city's official name in 2006. Bengaluru is considered to be one of the fastest-growing global major metropolises. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area has ranked Bengaluru as one of the most productive metro areas of India. The city
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#17328551130813520-684: A song from the Goryeo period. Gongju , one of Baekje 's former capitals, is renowned for its chestnuts, with an annual chestnut festival that takes place in the winter. In the Samgukji(Records Of The Three Kingdoms) , a book that was compiled during the Jin dynasty about the Three Kingdoms , chestnuts are used in the description of Mahan, the former land of Baekje. In the Philippines ,
3680-712: A staple food in southern Europe, Turkey, and southwestern and eastern Asia for millennia, largely replacing cereals where these would not grow well, if at all, in mountainous Mediterranean areas. Evidence of its cultivation by humans is found since around 2000 BC. Alexander the Great and the Romans planted chestnut trees across Europe while on their various campaigns. A Greek army is said to have survived their retreat from Asia Minor in 401–399 BC thanks to their stores of chestnuts. Ancient Greeks, such as Dioscorides and Galen, wrote of chestnuts to comment on their medicinal properties—and of
3840-408: A trade office of Canada and a virtual Consulate of the United States. As of 2022, Bengaluru produces around 6000 metric tonnes of solid waste per day. This waste is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake , to the garbage dumping sites. The city has considerable dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub,
4000-541: A very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons , Labbay and Mappilas . The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation ) is in charge of civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike , with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bengaluru. The number of wards increased to 243 in 2022. The BBMP
4160-660: A water supply to the city. Kaveri River flows about 60 miles (100 km) from the city of Bengaluru, and the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the city's water supply and the remaining 20% is obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. Bengaluru receives 800 million litres (210 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city, but Bengaluru does face occasional water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall. A random sampling of
4320-467: Is Kannada , spoken by 42.05% of the population. The second-largest language is Tamil , spoken by 16.34% of the population. 13.73% speak Telugu , 13.00% Urdu , 4.64% Hindi , 3.16% Malayalam and 2.05% have Marathi as their first language. Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani , Bengali , Marwari , Tulu , Odia , Gujarati , Kodagu , Punjabi , Lambadi , Sindhi and Nepali . The Kannada language spoken in Bengaluru
4480-444: Is frost -tender; bud -burst is later than most other fruit trees, so late frosts can be damaging to young buds. Trees can be found at altitudes between 200 and 1000 m above sea level; some mention between 300 and 750 m altitude, while the famous Hundred Horse Chestnut on Mount Etna stands at 1200 metres. They can tolerate maritime exposure, although growth is reduced. Seeds germinate in late winter or early spring, but
4640-606: Is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high of 34.1 °C (93.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru was 39.2 °C (103 °F), recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with the strong El Niño in that year. The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 °C (57 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F). Bengaluru receives rainfall from both
4800-408: Is a form called 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada , is spoken in Bengaluru and the adjoining Mysore regions. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class. The major communities of Bengaluru who share a long history in the city, other than
4960-426: Is a hard, shiny, brown outer hull or husk , called the pericarpus; the industry calls this the "peel". Underneath the pericarpus is another, thinner skin, called the pellicle or episperm. The pellicle closely adheres to the seed itself, following the grooves usually present at the surface of the fruit. These grooves are of variable sizes and depths according to the species and variety. The fruit inside these shows
Cubbon Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
5120-467: Is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. Forbes considers Bengaluru one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities". The city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals . There were a large number of high-net-worth individuals with a ₹ 4.5 crore investment surplus in 2007. In the Ease of Living Index 2020, it was ranked the most livable Indian city with
5280-620: Is always served at Christmas and New Year's time. In Modena , Italy, they are soaked in wine before roasting and serving, and are also traditionally eaten on Saint Simon's Day in Tuscany . In the Romagna region, roasted chestnuts are often served with a traditional wine, the Cagnina di Romagna . It is traditional to eat roasted chestnuts in Portugal on St. Martin's Day . Their popularity declined during
5440-511: Is at the modern village of Keramidi . The town probably took its name, though, from the trees growing around it. In the Mediterranean climate zone, chestnut trees are rarer in Greece because the chalky soil is not conducive to the tree's growth. Kastania is located on one of the relatively few sedimentary or siliceous outcrops. They grow so abundantly there that their presence would have determined
5600-454: Is considered the pivot for high-technology-based heavy manufacturing industry, with numerous large multinational technology corporations setting up their headquarters there. It is home to many top-tier engineering and research institutions. Bengaluru is known as the "Silicon Valley of India" because it is the nation's leading software exporter as well as a major semiconductor hub. Several state-owned aerospace and defence organisations are in
5760-418: Is contained in a spiny (very sharp) cupule 5–11 cm in diameter, also called "bur" or " burr ". The burrs are often paired or clustered on the branch and contain one to seven nuts according to the different species , varieties , and cultivars . Around the time the fruits reach maturity, the burrs turn yellow-brown and split open in two or four sections. They can remain on the tree longer than they hold
