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32-546: The Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana ( Coushatta : Kowassaatiha ) is one of three federally recognized tribes of Koasati people . They are located in Allen and Jefferson Davis Parishes , Louisiana . The tribe hosts an annual pow wow during the second weekend in June. The Coushatta Indian Reservation is located on 154-acres in Allen Parish, Louisiana . Approximately 400 people lived on

64-403: A glottal stop between vowels. Koasati has low [ ` ], high [ ´ ], and high rising–falling [ ˇ ] pitch accents , as well as a fourth unmarked mid-level tone. All noun roots must have one high-pitch accented syllable. The location of the accent depends on the properties of the penultimate syllable. With a few exceptions, the accent falls on the final syllable unless the penultimate syllable contains

96-571: A long vowel. These pitch accents can be contrastive, as with sakihpǫ́ 'It is a mink.' and sakíhpǫ 'It is not air-dried.'. Pitch placement on verbs is motivated by morphology. Most indicative verbs take the high accent, though a few take the low accent. Intensive verbs take the high rising–falling accent. Koasati is a polysynthetic language with fairly extensive verbal prefixing and suffixing. Two sets of prefixes mark noun possession in Koasati. The am -set generally identifies alienable possession and

128-435: A phrase-terminal marker. In Koasati, the end of a phrase is basically marked by either deletion of the final unaccented vowel or the nasalization of the final vowel when deleting it would eliminate phonological information relevant to the phrase's meaning. For example, the final vowel in hopoonilaho̱ "he/she will cook it" is nasalized instead of deleted, and therefore is distinguished from the more emphatic hopoonilaha̱ , where

160-404: A relatively small set of kinship terms and body parts, while the ca -set identifies inalienable possession and most kinship terms and body parts. These prefixes mark person and number on possessing nouns as follows: Kimball identifies the following position classes for prefixes and suffixes that can be added to Koasati verb roots: Unlike its frequently used cognates in other Muskogean languages,

192-596: A three-way number distinction in their verbs, with singular, dual , and plural forms. Some of these forms are suppletive . For example, 'To dwell', in the first person, with full suppletion (singular aat, dual asw, plural is ): áata-l dwell( SG )- 1SG áata-l dwell(SG)-1SG 'I dwell' a⟩lí⟨sw dwell( DU )⟩ 1DU ⟨( ROOT ) a⟩lí⟨sw dwell(DU)⟩ 1DU ⟨( ROOT ) 'we two dwell' ís-tílka dwell( PL )- 1PL ís-tílka dwell(PL)-1PL Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

224-591: Is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental , alveolar , and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ] , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K . The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ] , which transcribes a different sound – the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant , often called "dark L". Some scholars also posit

256-825: Is also found in African languages , such as Zulu , and Asian languages , such as Chukchi , some Yue dialects like Taishanese , the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan . The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus , but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written ⟨ ll ⟩ . Several Welsh names beginning with this sound ( Llwyd [ɬʊɨd] , Llywelyn [ɬəˈwɛlɨn] ) have been borrowed into English and then retain

288-450: Is also related to the Mikasuki language ; some native speakers of Coushatta report they can understand Mikasuki without previous exposure to the language. Koasati has three vowels, all of which occur as short and long and can be nasalized. The following chart is based on Kimball's work. Kimball describes what is normally the close-mid back vowel /o/ as "high back" vowel, hence its placement in

320-687: Is governed by a democratically elected five-member council. The current administration is as follows: F. A. Little, Jr. (Louisiana Coushatta, 1936–2024), a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Louisiana, served as chief judge for the tribe for nine years. The tribe owns and operates the Coushatta Casino Resort in Kinder, Louisiana . The casino is home to the Koasati Pines golf course. The casino operates 8 restaurants and 4 hotels, and

352-581: Is known based on comparative evidence since /ɬ/ is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam ). The phoneme /ɬ/ began to merge with /s/ in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ⟨ ש ⟩ and ⟨ ס ⟩ , possibly under

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384-585: Is the largest casino in the state. The casino employs over 2500 local residents, and it is one of the top five largest private employer in Southwest Louisiana. Coushatta language Koasati is most closely related to the Alabama language but, though the Coushatta and Alabama have historically lived near each other, their languages are no longer mutually intelligible without extensive exposure. The language

416-524: Is velarized before back vowels, the allophone of [ l ] after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant . See English phonology . Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas , such as Nahuatl and Navajo , and in North Caucasian languages , such as Avar . It

448-475: Is written as ⟨lh⟩ initially and ⟨ll⟩ medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written ⟨hl⟩ . The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language , usually transcribed as ś ; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ] , Hebrew [s] : Among Semitic languages , the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri and Mehri . In Ge'ez, it

480-453: Is written with the letter Śawt . The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to

512-479: The irrealis future suffix - laha - indicates that the action will certainly occur, whereas the irrealis future suffix - laho - does not provide such certainty. Koasati has the consonants given in the table below, based on Geoffrey Kimball's work. IPA transcriptions occur in brackets when different from the orthography provided by Kimball. Not included in this chart is a glottal glide (marked ꞉ ) that Kimball uses in his own consonant chart, presumably to represent

544-610: The voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract. Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent". The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ l̥ ⟩. In Sino-Tibetan language group, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants [l̥] and Li Fang-Kuei  &  William Baxter contrast apophonically

576-531: The Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an / l / (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/ ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish . The phoneme /ɬ/ was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites . The orthography of Biblical Hebrew , however, did not directly indicate

