The Consumer Federation of America ( CFA ) is a non-profit organization founded in 1968 to advance consumer interests through research, education and advocacy.
67-440: The CFA's website states that its members are nearly 300 consumer-oriented non-profits, each with a combined membership of 50 million people. CFA members include national organizations such as Consumers Union and U.S. PIRG, state and local consumer organizations , state and local protection agencies, credit unions, rural electric cooperatives and public power groups. Members pay dues ranging from under $ 100 to $ 20,000 per year, elect
134-443: A CR test. In 2010, CR rated the 2010 Lexus GX 460 SUV unsafe after the vehicle failed one of the magazine's emergency safety tests. Toyota temporarily suspended sales of the vehicle, and after conducting its own test acknowledged the problem and issued a recall for the vehicle, which later passed a CR re-test. In 2016, CR found wildly inconsistent battery life in its testing of Apple's 2016 MacBook Pro . This led to
201-667: A $ 375,000 grant from an environmental group, the Climate Imperative Foundation, to examine gas stoves and indoor air quality, which resulted in the publication of an article entitled "Is Your Gas Range a Health Risk?" published on Oct. 4, 2022, with a note indicating that the article was funded in part by a grant from the Climate Imperative Foundation. This article appeared prior to an Oct. 25 memo by Consumer Products Safety Commission Commissioner Richard L. Trumka entitled 'Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Ban Gas Stoves'. Consumer Reports does not allow outside advertising in
268-856: A Saver, individuals commit to a savings plan that identifies a savings goal. Examples of local campaigns include (among others) Cleveland Saves, Philadelphia Saves, and Milwaukee Saves. Regional campaigns include Silicon Valley/South Bay Saves, Northwoods Saves, and Okaloosa County Saves. And, statewide campaigns have been organized in Tennessee, Georgia, Kansas, North Carolina, Louisiana, Arizona (based in Phoenix), and Delaware. In addition to individual campaigns, America Saves plans and implements initiatives related to particular populations—youth, faith-based organizations, military personnel, African Americans, Hispanic Americans; and, to specific savings strategies—homeownership, tax refunds, at work saving, and car purchases. With
335-995: A balanced debate on issues important to consumers.” CFA advocates on numerous issues that are important to the consumer community. In recent years, these issues have included: America Saves is a nationwide campaign of the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) that assists and encourages individuals to save money, reduce spending, and "build wealth." The campaign is a social marketing effort that seeks to stimulate behavior change, similar to other social marketing efforts to reduce smoking, curtail drunk driving, and promote wearing seat belts. Launched in Cleveland in 2001, America Saves campaigns have expanded to over 65 communities, enrolled almost 400,000 savers, and involved over 2,500 organizations in supporting local, regional and statewide campaigns. Banks and credit unions are offering low minimum balance, no-fee savings accounts. In order to enroll as
402-430: A car recall tracker and personalized content. An additional base of online members join for free and received guidance on a range of products (e.g. gas grills, washing machines) at no charge. CR has also launched several advocacy websites, including HearUsNow.org, which helps consumers with telecommunications policy matters. In March 2005, CR campaign PrescriptionforChange.org released " Drugs I Need ", an animated short with
469-523: A case. In 1971, Bose Corporation sued Consumer Reports ( CR ) for libel after CR reported in a review that the sound from the system it reviewed "tended to wander about the room". The case eventually reached the United States Supreme Court , which affirmed in Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. that CR 's statement was made without actual malice and therefore
536-532: A kids' version of Consumer Reports called Penny Power , later changed to Zillions . This publication was similar to Consumer Reports but served a younger audience. At its peak, the magazine covered close to 350,000 subscribers. It gave children financial advice for budgeting their allowances and saving for a big purchase, reviewed kid-oriented consumer products (e.g., toys, clothes, electronics, food, videogames, etc.), and generally promoted smart consumerism in kids and teens; testing of products came from kids of
603-488: A magazine aimed at young women. In 2008, Consumer Reports acquired The Consumerist blog from Gawker Media . Magazine copies distributed in Canada include a small four-page supplement called "Canada Extra", explaining how the magazine's findings apply to that country and lists the examined items available there. In 1998, Consumer Reports launched the grant-funded project Consumer Reports WebWatch , which aimed to improve