5920-657: Is derived from an earlier English term "chesten nut", which descends from the Old French word chastain (Modern French, châtaigne ). The French word in turn derives from Latin Castanea (also the scientific name of the tree), which traces to the Ancient Greek word κάστανον (sweet chestnut). A possible source of the Greek word is the ancient town of Casthanaea in Magnesia . Its location
6080-742: Is low, varying between 5 and 20 mg/(kg·h) depending on the temperature. Most chestnut wood production is done by coppice systems, cut on a 12-year rotation to provide small timber which does not split as badly as large logs. In southern England (particularly in Kent ), sweet chestnut has traditionally been grown as coppices, being recut every 10 years or so on rotation for poles used for firewood, and fencing (fence posts and chestnut paling). An excellent soil-enriching understory in pine forests, sustainable forest management incorporates more mixed plantings of proven efficiency, as opposed to monosylviculture. A study presented in 1997 has evaluated positively
6240-493: Is primarily service oriented and industrial, dominated by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, and manufacturing of electronics, machinery, automobiles, food, etc. Major industrial areas around Bengaluru are Adugodi , Bidadi , Bommanahalli , Bommasandra , Domlur , Hoodi , Whitefield , Doddaballapura , Hoskote , Bashettihalli , Yelahanka , Electronic City , Peenya , Krishnarajapuram , Bellandur , Narasapura , Rajajinagar , Mahadevapura etc. It
6400-522: Is recommended at least during summer and early autumn. Once established, they resist droughts well. In addition to being consumed fresh, chestnuts can also be canned, pureed, or preserved in sugar or syrup ( marrons glacés ). Shelled and cooked nuts should be covered, refrigerated, and used within 3–4 days. Cooked chestnuts, either whole, chopped, or pureed, may be frozen in an airtight container and held up to 9 months. Because of their high water content, transpiration rates, and consequent loss weight,
6560-869: Is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a Central Government entity. As part of the Waste Management Guidelines, the government of Karnataka through the KSPCB has authorised a few well-established companies to manage biomedical and other hazardous waste in Karnataka. Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India. Bengaluru contributes 38% of India's total IT exports. Its economy
Cubbon Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
6720-642: Is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM), while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB). The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany , France, Japan, Israel, British Deputy High Commission, along with honorary consulates of Ireland, Finland, Switzerland, Maldives, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru. It also has
6880-476: Is required later. The optimum rainfall for chestnut trees is 800 mm (31 in) or more, ideally in even distribution throughout the year. Mulching during summer is recommended. Rainfall below 700 mm (28 in) per year needs be complemented with, for example, a drip irrigation system. This should water the soil at the outer half of the circle formed by the drip line to encourage root growth. Independently from annual rainfall, watering young trees
7040-475: Is run by a city council of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years and are decided by popular vote . Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from
7200-602: Is the fifth Indian city to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies , after Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata and Chennai . The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electorate is primarily from rural Karnataka. The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bengaluru, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but instead increased land values and forced out small enterprises. The state has also resisted
7360-456: Is the present city's supply of regular piped water. Modern Bengaluru was begun in 1537 by the chieftain Kempe Gowda I , who aligned with the Vijayanagara Empire under Emperor Achyuta Deva Raya to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda
7520-724: Is the well planned children's amusement park as part of Jawahar Bal Bhavan, which has the toy train, Puttani Express that runs (0.75 miles or 1.2 km) within the park, the Doll museum and a boating facility. A 20-million-year-old fossilized tree — a gift from the Geological Survey of India, is also reported at the park. Memorials in the form of marble statues in honour of Queen Victoria (installed in 1906) , King Edward VII (installed in 1919) , Major General Sir Mark Cubbon, Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar (installed in 1927) and Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer (installed (in 1913) are seen located in front of
7680-541: The 2001 Census of India at Jalahalli , Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bengaluru's outskirts today, suggest human settlement around 4000 BCE. Around 1,000 BCE (during the Iron Age ), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bengaluru. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus , Tiberius , and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL Airport indicate that
7840-478: The All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH) in 1956. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over
8000-472: The Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. The Government of India set up
8160-592: The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the name change. The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006. The Union government approved this request, along with name changes for 11 other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014. A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during
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#17328551130818320-732: The Kannadigas , are the Telugus and Tamilians , who both migrated to Bengaluru in search of a better livelihood, and the Dakhanis . Already in the 16th century, Bengaluru had few Tamil or Telugu or speakers, who spoke Kannada for business. Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bengaluru on invitation by the Mysore royalty. Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, and
8480-754: The Karnataka High Court , the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bengaluru contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha , from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural , Bangalore Central , Bangalore North , and Bangalore South , and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly . Electricity in Bengaluru
8640-586: The Kingdom of Mysore . When Haider Ali seized control of the kingdom, Bengaluru's administration passed into his hands. The city was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), which then returned administrative control of the city, along with the kingdom, to Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III . The old city developed under the dominions of
