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108-460: On 17 October 1777, British General John Burgoyne surrendered his army according to terms negotiated with American general Horatio Gates following the 7 October Battle of Bemis Heights . The terms were titled the Convention of Saratoga , and specified that the troops would be sent back to Europe after giving a parole that they would not fight again in the conflict. The British army was accorded

216-597: A Catholic mission, to which Rev. Jean DuBois was assigned in 1792, which became St. John the Evangelist Church (built in 1800). To control this crossroads during the American Revolution , the British garrisoned a German Hessian regiment in the town; the war (the stone, L-shaped " Hessian Barracks " still stand). As the county seat for Western Maryland, Frederick not only was an important market town but also

324-749: A Whig Burgoyne had been a supporter of the North government . Following his return from Saratoga he began to associate with the Rockingham Whigs . In 1782 when his political friends came into office, Burgoyne was restored to his rank, given the colonelcy of the King's Own Royal Regiment , made commander-in-chief in Ireland and appointed a privy councillor . After the fall of the Rockingham government in 1783, Burgoyne withdrew more and more into private life. His last public service

432-520: A Whig . For the next few years he occupied himself chiefly with his parliamentary duties, in which he was remarkable for his general outspokenness and, in particular, for his attacks on Lord Clive , who was at the time considered the nation's leading soldier. He achieved prominence in 1772 by demanding an investigation of the East India Company alleging widespread corruption by its officials and much later in life Burgoyne would take an active part in

540-406: A 16 percent increase from the city's 3,800 Asian residents in 2010. The city's Black or African-American population increased roughly 20 percent, from 12,144 in 2010 to 14,526 in 2020. According to American Community Survey estimates in 2021, for the roughly 33,907 households in the city, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had

648-611: A German Reformed Church (today known as Evangelical Reformed Church, and part of the UCC ). Probably the oldest house still standing in Frederick today is Schifferstadt , built in 1756 by German settler Joseph Brunner and now the Schifferstadt Architectural Museum. Schley's group was among the many Pennsylvania Dutch (ethnic Germans) (as well as Scots-Irish and French and later Irish ) who migrated south and westward in

756-548: A brief revival of his military career. He was appointed commander-in-chief of crown forces in Ireland and appointed colonel of the 4th Regiment of Foot . However the return to power of the Tories in 1784 marked the end of Burgoyne's active service. Burgoyne was also an accomplished playwright, known for his works such as The Maid of the Oaks and The Heiress , but his plays never reached

864-593: A car trip to the presidential retreat, then called "Shangra-La" (now " Camp David ") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at "Richfields", the mansion home of his father. He became an important naval commander of the American fleet on board his flagship and heavy cruiser USS Brooklyn along with Admiral William T. Sampson in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba off

972-466: A diverse array of cuisines, including Italian American, Thai, Vietnamese, and Cuban, as well as a number of regionally recognized dining establishments. In addition to retail and dining, downtown Frederick is home to 600 businesses and organizations totaling nearly 5,000 employees. A growing technology sector can be found in downtown's historic renovated spaces, as well as in new office buildings located along Carroll Creek Park. Carroll Creek Park began as

1080-458: A dramatist. Burgoyne has often been portrayed by historians and commentators as a classic example of the marginally-competent aristocratic British general who acquired his rank by political connections, rather than ability. However, accounts of those that served under him, particularly that of Corporal Roger Lamb, noted that Burgoyne "shunned no danger; his presence and conduct animated the troops (for they greatly loved their general)." Accounts of

1188-429: A female householder with no spouse/partner present, and 20.3% male householders with no spouse/partner present. Approximately 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals living alone and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.97. Frederick's relative proximity to Washington, D.C. , has always been an important factor in

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1296-538: A flag) booed the Confederates in September 1862, as General Stonewall Jackson led his light infantry division through Frederick on his way to the battles of Crampton's, Fox's and Turner's Gaps on South Mountain and Antietam near Sharpsburg . Union Major General Jesse L. Reno 's IX Corps followed Jackson's men through the city a few days later on the way to the Battle of South Mountain , where Reno died. The sites of

1404-510: A flood control project in the late 1970s. It was an effort to reduce the risk to downtown Frederick from the 100-year floodplain and restore economic vitality to the historic commercial district. Today, more than $ 150 million in private investing is underway or planned in new construction, infill development or historic renovation in the park area. The first phase of the park improvements, totaling nearly $ 11 million in construction, run from Court Street to just past Carroll Street. New elements to

1512-492: A great turning point of the war, because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory". France had been supplying the North American colonists since the spring of 1776. Burgoyne and his officers returned to England; the enlisted men became prisoners of war. He came under sharp criticism when he returned to London. The rise of the politically friendly Shelburne ministry in 1782 saw

1620-429: A half dozen major churches. In 1793, All Saints Church hosted the first confirmation of an American citizen, by the newly consecrated Episcopal Bishop Thomas Claggett . That original colonial building was replaced in 1814 by a brick classical revival structure. It still stands today, although the principal worship space has become an even larger brick gothic church joining it at the back and facing Frederick's City Hall (so