670-567: A narrower geographic focus. All CFA member groups retain their autonomy. At the same time, their bylaws reflect a tendency to be united in purpose to impact public policy more significantly. CFA emerged from a national consumer forum, called Consumer Assembly that was first held in April 1966 to advance new consumer protections . Encouraged by White House Consumer Adviser Esther Peterson , representatives from nearly 60 consumer groups, consumer cooperative groups, and industrial trade unions decided to form
737-456: A permanent organization that was formally launched in April 1968. CFA made Consumer Assembly its annual conference and held this forum in conjunction with the organization’s annual meeting. At this meeting, member organizations elected a 40 to 43-person board of directors and debated and voted on policy resolutions for the organization. The CFA Board selected Erma Angevine as the organization’s first Executive Director. She served until 1973, then
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#1732856084300804-571: A progressive message. Consumers Union would surpass Schlink's Consumers' Research in subscribers by 1940, accumulating a readership of 71,000. Numerous businesses and corporations set out to suppress the actions of Consumers Union. In an effort to suppress the critiques of Consumers' Union, The New York Herald Tribune established an institute with the goal of demonstrating that the efforts of consumers groups were futile, in that businesses already conducted extensive product-testing. The Crowell Institute on Consumer Relations founded in 1937, sprouted from
871-539: A song from the Austin Lounge Lizards , that was featured by The New York Times , JibJab , BoingBoing , and hundreds of blogs. On Earth Day 2005, CR launched GreenerChoices.org, a web-based initiative meant to "inform, engage, and empower consumers about environmentally friendly products and practices". Consumer Reports was a sponsor of the Safe Patient Project, whose goal was to help consumers find
938-409: A stance in support of the war effort. The urged their supporters to put aside their personal interest by consuming less, and following the government ordered policies of consumption. They were also critical of businesses who saw the war period as an opportunity to advertise their products and as a result were wasting paper. The government's vested interest in the politics of consumption would escalate in
1005-436: A year. Over the past decade, the largest source of support has been grants by national foundations including Ford, Annie E. Casey, Rockefeller, Atlantic Philanthropies, and Heron. Other revenue is derived from cy-près awards, Consumer Assembly, the annual Awards dinner, and financial services and food policy issue conferences, to which some corporate groups contribute. America Saves (see below), which CFA organized and manages,
1072-553: Is food safety . The needs for campaigning in this area are less easy to reconcile with their traditional methods, since the scientific, dietary or medical evidence is normally more complex than in other arenas, such as the electric safety of white goods . The current standards on mandatory labelling , in developed countries, have in part been shaped by past lobbying by consumer groups. The aim of consumer organizations may be to establish and to attempt to enforce consumer rights . Effective work has also been done, however, simply by using
1139-479: Is free. As of July 31, 2009, WebWatch has been shut down, though the site is still available. Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs is available free on Consumer Reports Health.org. It compares prescription drugs in over 20 major categories, such as heart disease, blood pressure and diabetes, and gives comparative ratings of effectiveness and costs, in reports and tables, in web pages and PDF documents, in summary and detailed form. Also in 2005 Consumer Reports launched
1206-717: Is in East Haddam, Connecticut . CR is funded by subscriptions to its magazine and website, as well as through independent grants and donations. Marta L. Tellado is the current CEO of Consumer Reports. She joined the organization in 2014, following her work with the Ford Foundation , with the goal of expanding its engagement and advocacy efforts. Consumer Reports' flagship website and magazine publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory and survey research center. CR accepts no advertising, pays for all
1273-713: Is the umbrella organisation of the three Swiss consumer organisations (the Stiftung für Konsumentenschutz (SKS) of German-speaking Switzerland, the Fédération romande des consommateurs (FRC) of French-speaking Switzerland and the Associazione consumatrici e consumatori della Svizzera italiana (ACSI) of Italian-speaking Switzerland). In the United Kingdom, the Enterprise Act 2002 allows consumer bodies that have been approved by
1340-659: The British Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), which campaigned against keg beer and for cask ale ) or they may set themselves up as more general consumer watchdogs , such as the Consumers' Association in the UK. One common means of providing consumers useful information is the independent comparative survey or test of products or services, involving different manufacturers or companies (e.g., Which? , Consumer Reports , etc.). Another arena where consumer organizations have operated