8800-620: The Kodavas of the state's Kodagu district . The migrant communities include Maharashtrians , Punjabis , Rajasthanis , Gujaratis , Tamilians , Telugus , Malayalis , Odias , Sindhis , Biharis, Jharkhandis, and Bengalis . Bengaluru once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second-largest after Kolkata . Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bengaluru. Christians in Bengaluru include Tamil Christians , Mangalorean Catholics , Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians and Northeast Indian Christians . Muslims form
8960-505: The Mugello sweet chestnut . It is markedly sweet, peels easily, is not excessively floury or astringent , and has notes of vanilla , hazelnut , and, more subtly, fresh bread. It has no unpleasant aroma, such as yeast , fungus , mold , or paper, which sometimes occur with other chestnuts. The main regions in France for chestnut production are the départements of Ardèche , with the famous "Châtaigne d'Ardèche" (A.O.C) Archived 2012-02-27 at
9120-496: The Vijayanagara times. An apocryphal story states that the twelfth-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II , while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru". Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of
9280-627: The Wayback Machine , of the Var (Eastern Provence), of the Cévennes (Gard and Lozère départements) and of the Lyon region. France annually produces over 1,000 metric tons, but still imports about 8,000 metric tons, mainly from Italy. In Portugal's archipelago of Madeira, chestnut liquor is a traditional beverage, and it is gaining popularity with the tourists and in continental Portugal. Always served as part of
9440-573: The air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic. Bengaluru has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks , the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal Lake , Ulsoor Lake, Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank . However, about 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted; the city government began revival and conservation efforts in December 2020. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of
9600-466: The alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites , gneisses and migmatites , while the soils of Bengaluru consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. The city's vegetation is mostly large deciduous canopy and some coconut trees. Many trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development. Though Bengaluru has been classified as
9760-537: The dormant period. Frosts and snowfalls are beneficial rather than harmful to the trees. The dormant plant is very cold-hardy in Britain, to the Royal Horticultural Society 's H6 hardiness rating, to -20 °C. Chestnut is hardy to USDA zone 5 , which is −29 °C (−20 °F) lower in average minimal temperature than London in zone 9 . The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, however,
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#17328551130819920-738: The endemic talakatak or Philippine chestnut ( Castanopsis philippinensis ) is not cultivated commercially, though its nuts are harvested from the wild and consumed locally. Imported chestnuts (known as kastanyas in Tagalog , from Spanish castañas ) are traditionally sold as street food in the Philippines during the Christmas season . Native Americans were eating the American chestnut species, mainly C. dentata and some others, long before European immigrants introduced their stock to America, and before
10080-720: The hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra . The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub. In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo , an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II , was devised in Bengaluru by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners . Bengaluru's reputation as
10240-450: The labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries. In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bengaluru, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru. In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and Mumbai took off, which placed
10400-610: The police commissioner is Pratap Reddy. Bengaluru's rapid growth has created several administrative problems relating to traffic congestion and degrading infrastructure. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks ; a flyover system and one-way traffic systems were introduced, which were only moderately successful. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bengaluru's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bengaluru's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while
10560-431: The "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city. Bengaluru played an important role during the Indian independence movement . Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here. In 1926,
10720-415: The 'Dandong' chestnut (belonging to the Japanese chestnut C. crenata ) is a major cultivar in Liaoning Province . In South Korea , roasted chestnuts ( gunbam ) are a popular winter snack, and serve as a symbol of abundance in ancestral rituals. Roasted chestnuts are also included in folk songs of Korea , which include " Gunbam Taryeong " , a song that celebrates chestnuts, as well as " Jeongseokga ",
10880-451: The 1850s and 1860s led to the first recorded plantings of European chestnut trees, brought from Europe by settlers. Along the years, most chestnut tree plantations were C. sativa stock, which is still the dominant species. Some of these remain today. Some trees in northern Victoria are around 120 years old and up to 60 m tall. Chestnuts grow well in southwest Western Australia , which has cold winters and warm to hot summers. As of 2008,
11040-425: The 19th century, Bengaluru essentially became a twin city , with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British. Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in
11200-509: The 2011 census of India, 79% of Bengaluru's population is Hindu , a little less than the national average . Muslims comprise 13.9% of the population, roughly the same as their national average. Christians and Jains account for 5.4% and 1.0% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 90%. Roughly 10% of Bengaluru's population lives in slums —a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in
11360-403: The 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in 2008 , 2010 , and 2013 . Bengaluru lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Cretaceous Deccan Plateau ) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft). It covers an area of 741 km (286 sq mi). The majority of