1728-778: A judicial sale to the Pennsylvania Railroad for $ 150,000. The railroad survived through mergers and the Penn-Central bankruptcy. However, the State of Maryland acquired the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line in 1982. As of 2013, all but two miles (3.2 km) at the southern terminus at Frederick still exist, operated by either the Walkersville Southern , or the Maryland Midland Railway (MMID) railroads. Jewish pioneers Henry Lazarus and Levy Cohan settled in Frederick in

1836-585: A large complex a few blocks further down Church Street from the Anglicans and the German Reformed Church. Methodist missionary Robert Strawbridge , who accepted an invitation to preach at Frederick town in 1770, and Francis Asbury , who arrived two years later, both helped found a congregation which became Calvary Methodist Church, worshipping in a log building from 1792 (although superseded by larger buildings in 1841, 1865, 1910 and 1930). Frederick also had

1944-686: A member of the British Army he first saw action during the Seven Years' War when he participated in several battles, most notably during the Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1762. Burgoyne is best known for his role in the American Revolutionary War . He designed an invasion scheme and was appointed to command a force moving south from Canada to split away New England and end the rebellion. Burgoyne advanced from Canada but his slow movement allowed

2052-434: A prominent banker, and his wife Mary Margaret Schley helped organize and raise funds for the annual Great Frederick Fair, one of the two largest agricultural fairs in the State. Since the 1960s, the fair has featured many outstanding country-western singers and become a major music festival. Schley Avenue commemorates the family's role in the city's heritage. The Frederick and Pennsylvania Line railroad ran from Frederick to

2160-540: A ruthless and risk-taking general with a keen perception of his opponents and also a perceptive social and political commentator. Burgoyne has made appearances as a character in historical and alternative history fiction. He appears as a character in George Bernard Shaw 's play The Devil's Disciple and its 1959 and 1987 film adaptions, portrayed by Laurence Olivier and Ian Richardson respectively. Historical novels by Chris Humphreys that are set during

2268-543: A significant role in those battles. Burgoyne's aide-de-camp Sir Francis Clerke was killed on 15 October. On 17 October 1777, Burgoyne surrendered his entire army, numbering 5,800. This was the greatest victory the American forces had up to that point in the Revolutionary War, and it proved to be the turning point in the war, as France entered into an alliance with the American Patriots. Burgoyne's journey through

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2376-461: A smaller force that would come down the Mohawk River valley under Barry St. Leger . This would divide New England from the southern colonies, and, it was believed, make it easier to end the rebellion. From the beginning, Burgoyne was vastly overconfident. Leading what he believed was an overwhelming force, he saw the campaign largely as a stroll that would make him a national hero who had saved

2484-502: A strong Continental Army . Money sent by the prisoner's families in Britain and Germany provided a lot of hard currency and coin for the back-country area. The presence of the POWs created new demands for food and other goods – items for which they had to pay steep prices. Thomas Jefferson estimated that the presence of the prisoners increased the area's circulating currency by at least $ 30,000

2592-455: A variety of shops and restaurants, comprising what Forbes magazine in 2010 called one of the United States' "Greatest Neighborhoods". Frederick has a bridge painted with a mural titled Community Bridge . The artist William Cochran has been acclaimed for the trompe-l'œil realism of the mural. Thousands of people sent ideas representing "community", which he painted on the stonework of

2700-548: A week. High-ranking officers, and sometimes their wives, such as the Major General Riedesel and his wife and Major General William Phillips were sought as guests on the social scene. The rank-and-file, however, dealt with miserable living conditions as the small amount of money appropriated to build the barracks proved inadequate. "Each barrack," observed Lieutenant August Wilhelm Du Roi, "is 24 feet long, and 14 feet wide, big enough to shelter 18 men. The construction

2808-475: Is so miserable that it surpasses all that you can imagine in Germany of a very poorly built log house. It is something like the following: Each side is put up of 8 to 9 round fir trees, which are laid one on top the other, but so far apart that it is almost possible for a man to crawl through ... The roof is made of round trees covered with split fir trees..." And then, "a great number of our men preferred to camp out in

2916-796: Is the Tyler Spite House , built in 1814 at 112 W. Church Street by a local doctor to prevent the city from extending Record Street south through his land to meet West Patrick Street. Frederick also became one of the new nation's leading mining counties in the early 19th century. It exported gold, copper, limestone, marble, iron, and other minerals. As early as the American Revolution , Catoctin Furnace near Thurmont became an important source of iron production. Other mining areas split off into Washington County, Maryland and Allegheny County, Maryland but continued to ship their ore through Frederick to Eastern cities and ports. Frederick had easy access to

3024-450: Is well known for the "clustered spires" skyline of its historic downtown churches. These spires are depicted on the city's seal and many other city-affiliated logos and insignia. The phrase "clustered spires" is used as the name of several city locations such as Clustered Spires Cemetery and the city-operated Clustered Spires Golf Course. The scale of the older part of the city is dense, with streets and sidewalks suitable for pedestrians, and