1407-632: The Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to be designated as "super-complainants" to the Competition and Markets Authority . These super-complainants are intended to, "strengthen the voice of consumers," who are "unlikely to have access individually to the kind of information necessary to judge whether markets are failing for them." Eight have been designated as of 2007 : By 1969 most capitalist countries with developed marketplaces hosted consumer organizations that published consumer magazines which reported
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#17328560843001474-719: The 16-year-old test results of the 1988 Samurai in its advertising or promotional materials. In December 1997, the Isuzu Trooper distributor in Puerto Rico sued CR , alleging that it had lost sales as a result of disparagement of the Trooper by the Consumers Union of the United States (CU). A trial court granted the motion for summary judgment by the CU, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for
1541-505: The 25 years after World War II, there was a correlation between the number of people in a country who were purchasing cars and the popularity of consumer magazines. In some cases, an increase in other consumer purchases seemed to drive popularity of consumer magazines, but the correlation was closest for populations who made decisions about buying cars. The availability of consumer magazines comforted consumers when individuals in society suddenly became overwhelmed with marketplace decisions, and
1608-486: The American Savings Education Council, America Saves organizes an annual "America Saves Week" where they encourage new individuals to join the campaign and existing members to assess their goals. During Saves Weeks, America Saves comes together with its partners (Federal Reserve Board, Cooperative Extension, Department of Defense, etc.) as well as its locally run campaigns. These organizations work during
1675-585: The First Circuit affirmed the favorable judgment. In 2003, Sharper Image sued CR in California for product disparagement over negative reviews of its Ionic Breeze Quadra air purifier . CR moved for dismissal on October 31, 2003, and the case was dismissed in November 2004. The decision also awarded CR $ 525,000 in legal fees and costs. The February 2007 issue of Consumer Reports stated that only two of
1742-737: The Kentucky Equal Justice Center and the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network among other advocacy organizations. In recent years, the organization has been vocal on key issues, including championing consumer choice and industry competition in the debate against the Sprint T-Mobile merger, advocating for consumer preference to leave net neutrality protections in place, exposing how data is used to engage in racial discrimination when determining consumer pricing offers, and advocating for stronger privacy laws in
1809-600: The age range a product was targeted toward. It also taught kids about deceitful marketing practices practiced by advertising agencies. The magazine folded in 2000. Consumer Reports had an annual testing budget of approximately US$ 25 million, as well as approximately 7 million subscribers (3.8 million print and 3.2 million digital) as of April 2016. The organization had around 6 million members in July 2018. In 1927, F.J. Schlink and Stuart Chase published their best selling novel, Your Money's Worth , which saw massive readership due to
1876-519: The best quality of health care by promoting the public disclosure of hospital-acquired infection rates and medical errors. The US Centers for Disease Control states that about 2 million patients annually (about 1 in 20) will acquire an infection while being treated in a hospital for an unrelated health care problem, resulting in 99,000 deaths and as much as $ 45 billion in excess hospital costs. The campaign has worked in every state calling for legislation requiring hospitals to disclose infection rates to
1943-510: The board of CR from 1982 to 2006 and was the head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration from 1977 to 1981, where she discussed the sequence of events leading to the publishing of the erroneous information. In February 1998, the organization tested pet food and claimed that Iams dog food was nutritionally deficient. It later retracted the report claiming that there had been "a systemic error in
2010-400: The board of directors and vote on policies. The CFA undertakes a wide range of activities and interests; many activities centre on scrutinizing businesses and their practices, products, and services by citizens, civic groups, the news media , and government regulatory agencies to defend the interests of the public at large. It is generally regarded as liberal in the modern American sense of