11520-656: The Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta , Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at Begur , Someshwara Temple at Ulsoor , date from the Chola era. In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region. Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of the Mysore state. By
11680-542: The American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation and many others from education, research, and industry sectors contributing to the program) are in the last stages of developing a variety that is as close as possible to the American chestnut, while having incorporated the blight-resistant gene of the Asiatic species. Considering the additional advantage that chestnut trees can be easily grown organically, and assuming
11840-531: The American chestnuts is not completely resolved, particularly between the chinkapins ( Castanea ozarkensis and Castanea pumila ), which are sometimes considered to be the same species. Genetics have indicated the California native "golden chinkapin" ( Chrysolepis chrysophylla ) is worthy of inclusion in a different genus along with a species from Coastal China. There is also another chestnut, Castanea alabamensis , which may be its own species. The name "chestnut"
12000-635: The American chestnuts were nearly wiped out by chestnut blight. The discovery of the blight fungus on some Asian chestnut trees planted on Long Island , New York , was made public in 1904. Within 40 years, the nearly four billion-strong American chestnut population in North America was devastated; only a few clumps of trees remained in Michigan, Wisconsin, California , and the Pacific Northwest . Due to disease, American chestnut wood almost disappeared from
12160-536: The Attara Kacheri in its architectural style and hue. While the original collection in the museum belonged to Benjamin L. Rice of the Mysore Gazetteer , antiquities from Mohenjodaro period are on display in the museum. Exhibits in the museum include specimens of Vijaynagara and Halebid architecture , ancient coins and stone inscriptions as old as 5000 years. Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall, built in 1915 in
12320-728: The British returned administrative control of the Bengaluru pētē to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . The old pētē developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bengaluru in 1804. It
12480-522: The Chinese chestnut tree) to fast-growing for American and European species. Their mature heights vary from the smallest species of chinkapins, often shrubby, to the giant of past American forests, C. dentata that could reach 60 metres (200 feet). Between these extremes are found the Japanese chestnut ( C. crenata ) at 10 m average; followed by the Chinese chestnut ( C. mollissima ) at about 15 m , then
12640-561: The Cubbon Park and Lalbagh areas except the constructions taken up by the Horticulture Department in furtherance of the objectives of the department. The Centre for Environment Education (CEE), India, in the year 2006, embarked on a project to develop a brochure on the park and involve the youth in several activities to help them to explore the park and through it, learn more about the wider environment. The brochure brought out as
12800-593: The Doddapētē Square—the heart of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda I's During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bengaluru as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota , Kempe Gowda I declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bengaluru's boundary. Then in 1638,
12960-454: The European and American species has striking yellow autumn coloring. Its bark is smooth when young, of a vinous maroon or red-brown color for the American chestnut, grey for the European chestnut. With age, American species' bark becomes grey and darker, thick, and deeply furrowed ; the furrows run longitudinally, and tend to twist around the trunk as the tree ages, sometimes reminiscent of
13120-469: The European chestnut ( C. sativa ) around 30 m . The Chinese and more so the Japanese chestnuts are both often multileadered and wide-spreading, whereas European and especially American species tend to grow very erect when planted among others, with little tapering of their columnar trunks , which are firmly set and massive. When standing on their own, they spread on the sides and develop broad, rounded, dense crowns at maturity. The foliage of
13280-619: The IT companies are located in Bommanahalli , Domlur , Whitefield , Electronic City , Krishnarajapuram , Bellandur , and Mahadevapura . Chestnut The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus Castanea , in the beech family Fagaceae . The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Chestnut trees are of moderate growth rate (for
13440-566: The New Year's menu in Japan, chestnuts represent both success and hard times—mastery and strength. The Japanese chestnut ( kuri ) was in cultivation before rice and the Chinese chestnut ( C. mollissima ) possibly for 2,000 to 6,000 years. During British colonial rule in the mid-1700s to 1947, the sweet chestnut, C. sativa , was widely introduced in the temperate parts of the Indian subcontinent , mainly in
13600-733: The Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bengaluru houses important state government facilities such as
13760-452: The US imports are from Southern Italy , with the large, meaty, and richly flavored Sicilian chestnuts being considered among the best quality for bulk sale and supermarket retail. Some imports come from Portugal and France. The next two largest sources of imports are China and South Korea. The French varieties of marrons are highly favored and sold at high prices in gourmet shops. As of 2024,
13920-411: The United States imports 7.5 million pounds of non-organic chestnuts per year. A study of the sector in 2005 found that U.S. producers are mainly part-timers diversifying an existing agricultural business, or hobbyists. Another recent study indicates that investment in a new plantation takes 13 years to break even, at least within the current Australian market. Starting a small-scale operation requires
14080-564: The Vidhana Soudha, opposite to it. The building now accommodates the Karnataka High Court . In the Central Hall a portrait of Sir Mark Cubbon decorates the ceiling. An equestrian statue of Cubbon by Baron Marochetti is located at the back of the building. The State Archeological Museum , one of the oldest in India , built in 1876 by Colonel Sankey, located within the park, is similar in design to
14240-572: The Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bengaluru. In 2016, a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions. Anil Kumar, Commissioner of the BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing
14400-751: The YMCA, 5) Yuvanika — the State Youth Centre, 6) Century Club, 7) Press Club, 8) Jawahar Bal Bhavan, 9) Tennis Pavilion, 10) the Cheshire Dyer Memorial Hall and 11) the Ottawa Chatter. A bandstand, in an octagonal shape made with cast-iron, was built in the early part of the 1900s. Before India's Independence, the British Royal Air Force used to play western band music at the band stand every Saturday evening. An attraction for children
14560-562: The apex of the Karnataka Public Libraries system, which is governed by State Library Authority. In 2000, the library was awarded the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation Award for the best state central library in India in recognition of its outstanding contribution to meritorious services rendered in the spread of knowledge and gearing up of library movement in the city of Bengaluru in particular and in
14720-543: The area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore . Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras (now Chennai), in 1864. In
14880-547: The arrival of chestnut blight . In some places, such as the Appalachian Mountains , one-quarter of hardwoods were chestnuts. Mature trees often grew straight and branch-free for 50 ft (15 m), up to 100 ft, averaging up to 5 ft in diameter. For three centuries, most barns and homes east of the Mississippi River were made from it. In 1911, the food book The Grocer's Encyclopedia noted that
15040-548: The building of the Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bengaluru developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance. The Bengaluru fort was captured by British forces under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan. Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799),
15200-655: The chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus ) and the American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), both of which are also in the Fagaceae family. Brazil nuts , called "Brasil chestnuts" ( castañas de Brasil in Spanish) or "chestnuts from Pará" ( castanha-do-Pará in Portuguese) are also unrelated. Chestnuts belong to the family Fagaceae , which also includes oaks and beeches . The four main species groups are commonly known as American, European, Chinese, and Japanese chestnuts. The taxonomy of
15360-471: The chestnut tree is practically the sole subsistence of our highlanders", while in 1879 it was said that it almost exclusively fed whole populations for half the year, as "a temporary but complete substitution for cereals". In Britain, boundary records compiled in the reign of King John already showed the famous Tortworth Chestnut in South Gloucestershire , as a landmark; it was also known by
15520-763: The city and 10,456,000 in the urban agglomeration, up from 8.5 million at the 2011 census. It is the third most populous city in India, the 18th most populous city in the world and the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. With a growth rate of 38% during the decade, Bengaluru was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001. Residents of Bengaluru are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English, Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu . People from other states have migrated to Bengaluru to study or work there as well. According to
15680-498: The city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the city's periphery. In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the first half of the 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks were commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide
15840-402: The city itself as 'Garden City'. The importance of the park to the city's environment is best stated by two urban architects who have won the national competition to design ' Freedom Park '. The park is accessible from M.G. Road , Kasturba Road , Hudson Circle and Ambedkar Veedhi (Road). The motorable roads which run through the park are allowed for light motor vehicles only. All locations of
16000-588: The city of Bengaluru lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district . The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district. Bengaluru's topography is generally flat, although the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli , 962 m (3,156 ft) above sea level, situated to
16160-570: The city on India's urban map. After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor). The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation . The Government of Karnataka later constituted
16320-453: The city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life ) air quality and noise pollution were poor. The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects. The Bengaluru City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes
16480-415: The city. The presence of numerous notable sporting arenas in Bengaluru makes it one of the country's sporting hubs. Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's Kannada name Bengalūru . It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bengaluru city today and was used by Kempe Gowda to name the city as Bengalūru at the time of its foundation in 1537. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru"
16640-584: The cold in their first winter, and also from mice and squirrels . Chestnuts are considered self-sterile, so at least two trees are needed for pollination. Castanea grows best in a soil with good drainage and adequate moisture. The tree prefers sloping, deep soils; it does not like shallow or heavy soils with impermeable, clay subsoils . The Chinese chestnut prefers a fertile, well-drained soil, but it grows well in fairly dry, rocky, or poor soils. Although Castanea can grow in very acidic soil, and while these soils are reasonably well tolerated,
16800-465: The country has nearly 350 growers, annually producing around 1,200 metric tons of chestnuts, of which 80% come from northeast Victoria . The produce is mostly sold to the domestic fresh fruit market. Chestnuts are slowly gaining popularity in Australia. A considerable increase in production is expected in the next 10 years, due to the increase in commercial plantings during the last 15 to 25 years. By far,
16960-490: The country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bengaluru. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India . Today, Bengaluru is India's third most populous city. During
17120-559: The current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority , was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit. On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children. Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of
17280-533: The developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%). The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bengaluru accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago. In the Ease of Living Index 2020 ( published by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs ), it