3132-605: The 2020 census , making it the second-largest incorporated city in Maryland behind Baltimore . It is a part of the Washington metropolitan area and the greater Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area . The city is located at an important crossroads at the intersection of a major north–south Native American trail and east–west routes to the Chesapeake Bay , both at Baltimore and what became Washington, D.C. , and across

3240-638: The Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River watershed. Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport ( IATA : FDK), which accommodates general aviation , and Fort Detrick , a U.S. Army bioscience and communications research installation and Frederick County's largest employer. Located where Catoctin Mountain (the easternmost ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains ) meets the rolling hills of

3348-671: The Chesapeake Bay , such as those of the Rappahannock , James , and York Rivers . The earliest European settlement was slightly north of Frederick in Monocacy, Maryland . Monocacy was founded before 1730 (when the Indian trail became a wagon road) and was abandoned before the American Revolutionary War , likely due to the river's periodic flooding, hostilities predating the French and Indian War , or simply Frederick's better location with easier access to

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3456-623: The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal , which began operations in 1831 and continued hauling freight until 1924. Also in 1831, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) completed its Frederick Branch line from the Frederick (or Monocacy) Junction off the main Western Line from Baltimore to Harpers Ferry , Cumberland , and the Ohio River . The railroad reached Chicago and St. Louis by the 1850s. Frederick became Maryland's capital city briefly in 1861, as

3564-672: The Coldstream Guards . In 1758, he participated in several expeditions against the French coast . During this period he was instrumental in introducing light cavalry into the British Army. The two regiments then formed were commanded by George Augustus Eliott (afterwards Lord Heathfield ) and Burgoyne. This was a revolutionary step, and Burgoyne was a pioneer in the early development of British light cavalry. Burgoyne admired independent thought amongst common soldiers, and encouraged his men to use their own initiative, in stark contrast to

3672-631: The Duc de Choiseul who would later become the Foreign Minister and directed French policy during the Seven Years War . While in Rome, Burgoyne had his portrait painted by the British artist Allan Ramsay . In late 1754, Burgoyne's wife gave birth to a daughter, Charlotte Elizabeth, who was to prove to be the couple's only child. In the hope that a granddaughter would soften Derby's opposition to their marriage,

3780-836: The French and Indian War . However, the British after the Proclamation of 1763 restricted that westward migration route until after the American Revolutionary War . Other westward migrants continued south from Frederick to Roanoke along the Great Wagon Road, crossing the Appalachians into Kentucky and Tennessee at the Cumberland Gap near the Virginia/North Carolina border. Other German settlers in Frederick were Evangelical Lutherans , led by Rev. Henry Muhlenberg . They moved their mission church from Monocacy to what became

3888-508: The Impeachment of Warren Hastings . During the interwar years Burgoyne devoted much attention to art and drama (his first play, The Maid of the Oaks , was produced by David Garrick in 1775). In the army, he had been promoted to major-general and made Governor of Fort William (commander of the major British Army garrison in Scotland). At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , he

3996-661: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Frederick has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Frederick is also the site of the highest temperature recorded in Maryland at 109 °F (42.8 °C) on July 10, 1936. As of the 2020 U.S. 2020 United States census , there were 78,171 people residing in Frederick city. 2020 census data put the racial makeup of the city at 48.9% White , 18.6% Black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 5.7% Asian American or Pacific Islander , and 20.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race. Roughly 5% of

4104-469: The U.S. Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 23.96 square miles (62.06 km ), of which 23.79 square miles (61.62 km ) is land and 0.18 square miles (0.47 km ) is water. The city's area is predominantly land, with small areas of water being the Monocacy River , which runs to the east of the city, Carroll Creek (which runs through the city and causes periodic floods, such as that during

4212-659: The War of the Austrian Succession led to an expansion in the size of the British Army . In April 1745, Burgoyne joined the newly raised 1st Royal Dragoons as a cornet , a commission he did not have to pay for as it was newly created. In April 1745, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1747, Burgoyne managed to scrape the money together to purchase a captaincy . The end of the war in 1748 cut off any prospect of further active service. Through his friendship with Lord Strange, Burgoyne came to know Strange's sister, Lady Charlotte Stanley,

4320-464: The honours of war , and Burgoyne had his sword returned to him by Gates. Baroness Frederika Riedesel , wife of General Riedesel , just emerged from her shelter in the cellar of the Marshall House , attended the surrender ceremony which she vividly describes in her Journal : "On the 17th of October the capitulation was consummated. The generals waited upon the American general-in-chief, Gates, and

4428-545: The "Battle that Saved Washington." The Monocacy National Battlefield lies just southeast of the city limits, along the Monocacy River at the B&;O Railroad junction where two bridges cross the stream: an iron-truss bridge for the railroad and a covered wooden bridge for the Frederick-Urbana-Georgetown Pike, which was the site of the main battle of July 1864. Some skirmishing occurred further northeast of town at

