Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 1,000 enrolled
45-452: The Coushatta ( Koasati : Koasati , Kowassaati or Kowassa:ti ) are a Muskogean -speaking Native American people now living primarily in the U.S. states of Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas . When the Coushatta first encountered Europeans, their Coushatta homelands where in present-day Tennessee , Georgia , and Alabama . They have long been closely allied and intermarried with
90-403: A glottal stop between vowels. Koasati has low [ ` ], high [ ´ ], and high rising–falling [ ˇ ] pitch accents , as well as a fourth unmarked mid-level tone. All noun roots must have one high-pitch accented syllable. The location of the accent depends on the properties of the penultimate syllable. With a few exceptions, the accent falls on the final syllable unless the penultimate syllable contains
135-571: A long vowel. These pitch accents can be contrastive, as with sakihpǫ́ 'It is a mink.' and sakíhpǫ 'It is not air-dried.'. Pitch placement on verbs is motivated by morphology. Most indicative verbs take the high accent, though a few take the low accent. Intensive verbs take the high rising–falling accent. Koasati is a polysynthetic language with fairly extensive verbal prefixing and suffixing. Two sets of prefixes mark noun possession in Koasati. The am -set generally identifies alienable possession and
180-617: A part of the "Upper Creeks". They were closely related to the Alabama Indians and often intermarried with them. Coushatta and Alabama who stayed in Alabama were part of the 1830s forcible removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Today their descendants form the federally recognized Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma . Some of the Coushatta tribe split from
225-435: A phrase-terminal marker. In Koasati, the end of a phrase is basically marked by either deletion of the final unaccented vowel or the nasalization of the final vowel when deleting it would eliminate phonological information relevant to the phrase's meaning. For example, the final vowel in hopoonilaho̱ "he/she will cook it" is nasalized instead of deleted, and therefore is distinguished from the more emphatic hopoonilaha̱ , where
270-919: A professional city manager to handle operations. The current mayor is Judy Cochran. The major employers in Livingston are lumber operations and the Polunsky Unit state prison in West Livingston. Livingston is the headquarters to two regional bank systems, the First National Bank and the First State Bank. First State Bank has its main office in downtown Livingston and branches in Livingston (west side of town on Highway 190), Onalaska , and Shepherd . First National Bank has its main office on Highway 190 and branches in downtown Livingston and Onalaska. The city's airport, Livingston Municipal Airport (LMA)
315-404: A relatively small set of kinship terms and body parts, while the ca -set identifies inalienable possession and most kinship terms and body parts. These prefixes mark person and number on possessing nouns as follows: Kimball identifies the following position classes for prefixes and suffixes that can be added to Koasati verb roots: Unlike its frequently used cognates in other Muskogean languages,
360-637: A smaller number share a reservation near Livingston, Texas , with the Alabama people. In 1991, linguist Geoffrey Kimball estimated the number of speakers of the language at around 400 people, of whom approximately 350 live in Louisiana. The exact number of current speakers is unclear, but Coushatta Tribe officials claim that most tribe members over 20 speak Koasati. In 2007, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana , in collaboration with McNeese State University and
405-547: A three-way number distinction in their verbs, with singular, dual , and plural forms. Some of these forms are suppletive . For example, 'To dwell', in the first person, with full suppletion (singular aat, dual asw, plural is ): áata-l dwell( SG )- 1SG áata-l dwell(SG)-1SG 'I dwell' a⟩lí⟨sw dwell( DU )⟩ 1DU ⟨( ROOT ) a⟩lí⟨sw dwell(DU)⟩ 1DU ⟨( ROOT ) 'we two dwell' ís-tílka dwell( PL )- 1PL ís-tílka dwell(PL)-1PL Livingston, Texas Livingston
450-464: Is a town in and the county seat of Polk County, Texas , United States. With a population of 5,640 at the 2020 census , it is the largest city in Polk County. It is located approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of Lufkin and roughly 74 miles (119 km) northeast of Houston and was originally settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name was changed in 1846 to Livingston, when it was designated as
495-450: Is also related to the Mikasuki language ; some native speakers of Coushatta report they can understand Mikasuki without previous exposure to the language. Koasati has three vowels, all of which occur as short and long and can be nasalized. The following chart is based on Kimball's work. Kimball describes what is normally the close-mid back vowel /o/ as "high back" vowel, hence its placement in