2077-401: The child safety seats it tested for that issue passed the organization's side impact tests. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , which subsequently retested the seats, found that all those seats passed the corresponding NHTSA tests at the speeds described in the magazine report. The CR article reported that the tests simulated the effects of collisions at 38.5 mph. However,
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2144-481: The consumer movement. The demand for brand research led to Schlink to found the company Consumers' Research in 1927. The company was responsible for publishing Consumers’ Research Bulletin (previously named Consumer Club Commodity List). The subscriber count in 1933 was reported to be over 42,000. It was in this year, that Consumer Research moved its operations to New York City. Following this move, employees began to unionize, citing unfair pay. Schlink proceeded to fire
2211-661: The credibility of Web sites through investigative reporting, publicizing best-practices standards, and publishing a list of sites that comply with the standards. WebWatch worked with the Stanford Web Credibility Project , Harvard University's Berkman Center , The Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania, and others. WebWatch is a member of ICANN , the W3C and the Internet Society . Its content
2278-747: The discovery of a bug in the Safari web browser , which Apple promptly fixed via a software update. In May 2018, CR said it could not recommend the Tesla Model 3 due to concerns about the car's long stopping distance. Within days, Tesla issued a remote software update. CR retested the car's brakes, then gave the Model 3 a "recommended" rating. Consumer Reports has been sued several times by companies unhappy with reviews of their products. Consumer Reports has fought these cases vigorously. As of October 2000, Consumer Reports had been sued by 13 manufacturers and never lost
2345-424: The early 2000s. At the start of 2009, Consumer Reports acquired The Consumerist blog from Gawker Media for approximately $ 600,000. Prior to 2012, the organization did business as Consumers Union. The reason for the name change was that the name of "Consumer Reports" was more familiar to the public than the name of "Consumers Union". Consumer Reports spent $ 200,000 on lobbying in 2015. The Consumerist
2412-496: The enhancement of consumer finance protection and the increase of consumer access to quality health care. The organization has also expanded its reach to a suite of digital platforms. Consumer Reports Advocacy frequently supports environmental causes, including heightened regulations on auto manufacturers. The organization's headquarters, including its 50 testing labs, are located in Yonkers, New York , while its automotive testing track
2479-506: The forum Woman's Home Companion , which had a readership of 2 million. The institute suppressed the efforts of consumer groups by giving business and advertisers the platform to putdown the consumers' pursuit of "lower distribution costs, grade labeling, and regulation," asserting that these businesses were already taking these factors into account. The New York Times proved to be an obstacle for Consumers Union, refusing CU's requests to advertise. Other major publications would follow suit. In
2546-541: The independence of its judgment". In 2007, in response to errors in infant car seat testing, it began accepting advice from a wide range of experts on designing tests, but not on final assessments. Also, at times CR allows manufacturers to review and respond to criticism before publication. CR also accepts referral fees from websites such as Amazon for including "affiliate links" to websites where customers can purchase reviewed products. Some objective and comparative tests published by Consumer Reports are carried out under
2613-467: The interwar years. The rise of Consumers Union happened simultaneously with women's groups interest in consumption. Despite the mobilization of citizens interested in consumption, the pursuit of consumer rights were not validated until the New Deal. The programs represented an acknowledgment of the consumer movement, by actively working to improve consumer purchaser power. In World War II, Consumer Union took
2680-709: The magazine, but its website has retailers' advertisements. Consumer Reports states that PriceGrabber places the ads and pays a percentage of referral fees to CR , who has no direct relationship with the retailers. Consumer Reports publishes reviews of its business partner and recommends it in at least one case. CR had a similar relationship with BizRate at one time and has had relationships with other companies including Amazon.com , Yahoo! , The Wall Street Journal , The Washington Post , BillShrink, and Decide.com. CR also accepts grants from other organizations. Consumer Reports says its secret shoppers purchase all tested products at retail prices on behalf of
2747-464: The measurements of various minerals we tested – potassium , calcium and magnesium ". Consumer organization Consumer organizations are advocacy groups that seek to protect people from corporate abuse like unsafe products, predatory lending , false advertising , astroturfing and pollution . Consumer Organizations may operate via protests , litigation , campaigning , or lobbying . They may engage in single-issue advocacy (e.g.,