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4536-577: The 1740s as merchants. Mostly German Jewish immigrants organized a community in the mid-19th century, creating the Frederick Hebrew Congregation in 1858. Later the congregation lapsed, but was reorganized in 1917 as a cooperative effort between the older settlers and more recently arrived Eastern European Jews under the name Beth Sholom Congregation . In 1905, Rev. E. B. Hatcher started the First Baptist Church of Frederick. After

4644-525: The Americans to concentrate their forces. Instead of coming to his aid according to the overall plan, the British Army in New York City moved south to capture Philadelphia. Burgoyne fought two small battles near Saratoga but was surrounded by American forces and, with no relief in sight, surrendered his entire army of 6,200 men on 17 October 1777. His surrender, according to the historian Edmund Morgan , "was

4752-472: The Burgoynes returned to Britain in 1755. Lord Strange interceded on their behalf with Derby, who soon changed his mind and accepted them back into the family. Burgoyne soon became a favourite of Derby, who used his influence to boost Burgoyne's prospects. A month after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War , Burgoyne bought a commission in the 11th Dragoons . In 1758, he became captain and lieutenant-colonel in

4860-458: The Civil War, the Maryland legislature established racially segregated public facilities by the end of the 19th century, re-imposing white supremacy. Black institutions were typically underfunded in the state, and it was not until 1921 that Frederick established a public high school for African Americans . First located at 170 West All Saints Street, it moved to 250 Madison Street, where it eventually

4968-517: The Frederick area will likely maintain a continued growth pattern over the next decade. Frederick has also been impacted by recent national trends centered on the gentrification of the downtown areas of cities across the nation (particularly in the northeast and mid-Atlantic), and to re-brand them as sites for cultural consumption. The Frederick Historic District in the city's downtown houses more than 200 retailers, restaurants and antique shops along Market, Patrick and East Streets. Restaurants feature

5076-532: The Pennsylvania–Maryland State line, a/k/a Mason–Dixon line . Chartered in 1867, construction began in 1869 and the line opened October 8, 1872. However, it defaulted on its interest payments in 1874 and was acquired by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1875, which formed a new division to operate the rail line. In the spring of 1896, the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line railroad was liquidated in

5184-873: The Piedmont region, the Frederick area became a crossroads long before European explorers and traders arrived. Native American hunters (possibly including the Susquehannocks , the Algonquian-speaking Shawnee , or the Seneca or Tuscarora or other members of the Iroquois Confederation ) followed the Monocacy River from the Susquehanna River watershed in Pennsylvania to the Potomac River watershed and

5292-605: The Portuguese loss of Almeida . This played a major part in repulsing a large Spanish force bent on invading Portugal . Burgoyne's conduct during the invasion greatly impressed his superior; the Field Marshal Count La Lippe . La Lippe commissioned the 1766 portrait of Burgoyne by Joshua Reynolds and the painting was held by Lippe's descendants until 1943. In 1768, he was elected to the House of Commons for Preston as

5400-587: The Potomac River near Martinsburg, West Virginia and continued down into the Shenandoah valley. The other continued west to Cumberland, Maryland , and ultimately crossed the Appalachian Mountains into the watershed of the Ohio River . Thus, British General Edward Braddock marched his troops (including the youthful George Washington ) west in 1755 through Frederick on the way to their fateful ambush near Fort Duquesne (later Fort Pitt , then Pittsburgh ) during

5508-454: The Potomac River near its confluence with the Monocacy. Daniel Dulany , a land speculator, laid out what was initially called Frederick Town by 1745. Three years earlier, All Saints Church had been founded on a hilltop near a warehouse/trading post. Sources disagree as to which Frederick the town was named for, but the likeliest candidates are Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (one of

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5616-400: The Saratoga campaign also feature him, and alternate or mystical history versions of his campaign are featured in For Want of a Nail by Robert Sobel and the 1975 CBS Radio Mystery Theater play Windandingo . Frederick, Maryland Frederick is a city in, and the county seat of, Frederick County, Maryland , United States. Frederick's population was 78,171 people as of

5724-421: The Union soldiers of his IX Corps is on Reno Monument Road west of Middletown , just below the summit of Fox's Gap , as is a 1993 memorial to slain Confederate Brig. Gen. Samuel Garland Jr. , and the North Carolina troops who held the line. President Abraham Lincoln , on his way to visit Gen. George McClellan after the Battle of South Mountain and the Battle of Antietam , delivered a short speech at what

5832-403: The army with loss of rank; a rare public rebuke of a high-ranking officer for which Burgoyne received widespread ridicule in Britain. He was not formally re-instated to the army until 1782 when the Whigs returned to power. Following the defeat, France recognised the United States and formally entered the war on 6 February 1778, transforming it into a global conflict. Although Burgoyne at the time