17440-402: The development of brands in the market and everything else being equal, home-grown products would reach higher prices than imports, the high volume of which indicates a market with expanding prospects. As of 2008, the price for chestnuts sold fresh in the shell ranges from $ 1.50/lb ($ 3.30/kg) wholesale to about $ 5/lb ($ 11/kg) retail, depending mainly on the size. The Australian gold rush of
17600-515: The disease-immune Asiatic species. Efforts started in the 1930s are still ongoing to repopulate the country with these trees, in Massachusetts and many places elsewhere in the United States. In the 1970s, geneticist Charles Burnham began back-breeding Asian chestnut into American chestnut populations to confer blight resistance with the minimum difference in genes. In the 1950s, the Dunstan chestnut
17760-518: The elected members of the council. Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power – the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city. Indian National Congress councillor Sampath Raj became the city's mayor in September 2017;
17920-605: The end of the 13th century, Bengaluru became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu. Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343,
18080-461: The entrances to the park. Indigenous and exotic botanical species found in the park are about 68 genera and 96 species with a total of around 6000 plants/trees. Indigenous species found in the park are: artocarpus , cassia fistula , ficus , polyalthias etc., and exotic species such as araucaria , bamboo , castanospermum australe , grevillea robusta , millettia , peltophorum , schinus molle , swietenia mahagoni , tabebuia . sp etc. Amongst
18240-558: The flatulence induced by eating too much of it. To the early Christians, chestnuts symbolized chastity . Until the introduction of the potato , whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates . In some parts of Italy, a cake made of chestnuts is used as a substitute for potatoes. In 1583, Charles Estienne and Jean Liébault wrote, "an infinity of people live on nothing else but (the chestnut)". In 1802, an Italian agronomist said of Tuscany that "the fruit of
18400-545: The fruit was a local staple food in the early 17th century. These synonyms are or have been in use: Fagus Castanea (used by Linnaeus in first edition of Species Plantarum , 1753), Sardian nut, Jupiter's nut, husked nut, and Spanish chestnut (U.S.). The tree is noted for attracting wildlife. The nuts are an important food for jays , pigeons , wild boar , deer, and squirrels . American and Chinese chinquapins ( C. pumila and C. henryi ) have very small nuts that are an important source of food for wildlife. It has been
18560-464: The fruit, but more often achieve complete opening and release the fruits only after having fallen on the ground; opening is partly due to soil humidity . The chestnut fruit has a pointed end with a small tuft at its tip (called "flame" in Italian ), and at the other end, a hilum – a pale brown attachment scar. In many varieties, the fruit is flattened on one or two sides. It has two skins. The first one
18720-402: The governor of Genoa , which dominated Corsica , ordered all the farmers and landowners to plant four trees yearly, among which was a chestnut tree – plus olive , fig and mulberry trees. Many communities owe their origin and former richness to the ensuing chestnut woods. In France, the marron glacé , a candied chestnut involving 16 different processes in a typically French cooking style,
18880-631: The ground in the autumn, with the roots emerging from the seed right away and the leaves and stem the following spring. The germ can lose viability soon after ripening and under drying conditions. The superior fruiting varieties among European chestnuts have good size, sweet taste, and easy-to-remove inner skins. American chestnuts are usually very small (around 5 g ), but sweet-tasting with easy-to-remove pellicles. Some Japanese varieties have very large nuts (around 40 g ), with typically difficult-to-remove pellicles. Chinese chestnut pellicles are usually easy to remove, and their sizes vary greatly according to
19040-511: The historical buildings within the park. Attara Kacheri , built in 1864 A.D during British rule, is a stone structure in an intense red hue, a two storied building with Corinthian columns in Gothic Style of architecture and is located at the entrance to the park. The Public offices (Secretariat of the Government of Karnataka) were located here from 1868 AD to 1956 AD, which were later moved to
19200-559: The huge reforestation efforts started in the 1930s in the United States to establish varieties of C. sativa which may be resistant to chestnut blight, as well as to relieve the strain on cereal supplies. The main region in Italy for chestnut production is the Mugello region ; in 1996, the European Community granted the fruit Protected Geographic Indication (equivalent to the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée ) status to
19360-468: The impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens." According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bengaluru had 862 slums out of around 2000 slums in all of Karnataka. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai , Hyderabad and most of North India , and 43% of the households had remained in
19520-410: The last few centuries, partly due to their reputation of "food for poor people". Many people did not want to take chestnut bread as " bread " because chestnut flour does not rise. Some slandered chestnut products in such words as the bread which "gives a sallow complexion" written in 1770, or in 1841 "this kind of mortar which is called a soup". The last decades' worldwide renewal may have profited from
19680-504: The life length is short. If kept moist, they can be stored in a cool place for a few months, but must be checked regularly for signs of germination. Low temperature prolongs dormancy. Sowing them as soon as ripe is better, either in cold frames or seedbeds outdoors, where they can be left in situ for one to two years before being planted in their permanent positions, or in pots, where the plants can be put out into their permanent positions in summer or autumn. They must be protected from
19840-592: The lower to middle Himalayas . They are widely found in British-founded hill stations in northern India , and to a lesser extent in Bhutan and Nepal . They are mainly used as an ornamental tree and are found in almost all British-founded botanical gardens and official governmental compounds (such as larger official residences) in temperate parts of the Indian subcontinent. China has about 300 chestnut cultivars . Moreover,