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#1732848589555540-447: Is covered by water. However, the town of Livingston is approximately 10 mi (16 km) east of Lake Livingston , which is the largest drinking-water reservoir in Texas. The zip code is 77351 for the general area of Livingston. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 5,640 people, 1,951 households, and 1,268 families residing in the town. The population in the 2010 census
585-583: Is held in trust on the tribe's behalf by the United States Department of the Interior . In the 20th century, the Coushatta people in Louisiana began cultivating rice and crawfish on tribally owned farms on the reservation, where most of the current population resides. An estimated 200 people of the tribe still speak the Coushatta language . In the early 21st century, fewer young people are learning it, so
630-545: Is located to the southwest of the city. It is classified as a general-aviation facility serving private aircraft. Major highways: The City of Livingston is served by the Livingston Independent School District . The Texas Legislature designated Polk County as within the boundary of Angelina College 's district. Polk County Community College opened in the fall of 2014. The college offers various classes and two-year associate degrees. Lake Evelyn
675-432: Is within the borders of Camp Cho-Yeh, which began operation in the 1940s; it continues to operate as a summer camp and retreat center. Cho-Yeh means 'land of tall pines', and was so named because of the large pine trees on the property. Cho-Yeh is also used by Texas A&M Galveston for their yearly Fish Camp to introduce TAMUG students to the traditions of the university system. High-school basketball: Lake Livingston
720-593: The College of William and Mary , began the Koasati (Coushatta) Language Project as a part of broader language revitalization efforts with National Science Foundation grant money under the Documenting Endangered Languages program. Koasati is most closely related to the Alabama language but, though the Coushatta and Alabama have historically lived near each other, their languages are no longer mutually intelligible without extensive exposure. The language
765-479: The irrealis future suffix - laha - indicates that the action will certainly occur, whereas the irrealis future suffix - laho - does not provide such certainty. Koasati has the consonants given in the table below, based on Geoffrey Kimball's work. IPA transcriptions occur in brackets when different from the orthography provided by Kimball. Not included in this chart is a glottal glide (marked ꞉ ) that Kimball uses in his own consonant chart, presumably to represent
810-478: The private-prison company Community Education Centers , the facility has frequently been criticized for its subpar treatment of migrants. It is ranked as one of the 10 worst detention centers in the nation, which are the subject of a nationwide campaign by activists to close them. Livingston has a manager-council system of government. It elects a mayor at-large , and has a city council made up of members elected from single-member districts . The city council hires
855-580: The Alabama people, also members of the Creek Confederacy . The Koasati language is related to the Alabama language and mutually intelligible to Mikasuki language . Under pressure from European colonization after 1763 and the French defeat in the Seven Years' War , the Coushatta began to move west into Mississippi , Louisiana, and Texas, which were then under Spanish rule . They settled in these areas by
900-656: The Creek Confederacy and went to South Louisiana. Their descendants today make up the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana . Notable chiefs among the Coushatta-Alabama were Long King and his successor Colita (1838–1852). They led their people to settle in present-day Polk County, Texas , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Colita's village was founded before the European-American settlement of Livingston, Texas . Descendants of these peoples form
945-848: The Livingston Post Office. The Livingston Municipal Airport , operated by the City of Livingston, is located in West Livingston . Nearby West Livingston has the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Allan B. Polunsky Unit . Since 1999 this prison has been the location of Texas's death row . A few miles outside of Livingston is the IAH Polk County Secure Adult Detention Center, which houses around 700 immigrant men daily who have been detained by federal agents of Immigration and Customs Enforcement . Run by
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#1732848589555990-662: The chart below. He notes that /o/ sometimes has the allophone [u] and is raised to [ʊ] in closed word-final syllables. In 2007, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana developed and approved its own orthographic system. In this system, long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g., [aː] as aa ), and nasalized vowels are underlined (e.g., [õ] or [ǫ] as o̱ ). Vowel length in Koasati can be contrastive. For example, vowel length distinguishes meaning for palana "bean" and palaana "plate", as well as choba "big" and chooba "horse". Vowel nasalization most often occurs word-finally as