5940-432: The backdrop of the first ridge of the Appalachians at Catoctin Mountain . The abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier later immortalized this view of Frederick in his poem to " Barbara Fritchie ": "The clustered spires of Frederick stand/Green-walled by the hills of Maryland." When U.S. President Thomas Jefferson commissioned National Road from Baltimore toward St. Louis , eventually built to Vandalia , then

6048-446: The battles are due west of the city along the National Road , west of Burkittsville . Confederate troops under Jackson and Walker unsuccessfully attempted to halt the Federal army's westward advance into the Cumberland Valley and towards Sharpsburg . Gathland State Park has the War Correspondents' Memorial stone arch erected by reporter/editor George Alfred Townsend (1841–1914). The 1889 memorial commemorating Major General Reno and

6156-444: The bridge. The residents of Frederick call it "the mural", "painted bridge", or more commonly, the "mural bridge". The Frederick Arts Council is the designated arts organization for Frederick County. The organization is charged with promoting, supporting, and advocating the arts. There are over ten art galleries in downtown Frederick, and three theaters are located within 50 feet of each other (Cultural Arts Center, Weinberg Center for

6264-406: The campaign single-handedly. He was not yet aware that he would not be gaining additional support, and was still reasonably confident of success. Having amassed an army of over 7,000 troops in Quebec, Burgoyne was also led to believe by reports that he could rely on the support of large numbers of Native Americans and American Loyalists who would rally to the flag once the British came south. Even if

6372-602: The capture of Fort Ticonderoga after winning the naval Battle of Valcour Island in October. The following year, having convinced King George III and his government of Carleton's faults, Burgoyne was given command of the British forces charged with gaining control of Lake Champlain and the Hudson River valley. The plan, largely of his own creation, was for Burgoyne and his force to cross Lake Champlain from Quebec and capture Ticonderoga before advancing on Albany, New York , where they would rendezvous with another British army under General Howe coming north from New York City, and

6480-439: The capture of Fort Ticonderoga was hailed in Britain as a great victory, which even King George III is said to have celebrated and Burgoyne was subsequently promoted to lieutenant-general. Burgoyne's force however was eventually hemmed in by a superior force led by American Major General Horatio Gates . Several attempts to break through the enemy lines were repulsed at Saratoga in September and October 1777. Benedict Arnold played

6588-416: The city's population was of two or more races, with 0.6% categorized as "Some Other Race". In regard to minority group growth, the 2020 census data show the city's Hispanic population at 16,368, a 74 percent increase compared with 9,402 in 2010, making Hispanics/Latinos the fastest growing race group in the city and in Frederick county (87 percent increase ). Frederick city had 4,425 Asian residents in 2020,

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6696-408: The countryside was not as pro-British as expected, much of the area between Lake Champlain and Albany was underpopulated anyway, and Burgoyne was skeptical any major enemy force could gather there. The campaign was initially successful. Burgoyne gained possession of the vital outposts of Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Edward , but, pushing on, decided to break his communications with Quebec. The news of

6804-415: The current twin-spired structure in 1852. The oldest African-American church in the town is Asbury United Methodist Church, founded as the Old Hill Church, a mixed congregation in 1818. It became an African-American congregation in 1864, renamed Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church in 1870, and built its current building on All Saints Street in 1921. Together, these churches dominated the town, set against

6912-560: The daughter of Lord Derby , one of Britain's leading politicians. After Derby refused permission for Burgoyne to marry Charlotte, they eloped together and married without his permission in April 1751. An outraged Derby cut his daughter off without a penny. Unable to support his wife otherwise, Burgoyne again sold his commission, raising £2,600, which they lived off for the next few years. In October 1751, Burgoyne and his new wife went to live in continental Europe travelling through France and Italy. While in France, Burgoyne met and befriended

7020-457: The development of its local economy, along with the presence of Fort Detrick , its largest employer. Frederick is the home of Riverside Research Park , a large biomedical research park located on Frederick's east side. Tenants include the relocated main offices of the National Cancer Institute 's Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research as well as Charles River Labs . As a result of continued and enhanced federal government investment,

7128-415: The established system employed at the time by the British army. In 1761, he sat in parliament for Midhurst , and in the following year he served as a brigadier-general in Portugal which had just entered the war. Burgoyne won particular distinction by leading his cavalry in the capture of Valencia de Alcántara and of Vila Velha de Ródão following the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara , compensating for

7236-462: The fame of his military career. He served as a member of the House of Commons for many years, sitting for the seats of Midhurst and Preston . John Burgoyne was born in Sutton , Bedfordshire on 24 February 1722, son of Army officer Captain John Burgoyne (died 1768; son of Sir John Burgoyne, 3rd Baronet ), of Sherbourne, Warwickshire , and Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Burneston, a wealthy Hackney merchant. There were rumours that Burgoyne

7344-518: The first Saturday of every month, Frederick hosts an evening event in the downtown area called "First Saturday". Each Saturday has a theme, and activities are planned according to those themes in the downtown area (particularly around the Carroll Creek Promenade). The event spans a ten-block area of Frederick and takes place from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. During the late spring, summer, and early fall months, this event draws particularly large crowds from neighboring cities and towns in Maryland, and nearby locations in