20000-451: The maharaja. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bengaluru, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it. Following India's independence in 1947, Bengaluru became the capital of Mysore State , and remained the capital when the state was enlarged and unified in 1956 and renamed Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements of Bengaluru, the town and the cantonment, which had developed as independent entities, merged into
20160-434: The market for decades, although quantities can still be obtained as reclaimed lumber . Today, they only survive as single trees separated from any others (very rare), and as living stumps , or "stools", with only a few growing enough shoots to produce seeds shortly before dying. This is just enough to preserve the genetic material used to engineer an American chestnut tree with the minimal necessary genetic input from any of
20320-427: The massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport, driving new and expanding businesses elsewhere in India. Bengaluru is a hub for Indian biotechnology -related industry and in 2005 was home to around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India, including Biocon , India's largest biotechnology company, giving Bengaluru the nickname of the "Biotech Capital of India". Bengaluru
20480-419: The monuments within its limits, regulated by the Horticulture Department of the Government of Karnataka . The predominantly green area of the park has many motorable roads, and the well-laid-out walking paths running through the park are frequented by early morning walkers and the naturalists who study plants in the tranquil natural environment . Tourists visiting this park in the city of Bengaluru have nicknamed
20640-435: The most common species in Australia is the European chestnut, but small numbers of the other species, as well as some hybrids, have been planted. The Japanese chestnut ( C. crenata ) does well in wet and humid weather and in hot summers (about 30 °C); and was introduced to New Zealand in the early 1900s, more so in the upper North Island region. Chestnuts produce a better crop when subjected to chill temperatures during
20800-568: The need for sun for optimal growth. The butt of the tree is sometimes painted with white paint to protect the tree from sunburn until it has developed enough canopy . Wide spacing between the trees encourages low, broad crowns with maximum exposure to sunshine to increase fruit production. Where chestnut trees touch, virtually no fruit is produced. Current industrial planting spacings can range from 7 x 7 to 20 x 20 m. The closer plantings, which are more popular, mean quicker increases in short-term production, but heavy pruning or even tree removal
20960-710: The next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire , which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336–1485), the Saluvas (1485–1491), the Tuluvas (1491–1565), and the Aravidu (1565–1646). During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta , whose reservoir
21120-499: The northeast and the southwest monsoons , and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms , which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bengaluru with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of
21280-585: The northwest of the city. No major rivers run through the city, although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills , 60 km (37 mi) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi , a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bengaluru's sewage . A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km (83 sq mi) of
21440-480: The nuts react as fresh fruits (not as nuts). They should be kept cool at all times, including in shops when on display for sale. To preserve their freshness for a few months with no artificial refrigeration, the chestnuts can be soaked in cold water for about 20 hours immediately after harvest , after which they are dried in the shade, then layered in dry sand. Chestnuts behave similarly to seeds in that they produce very little ethylene , and their respiration rate
21600-525: The ornamental and flowering exotic trees lining the roads in the park are the Grevillea robusta (silver oak)—the first oaks introduced to Bangalore from Australia —and the delonix or the gulmohar tree (bright red flowers with long petals) along the Cubbon road in the park, which is a widely cultivated tropical ornamental tree around the world. The avenue of araucarias along with canna beds on either sides of
21760-422: The park are accessible through walking paths. The park is open to the public at all times but the roads around the park are closed to traffic from 5:00 to 8:00 am every day to provide a safe and fresh environment for morning walkers and exercisers and also this park will be closed every Sunday. The nearest metro station to reach Cubbon Park is the Cubbon Park Metro Station , which is 15 meters away from one of
21920-403: The park grounds from the premises of Karnataka High Court . Bangalore Bengaluru ( Kannada: [ˈbeŋɡɐɭuːɾu] ; ISO : Beṁgaḷūru ), formerly called Bangalore in English ( / ˈ b æ ŋ ɡ ə l ɔːr , ˌ b æ ŋ ɡ ə ˈ l ɔː r / BANG -gə-lor, - LOR ), is the capital and largest city of the southern Indian state of Karnataka . It has
22080-422: The park. Other attractions at the park are the Ringwood circle, lotus pond and bamboo grove nook. The formal gardens, from the central hall of the original Attara Kacheri (means 18 government offices) now the Karnataka High Court , extends along the ceal promenade developed symmetrically with avenues, to the museum building. Another impressive artistic structure is Iyer Hall, which houses the Central Library with
22240-425: The place's name. Still others take the name as coming from the Greek name of Sardis glans (Sardis acorn) – Sardis being the capital of Lydia , Asia Minor, from where the fruit had spread. The name is cited twice in the King James Version of the Bible. In one instance, Jacob puts peeled twigs in the water troughs to promote healthy offspring of his livestock. Although it may indicate another tree, it indicates
22400-473: The potential increase in productivity with mixed stands and plantations, compared to plots of only one species. The relative yield total values of the mixed plantings steadily increase with time. C. sativa responds well to competitive pressure from Pseudotsuga menziesii , the latter also showing a higher productivity. C. dentata seedlings in Ohio reforestation efforts are best achieved by planting them in places with little or no arboreous land cover, because of
22560-473: The preferred range is from pH 5.5-6.0. It does not grow well on alkaline soils , such as chalk , but thrives on soils such as those derived from granite , sandstone , or schist . On alkaline soils, chestnut trees can be grown by grafting them onto oak rootstocks. Recently cleared land is best avoided to help resist the root rot , Armillaria mellia . Castanea likes a full sun position. An experiment with C. dentata seedlings in Ohio confirmed