1035-407: The contrary, I do not believe them." Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); In the first word, all units that follow the root - ilá - "arrive" are suffixes filling the various position classes. A sample of suffixes, in this case, Position 5 suffixes of ability, follows: Kimball notes that of these, only - halpi꞉sa - "to be able to" is used frequently. Muskogean languages such as Koasati have
1080-576: The county seat of Polk County. The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is located to the east of Livingston. These people traditionally occupied territory in what is now east Texas and Louisiana. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. The tribe has nearly 1200 enrolled members. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 8.4 square miles (22 km ), of which 8.4 sq mi (22 km ) are land and 0.12%
1125-553: The current Marion County, Tennessee . Later they founded a major settlement at the north end of Long Island, which is bisected by the present-day Tennessee–Alabama state line. By the time of the American Revolution , the Coushatta had moved many miles down the Tennessee River where their town is recorded as Coosada. In the 18th century, some of the Coushatta joined the emerging Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, where they became
1170-530: The early 19th century. Some of the Coushatta and Alabama people were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s under Indian Removal , together with other Muscogee peoples . Today, Coushatta people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes : The Koasati language is part of the Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati branch of the Muskogean languages . An estimated 200 people spoke
1215-554: The federally recognized Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas and have a reservation near Livingston. The Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma, achieved federal recognition in 1939, following passage of the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act . Its people were descendants of a community that had moved as a group from their town in Alabama to Indian Territory in the 1830s. They settled together and maintained their tribal town identity. In addition, its people have dual citizenship in
1260-408: The federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation , representing descendants of the broader Creek Confederacy. It has an enrolled population of 380. In 1972, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana achieved state-recognition as a tribe. A year later it gained federal recognition . The tribe has acquired 685 acres (2.77 km) of reservation near its historical 18th and 19th-century homeland. This land
1305-478: The final syllable was deleted. Vowel clusters occur in Koasati, unlike in other Muskogean languages where such clusters are made impossible by metathesis and vowel deletion. These clusters occur in Koasati due to the use of locative prefixes that end in a vowel and class 1A negative transitive verbs since these do not undergo the processes of metathesis and vowel deletion. Clusters beginning with /a꞉/ and /i꞉/ are most frequent, and all clusters are generally spoken with
1350-460: The general locative prefix a - (Position 2) is falling out of use. Positions 4 and 5 relate to the am - and ca - sets discussed above with nouns. They contain the direct and indirect object prefixes respectively and are used to cross-reference the direct and indirect objects of verbs, as well as mark possession on nominalized verbs. For example, the Position 5 prefix ac - is used to mark possession on
1395-543: The language in 2000, most of whom lived in Louisiana. The language is written in the Latin script . The Coushatta were historically farmers, growing a variety of maize , beans, and squash, and supplementing their diet by hunting game and fish. They are known for their skill at basketry . Nearly all the Spanish expeditions (including the 1539-1543 Hernando de Soto Expedition) into the interior of Spanish Florida recorded encountering
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1440-457: The leaves of sweet everlasting ( Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ) is used for fevers. The Coushatta have historically bathed those with fevers with it. Koasati language Koasati (also Coushatta ) is a Native American language of Muskogean origin. The language is spoken by the Coushatta people, most of whom live in Allen Parish north of the town of Elton, Louisiana , though
1485-687: The lengthened vowel sounds of Koasati. In the Tribe's official orthography, the [ ɬ ] is represented by ⟨th⟩ and the [ t͡ʃ ] is represented by ⟨ch⟩ , with no distinction for aspiration. Additionally, Kimball notes that /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated in initial and medial positions. However, the website for the Koasati Language Project explicitly states that these consonants are never aspirated. The [ ɦ ] occurs most often before [t͡ʃ] , as in [haɦt͡ʃí] "river", spelled ⟨hahchi⟩ in