7452-422: The forced marches and camp fevers were sent home. After Saratoga, National Park Service Gentleman Johnnys Wandering Army Demise of the Albemarle Barracks Albemarle Barracks (additional links) John Burgoyne General John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a British military officer, playwright and politician who sat in the British House of Commons from 1761 to 1792. As

7560-487: The lands of the more agrarian and maritime Algonquian peoples , particularly the Lenape of the Delaware valley or the Piscataway and Powhatan of the lower Potomac watershed and Chesapeake Bay. This became known as the Monocacy Trail or even the Great Indian Warpath , with some travelers continuing southward through the " Great Appalachian Valley " ( Shenandoah Valley , etc.) to the western Piedmont in North Carolina , or traveling down other watersheds in Virginia toward

7668-438: The late-18th century. Frederick was an important stop along the migration route that became known as the Great Wagon Road , which came down from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and Emmitsburg, Maryland and continued south following the Great Appalachian Valley through Winchester and Roanoke, Virginia . Another important route continued along the Potomac River from near Frederick, to Hagerstown , where it split. One branch crossed

7776-647: The latter's disastrous performance at Chancellorsville in May. The Army of the Potomac camped around the Prospect Hall property for the several days as skirmishers pursued Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia before Gettysburg . A large granite rectangular monument made from one of the boulders at the "Devil's Den" in Gettysburg to the east along the driveway commemorates the midnight change-of-command. In July 1864, in

7884-458: The lavish lifestyle that he maintained on the Saratoga campaign, combined with a gentlemanly bearing and his career as a playwright led less-than-friendly contemporaries to caricature him, as the historian George Billias wrote, "a buffoon in uniform who bungled his assignments badly." Much of the historical record, Billias noted, is based upon those characterisations. Billias considered Burgoyne to be

7992-508: The leave of the American general, to defend his conduct and demanded but never obtained an inquiry. He was deprived of his regiment and the governorship of Fort William in Scotland , which he had held since 1769. The government demanded that Burgoyne at once return to America to re-join the Convention Army and continue negotiations for its return. When Burgoyne refused he was gazetted out of

8100-466: The legislature moved from Annapolis to vote on the secession question. President Lincoln arrested several members, and the assembly was unable to convene a quorum to vote on secession. As a major crossroads, Frederick, like Winchester, Virginia , and Martinsburg, West Virginia , saw considerable action during the American Civil War . Slaves also escaped from or through Frederick (since Maryland

8208-593: The libretto for William Jackson 's only successful opera, The Lord of the Manor (1780). He also wrote a translated semi-opera version of Michel-Jean Sedaine 's work Richard Coeur de lion with music by Thomas Linley the elder for the Drury Lane Theatre where it was very successful in 1788. Had it not been for his role in the American War of Independence, Burgoyne would most likely be foremost remembered today as

8316-527: The march. They were held at the hastily and poorly constructed Albemarle Barracks until late 1780, under the guard of Lt. Col Joseph Crockett's Western Battalion. During the army's years in Virginia it had an important economic impact on the Blue Ridge area of Virginia . The Virginia troops assigned to guard duty were generally better fed and equipped than any other forces, so that prisoner letters would reflect

8424-430: The movements of two other large British forces under Generals Howe and Clinton, who would support the advance. However, Lord Germain 's orders dispatched from London were not clear on this point, with the effect that Howe took no action to support Burgoyne, and Clinton moved from New York too late and in too little strength to be any great help to Burgoyne. As a result of this miscommunication, Burgoyne ended up conducting

8532-479: The night and associating with slaves, to the disatisfaction of the inhabitants. This practice is positively forbid in future..." In late 1780, when British forces became active in Virginia, the army was again moved, this time being marched north by the Western Battalion to Frederick, Maryland . Except for specific officer exchanges, they were held there until 1783. When the war formally ended, those who survived

8640-541: The officers were billeted in houses. The army ended up spending about one year in Cambridge, while negotiations concerning its status took place in military and diplomatic channels. During this year, about 1,300 prisoners escaped, often because they became involved with local women while working on farms in the area. The Continental Congress ordered Burgoyne to provide a list and description of all officers to ensure that they would not return. When he refused, Congress revoked

8748-611: The parish remains the oldest Episcopal Church in western Maryland). The main Catholic church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, was built in 1800, then rebuilt in 1837 (across the street) one block north of Church Street on East Second Street, where it still stands along with a school and convent established by the Visitation Sisters . The stone Evangelical Lutheran Church of 1752 was also rebuilt and enlarged in 1825, then replaced by

8856-544: The park include brick pedestrian paths, water features, planters with shade trees and plantings, pedestrian bridges and a 350-seat amphitheater for outdoor performances. A recreational and cultural resource, the park also serves as an economic development catalyst, with private investment along the creek functioning as a key component to the park's success. More than 400,000 sf of office space; 150,000 sf of commercial/retail space; nearly 300 residential units; and more than 2,000 parking spaces are planned or under construction. On