608-662: The chart below. He notes that /o/ sometimes has the allophone [u] and is raised to [ʊ] in closed word-final syllables. In 2007, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana developed and approved its own orthographic system. In this system, long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g., [aː] as aa ), and nasalized vowels are underlined (e.g., [õ] or [ǫ] as o̱ ). Vowel length in Koasati can be contrastive. For example, vowel length distinguishes meaning for palana "bean" and palaana "plate", as well as choba "big" and chooba "horse". Vowel nasalization most often occurs word-finally as

640-407: The contrary, I do not believe them." Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); In the first word, all units that follow the root - ilá - "arrive" are suffixes filling the various position classes. A sample of suffixes, in this case, Position 5 suffixes of ability, follows: Kimball notes that of these, only - halpi꞉sa - "to be able to" is used frequently. Muskogean languages such as Koasati have

672-478: The final syllable was deleted. Vowel clusters occur in Koasati, unlike in other Muskogean languages where such clusters are made impossible by metathesis and vowel deletion. These clusters occur in Koasati due to the use of locative prefixes that end in a vowel and class 1A negative transitive verbs since these do not undergo the processes of metathesis and vowel deletion. Clusters beginning with /a꞉/ and /i꞉/ are most frequent, and all clusters are generally spoken with

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704-460: The general locative prefix a - (Position 2) is falling out of use. Positions 4 and 5 relate to the am - and ca - sets discussed above with nouns. They contain the direct and indirect object prefixes respectively and are used to cross-reference the direct and indirect objects of verbs, as well as mark possession on nominalized verbs. For example, the Position 5 prefix ac - is used to mark possession on

736-537: The influence of Aramaic , and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew . In all Jewish reading traditions, /ɬ/ and /s/ have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew /ɬ/ has instead merged into /ʃ/ . The [ɬ] sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien , Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin). In Sindarin, it

768-687: The lengthened vowel sounds of Koasati. In the Tribe's official orthography, the [ ɬ ] is represented by ⟨th⟩ and the [ t͡ʃ ] is represented by ⟨ch⟩ , with no distinction for aspiration. Additionally, Kimball notes that /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated in initial and medial positions. However, the website for the Koasati Language Project explicitly states that these consonants are never aspirated. The [ ɦ ] occurs most often before [t͡ʃ] , as in [haɦt͡ʃí] "river", spelled ⟨hahchi⟩ in

800-430: The official orthography, thereby distinguished from ⟨hachi⟩ "tail". Koasati has both light (CV, VC, V) and heavy (CVC) syllables . Consonant clusters occur across syllables but not within. All monomorphemic Koasati words end in light syllables, while the penultimate syllable can be light but is usually heavy, and it is usually preceded by one or more light syllables, as with the construction CV.CVC.CV as in

832-740: The phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: /ɬ/ was written with ⟨ ש ⟩ , but the letter was also used for the sound /ʃ/ . Later, /ɬ/ merged with /s/ , a sound that had been written only with ⟨ ס ⟩ . As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: /s/ written ⟨ ס ⟩ , /ʃ/ written ⟨ ש ⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and /s/ evolving from /ɬ/ and written ⟨ ש ⟩ (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of ⟨ ש ⟩ evolving to /s/ from [ɬ]

864-573: The reservation in the 1990s. The reservation has a tribal police department, fire department, and court house. There is also a tribal medical facility, fitness center, and event center. The Koasati language is part of the Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati branch of the Muskogean languages . An estimated 200 people spoke the language in 2000, most of whom lived in Louisiana. Historically, the language

896-518: The root of the nominalized verb meaning "to photograph" in the following way: st- INSTR - ac- 1SG . POSS - ahó꞉ba photograph st- ac- ahó꞉ba INSTR- 1SG.POSS- photograph "my photograph" ("a photograph of me") A sampling of verbal prefixes, in this case, specific locative prefixes of Position 3, follows: Kimball recorded over seventy suffixes to fill the fifteen suffix positions. All but eleven of these suffixes can technically co-occur with all other suffixes that do not occupy

928-630: The same position class. Kimball provides the following example as a possibility: o-st-oh-im-ilá-꞉ci-halpí꞉sa-laho-꞉li-má꞉mi-mpa-y-on go:&- INSTR - DISTR - 3 . DAT -arrive- PL - ABIL - IRR - DEDUC - HSY - CNSQ - SW : FOC im-ca-yím-ko-˛ 3 . STAT . OBJ - 1SG . STAT -believe- 3 . NEG ( 1A )- PHR : TERM o-st-oh-im-ilá-꞉ci-halpí꞉sa-laho-꞉li-má꞉mi-mpa-y-on im-ca-yím-ko-˛ go:&-INSTR-DISTR-3.DAT-arrive-PL- ABIL -IRR-DEDUC-HSY-CNSQ-SW:FOC 3.STAT.OBJ-1SG.STAT-believe-3.NEG(1A)-PHR:TERM "They say that they all might be able to go and bring it to him, but on

960-554: The voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese . Scholten (2000) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScholten2000 ( help ) includes the voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ ɫ̥ ] . However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia English after voiceless coronal and labial stops, who

992-403: The word holihtá "fence". Other shapes, in which one or more heavy syllables precede a heavy penultimate syllable (e.g. CV.CVC.CVC.CV as in hacokpalpá "butterfly"), or alternate heavy and light syllables (e.g. CVC.CV.CVC.CV. as in pa꞉piyá꞉ka "bridge"), are usually the result of the compounding of two words or a once-productive rule of syncope in which the vowel of every second syllable except

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1024-466: Was spoken exclusively among tribal members and was never written down. In 2007, along with McNeese State University , the tribe received a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant for documenting endangered language (DEL); this provided necessary resources to document and preserve the Koasati language. The Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana is headquartered in Elton, Louisiana . The tribe is a sovereign nation and

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