1530-430: The official orthography, thereby distinguished from ⟨hachi⟩ "tail". Koasati has both light (CV, VC, V) and heavy (CVC) syllables . Consonant clusters occur across syllables but not within. All monomorphemic Koasati words end in light syllables, while the penultimate syllable can be light but is usually heavy, and it is usually preceded by one or more light syllables, as with the construction CV.CVC.CV as in
1575-640: The original town of the tribe. It was believed to be located in the Tennessee River Valley . The Spanish referred to the people as Coste , with their nearby neighbors being the Chiaha , Chiska , Yuchi , Tasquiqui, and Tali. In the 17th and 18th centuries, avoiding the encroachment by European settlers, the Coushatta migrated west into present-day Alabama . Along the way they established their town at Nickajack ( Ani-Kusati-yi , or Koasati-place, in Cherokee ) in
1620-419: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 2,048 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were not families. About 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
1665-518: The root of the nominalized verb meaning "to photograph" in the following way: st- INSTR - ac- 1SG . POSS - ahó꞉ba photograph st- ac- ahó꞉ba INSTR- 1SG.POSS- photograph "my photograph" ("a photograph of me") A sampling of verbal prefixes, in this case, specific locative prefixes of Position 3, follows: Kimball recorded over seventy suffixes to fill the fifteen suffix positions. All but eleven of these suffixes can technically co-occur with all other suffixes that do not occupy
1710-630: The same position class. Kimball provides the following example as a possibility: o-st-oh-im-ilá-꞉ci-halpí꞉sa-laho-꞉li-má꞉mi-mpa-y-on go:&- INSTR - DISTR - 3 . DAT -arrive- PL - ABIL - IRR - DEDUC - HSY - CNSQ - SW : FOC im-ca-yím-ko-˛ 3 . STAT . OBJ - 1SG . STAT -believe- 3 . NEG ( 1A )- PHR : TERM o-st-oh-im-ilá-꞉ci-halpí꞉sa-laho-꞉li-má꞉mi-mpa-y-on im-ca-yím-ko-˛ go:&-INSTR-DISTR-3.DAT-arrive-PL- ABIL -IRR-DEDUC-HSY-CNSQ-SW:FOC 3.STAT.OBJ-1SG.STAT-believe-3.NEG(1A)-PHR:TERM "They say that they all might be able to go and bring it to him, but on
1755-464: The states, tribes often negotiate agreements with the states to share some portion of income, in recognition of their reliance on state infrastructure and other assets. In the 1990s, the Coushatta of Louisiana hired the lobbyist Jack Abramoff to assist in establishing a casino on their reservation. They were victims of his manipulations , as he charged them high fees but did not work on their behalf to gain federal or state approval of such development. He
1800-465: The town was $ 31,424, and for a family was $ 37,868. Males had a median income of $ 30,318 versus $ 21,774 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,214. About 18.2% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over. In the 2010 Census, Livingston lost 1.8% of its population. 2010 Census for Livingston, Texas The United States Postal Service operates
1845-568: The tribe is working on language preservation. Since the late 20th century and the rise in Indian self-determination , many Native American tribes have developed a new source of revenue by establishing gaming casino on their reservations which are sovereign territories. States, which had begun their own gaming operations and regulated private ones, and the federal government have passed legislation to control Indian gaming, which must conform to what exists by state law. While such revenues are not taxable by
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1890-403: The word holihtá "fence". Other shapes, in which one or more heavy syllables precede a heavy penultimate syllable (e.g. CV.CVC.CVC.CV as in hacokpalpá "butterfly"), or alternate heavy and light syllables (e.g. CVC.CV.CVC.CV. as in pa꞉piyá꞉ka "bridge"), are usually the result of the compounding of two words or a once-productive rule of syncope in which the vowel of every second syllable except
1935-405: Was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was distributed as 27.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males. The median income for a household in
1980-406: Was 5,335, and was estimated to be 5,128 in 2018. As of the census of 2000, the population density was 649.9 inhabitants per square mile (250.9/km ). The 2,358 housing units averaged 282.1 per square mile (108.9/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 70.38% White, 18.50% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 8.08% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. About 13.90% of
2025-469: Was ultimately prosecuted for his actions. Since then, Louisiana Coushatta have established gaming on its reservation. It also has state tax–free sales of certain items to raise revenues. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas achieved federal recognition in 1987. The nation acquired a 4,600-acre (19 km) reservation near Livingston, Texas , its homeland since settling in this area in the early 19th century. It has 1,100 enrolled citizens. A decoction of
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