8964-579: The proprietors of Maryland ), Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales , and Frederick the Great , King of Prussia. In 1748, Frederick County was formed by carving a section off of Prince George's County . Frederick Town (now Frederick) was made the county seat of Frederick County . The county originally extended to the Appalachian mountains (areas further west being disputed between the colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania until 1789). The current town's first house

9072-452: The rebel colonies for the crown. Before leaving London, he had wagered Charles James Fox 10 pounds that he would return victorious within a year. He refused to heed more cautious voices, both British and American, that suggested a successful campaign using the route he proposed was impossible, as the failed attempt the previous year had shown. Underlining the plan was the belief that Burgoyne's aggressive thrust from Quebec would be aided by

9180-783: The rest of the garrison, which evacuated the city in March 1776. In 1776, he was at the head of the British reinforcements that sailed up the Saint Lawrence River and relieved Quebec City , which was under siege by the Continental Army . He led forces under General Guy Carleton in the drive that chased the Continental Army from the province of Quebec . Carleton then led the British forces onto Lake Champlain , but was, in Burgoyne's opinion, insufficiently bold when he failed to attempt

9288-647: The school where he made numerous important friends, in particular Lord James Strange . In August 1737, Burgoyne purchased a commission in the Horse Guards , a fashionable cavalry regiment. They were stationed in London and his duties were light, allowing him to cut a figure in high society . He soon acquired the nickname "Gentleman Johnny" and became well known for his stylish uniforms and general high living which saw him run up large debts. In 1741 Burgoyne sold his commission, possibly to settle gambling debts. The outbreak of

9396-453: The seat of justice. Although Montgomery County and Washington County were split off from Frederick County in 1776, Frederick remained the seat of the smaller (though still large) county. Important lawyers who practiced in Frederick included John Hanson , Francis Scott Key and Roger B. Taney . Frederick was also known during the nineteenth century for its religious pluralism, with one of its main thoroughfares, Church Street, hosting about

9504-707: The shores of the Spanish island colony of Cuba in the Spanish–American War in 1898. Major Henry Schley's son, Dr. Fairfax Schley, was instrumental in setting up the Frederick County Agricultural Society and the Great Frederick Fair. Gilmer Schley served as Mayor from 1919 to 1922, and the Schleys remained one of the town's leading families into the late-20th century. Nathaniel Wilson Schley,

9612-426: The state capital of Illinois, National Pike ran through Frederick along Patrick Street; it later became U.S. Route 40 . Frederick's Jacob Engelbrecht corresponded with Jefferson in 1824 and received a transcribed psalm from Jefferson in return. Engelbrecht kept a diary from 1819 through 1878, which remains an important first-hand account of 19th century life on National Road. An important house remaining from this era

9720-626: The stone-arched "Jug Bridge" where the National Road crossed the Monocacy; and an artillery bombardment occurred along the National Road west of town near Red Man's Hill and Prospect Hall mansion as the Union troops retreated eastward. Antietam National Battlefield and South Mountain State Battlefield Park which commemorates the 1862 battles are located 23 miles and 35 miles respectively to

9828-408: The summer of 1972 and fall of 1976), as well as several neighborhood ponds and small city owned lakes, such as Culler Lake, a man-made small body of water in the downtown area. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally cool winters. It lies to the west of the fall line , which gives the city slightly lower temperatures compared to locales further east. According to

9936-546: The terms of the convention, resolving in January 1778 to hold the army until King George III ratified the convention, an act they believed unlikely to happen, as it represented an acknowledgment of American independence. In November 1778, the Convention Army began marching south 700 miles (1,100 km) to Charlottesville, Virginia , arriving in uncharacteristically snowy weather in January 1779. Approximately 600 men escaped during

10044-418: The third Southern invasion, Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Jubal Early occupied Frederick and extorted $ 200,000 ($ 3.9 million in 2023 dollars ) from citizens for not razing the city on their way to Washington, D.C. Union troops under Major General Lew Wallace fought a successful delaying action, in what became the last significant Confederate advance at the Battle of Monocacy , also known as

10152-436: The tri-state area (Virginia and Pennsylvania). The average number of attendees visiting downtown Frederick during first Saturday events is around 11,000, with higher numbers from May to October. According to the county's comprehensive annual financial reports , the top employers by number of employees in the county are the following. ("NR" indicates the employer was not ranked among the top ten employers that year.) Frederick

10260-419: The troops laid down their arms, and surrendered themselves prisoners of war". A total of about 5,900 British , German , and Canadian troops surrendered at Saratoga. Under guard by John Glover 's troops, they were marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts , where they arrived on 8 November. The rank and file were quartered in crude barracks that had been constructed during the 1775 siege of Boston , while most of