22720-566: The princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and Anglo-Indians army officers. Bengaluru was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer
22880-449: The region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in 27 BCE. The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries, the region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region. According to Edgar Thurston , there were twenty-eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from
23040-429: The reign of Raja Raja Chola I , the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I , and captured Bengaluru. During this period, the Bengaluru region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada-speaking regions. The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur ,
23200-407: The road from the Central Public Library to Hudson circle, avenue of Swieteninas in the Northern side of the park, the Java fig avenue along the road leading to the Government Museum, polyalthia avenue along the road from Queen Victoria's statue to King Edward VII's statue and the chestnut tree avenue from the Chamarajendra statue to Siddalingaiah circle are testimony to the botanical richness of
23360-399: The same name of "Great Chestnut of Tortworth" in the days of Stephen . This tree measured over 50 ft (15 m) in circumference at 5 ft (1.5 m) from the ground in 1720. The Hundred Horse Chestnut in the chestnut forests on Mount Etna is the oldest living chestnut tree and is said to be even larger. Chestnut trees particularly flourish in the Mediterranean basin . In 1584,
23520-452: The slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings. One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply. Ιn 2012, Bengaluru generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste , or 194.3 kilograms per person. Waste management in Karnataka
23680-449: The start of the Christian era until its conquest by the Cholas. The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350–550 CE), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami , followed by the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century. The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II. Around 1004, during
23840-503: The state of Karnataka in general. The library has presently a collection of 265,000 books and also a braille section. The Preservation Act, 1979, passed by the Government of Karnataka to preserve the uniqueness of the park is under the provision of Karnataka Government Park (Preservation) Act, 1975, which states: Accordingly, it is directed that neither any land should be granted to nor any further constructions be permitted whether temporary or permanent by any organization or individuals in
24000-436: The then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees. After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali , Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan . Hyder and Tipu directed
24160-445: The varieties, although usually smaller than the Japanese chestnut. The unrelated horse chestnuts (genus Aesculus ) are not true chestnuts, but are named for producing nuts of similar appearance that are mildly poisonous to humans. True chestnuts should also not be confused with water chestnuts , which are tubers of an aquatic herbaceous plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae . Other species commonly mistaken for chestnut trees are
24320-406: The vote was boycotted by the BJP . In September 2018, Indian National Congress councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as mayor, replacing Sampath Raj . In 2019 BJP 's M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP. The municipal commissioner of Bengaluru is Tushar Giri Nath, and
24480-444: Was abolished in 1843, only to be revived in 1881 at Bengaluru and closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence . The British found Bengaluru to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bengaluru from Seringapatam in 1809 near Ulsoor , about 6 km (4 mi) northeast of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in
24640-464: Was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon , the then Governor-General of British India . New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bengaluru. In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power , powered by
24800-416: Was developed in Greensboro, N.C., and constitutes the majority of blight-free chestnuts produced in the United States annually. Today, the demand for the nut outstrips supply . The United States imported 4,056 metric tons of European in-shell chestnuts worth $ 10 million in 2007. The U.S. chestnut industry is in its infancy, producing less than 1% of total world production. Since the mid-20th century, most of
24960-423: Was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu (Kannada: ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು ; lit. ' hero stone ' , a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). According to an Old Kannada inscription found in Begur , "Bengalūrū" was the place of a battle in 890 CE . It was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyanagara" during
25120-498: Was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million. Bengaluru has the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods. Languages of Bengaluru (2011) The official language of Bengaluru
25280-435: Was restricted by rules made by the Emperor, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his " gandubhūmi " or "Land of Heroes". Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pētē ( Kannada pronunciation: [peːteː] ). The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē Street and Doddapētē Street. Their intersection formed
25440-481: Was to mark the 238th birth anniversary of Sir Mark Cubbon. Special permission was obtained from the Karnataka High Court , and police protection was provided. The group credited Mark for being one of the chief architects of Bengaluru and Mysuru. The move was however opposed by Vatal Nagaraj , infamous for vandalizing the Cenotaph Memorial near the Hudson Memorial Church . However, the association defended their move of honoring Mark Cubbon, as his contribution to Bengaluru
25600-399: Was undeniable. Cubbon Park was renamed as Sri Chamarajendra Park way back in 1927, but the name was never popular, and people continued to call it Cubbon Park. Further, according to historians, it would be foolish to erase history, by trying to remove all symbols of British rule, and mere symbolism cannot lead to development. On 28 June 2020, the equestrian statue of Mark Cubbon was moved to
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