10368-503: The west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on

10476-437: The wilderness of New York was hampered by his insistence of bringing 30 carriages of fine clothes and champagne. Rather than an outright unconditional surrender , Burgoyne had agreed to a convention that involved his men surrendering their weapons, and returning to Europe with a pledge not to return to North America. Burgoyne had been most insistent on this point, even suggesting he would try to fight his way back to Quebec if it

10584-485: The woods, where they could protect themselves better against the cold than in the barracks." For some officers, their time in Virginia, however, was not entirely uneventful. An excerpt from the Orderly Book of Crockett's Western Battalion elaborates: "The commanding officer has been informed that an officer of the Convention Army who is residing in a different part of the county makes a practice of going to Negrew quarters in

10692-524: Was Field Marshal John Fox Burgoyne , father of Hugh Talbot Burgoyne , VC . A grandchild of Burgoyne, Admiral Geoffrey Hornby was notable in helping to avert a war between the United States and Great Britain in the 19th century. In his time Burgoyne was a notable playwright, writing a number of popular plays. The most notable were The Maid of the Oaks (1774) and The Heiress (1786). He assisted Richard Brinsley Sheridan in his production of The Camp , which he may have co-authored. He also wrote

10800-943: Was adapted as South Frederick Elementary. The building presently houses the Lincoln Elementary School. The Laboring Sons Memorial Grounds , a cemetery for free blacks , was founded in 1851. Frederick is located in Frederick County in the northern part of the state of Maryland. The city has served as a major crossroads since colonial times. Today it is located at the junction of Interstate 70 , Interstate 270 , U.S. Route 340 , U.S. Route 40 , U.S. Route 40 Alternate and U.S. Route 15 (which runs north–south). In relation to nearby cities, Frederick lies 46 miles (74 km) west of Baltimore , 50 miles (80 km) north and slightly west of Washington, D.C. , 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Hagerstown and 71 miles (114 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . According to

10908-576: Was appointed to command British reinforcements, and arrived in Boston in May 1775, a few weeks after the first shots of the war had been fired. He participated as part of the garrison during the Siege of Boston , although he did not see action at the Battle of Bunker Hill , in which the British forces were led by William Howe and Henry Clinton . Frustrated by the lack of opportunities, he returned to England long before

11016-500: Was built by a young German Reformed schoolmaster from the Rhineland Palatinate named Johann Thomas Schley (died 1790), who led a party of immigrants (including his wife, Maria Von Winz) to the Maryland colony. The Palatinate settlers bought land from Dulany on the banks of Carroll Creek , and Schley's house stood at the northwest corner of Middle Alley and East Patrick Street into the 20th century. Schley's settlers also founded

11124-613: Was his participation in the impeachment of Warren Hastings . He died quite unexpectedly on 4 August 1792 at his home in Mayfair , after having been seen the previous night at the theatre in apparent good health. Burgoyne is buried in Westminster Abbey , in the North Walk of the Cloisters. After the death of his wife in 1776, Burgoyne had four children by his mistress Susan Caulfield; one

11232-442: Was in fact the illegitimate son of Lord Bingley , who was his godfather . When Bingley died in 1731, his will specified that Burgoyne was to inherit his estate if his daughters had no male issue. From the age of 10, Burgoyne attended the prestigious Westminster School , as did many British army officers of the time such as Thomas Gage , with whom Burgoyne would later serve. Burgoyne was athletic and outgoing and enjoyed life at

11340-546: Was not agreed. Soon afterwards the Continental Congress repudiated the treaty and imprisoned the remnants of the army in Massachusetts and Virginia , where they were sometimes maltreated. This was widely seen as revenge for the poor treatment that prisoners-of-war of the Continental Army had received while imprisoned. Following Saratoga, the indignation in Britain against Burgoyne was great. He returned at once, with

11448-700: Was still a "slave state" although it had not seceded) to join the Union forces, work against the Confederacy and seek freedom. During the Maryland campaigns , both Union and Confederate troops marched through the city. Frederick also hosted several hospitals to nurse the wounded from those battles, as is related in the National Museum of Civil War Medicine on East Patrick Street. A legend related by John Greenleaf Whittier claimed that Frederick's Pennsylvania Dutch women (including Barbara Fritchie who reportedly waved

11556-738: Was then the B&;O Railroad depot at the current intersection of East All Saints and South Market Streets. A plaque commemorates the speech (at what is today the Frederick Community Action Agency, a Social Services office). At the Prospect Hall mansion off Jefferson Street to Buckeystown Pike near what is now Butterfly Lane, in the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, a messenger arrived from President Abraham Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry Halleck , informing General George Meade that he would be replacing General Joseph Hooker after

11664-546: Was widely held to blame for the defeat, historians have over the years shifted responsibility for the disaster at Saratoga to Lord Germain , the Secretary of State for the Colonies . Germain had overseen the overall strategy for the campaign and had significantly neglected to order General Howe to support Burgoyne's invasion, instead leaving him to believe that he was free to launch his own attack on Philadelphia . Although elected as

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