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2814-408: The modern consumer organization are standards organizations and consumers leagues. Both of these appeared in the United States around 1900. Trade associations and professional societies began to establish standards organizations to reduce industry waste and increase productivity. Consumer leagues modeled themselves after trade unions in their attempts to improve the market with boycotts in
2881-527: The online data includes coverage that is not published in the magazine; for example, vehicle reliability (frequency of repair) tables online extend over the full 10 model years reported in the Annual Questionnaires, whereas the magazine has only a six-year history of each model. In 1990, Consumer Reports launched Consumer Reports Television . By March 2005 it was "hosted" by over 100 stations. On August 1, 2006, Consumer Reports launched ShopSmart ,
2948-427: The organization, that they do so anonymously, and that CR accepts no free samples in order to limit bias from bribery and to prevent being given better than average samples. Consumer Reports pays a rental fee to manufacturers when using these press samples and does not include the products in its ratings. For most of CR ' s history, it minimized contact with government and industry experts "to avoid compromising
3015-442: The postwar period. Government would encourage to consume both through propaganda as well as the protections instituted to promote individual consumption. Consumer Reports has helped start several consumer groups and publications, in 1960 helping create global consumer group Consumers International and in 1974 providing financial assistance to Consumers' Checkbook which is considered akin to Consumer Reports for local services in
3082-433: The products it tests, and as a nonprofit organization has no shareholders. It also publishes general and targeted product/service buying guides. Consumer Reports has hundreds of thousands of online advocates who take action and write letters to policymakers about the issues its advocates take on. This group continues to grow as Consumer Reports expands its reach, with 6 million paid members who have access to online tools like
3149-605: The public. The Safe Patient Project also works on medical devices, prescription drugs, and physician accountability. GreenerChoices.org offers an "accessible, reliable, and practical source of information on buying 'greener' products that have minimal environmental impact and meet personal needs". The site contains many articles about different products, rating them on how "green" they are. It also focuses on electronics and appliance recycling and reuse, as well as conservation and global warming prevention. Funding for Consumer Reports has recently been provided by USPIRG Education Fund ,
3216-409: The results of product testing . Internationally, the idea of consumer organizations spread from Consumers Union in the United States starting in 1956. The growth of interest in product testing journalism might be explained by increased consumption of mass-marketed products in and before that period. That increased international consumption itself was an effect of the aftermath of World War II . In
3283-600: The same way that trade unions sought to improve working conditions with strike action . Aside from this general consumer organisation, the Netherlands is home to many categorical consumer organisations whose working terrain is limited to a certain part of the markets. Examples of categorical organisations include: Finally, there is a business regulation agency, charged with competition oversight, sector-specific regulation of several sectors, and enforcement of consumer protection laws: The Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations
3350-438: The service Greener Choices , which is meant to "inform, engage, and empower consumers about environmentally-friendly products and practices". It contains information about conservation, electronics recycling and conservation with the goal or providing an "accessible, reliable, and practical source of information on buying "greener" products that have minimal environmental impact and meet personal needs". Consumer Reports published
3417-409: The seven metropolitan areas they serve. Prominent consumer advocate Ralph Nader was on the board of directors, but left in 1975 due to a "division of philosophy" with new Executive Director Rhoda Karpatkin . Nader wanted Consumer Reports to focus on policy and product advocacy, while Karpatkin focused on product testing. Karpatkin was appointed executive director in 1974 and retired as president in
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#17328560843003484-504: The steering; the manufacturer claimed: "Some do, some don't" show this behavior, but it has no "validity in the real world of driving". Nevertheless, the next year, these models included a lighter weight steering wheel rim and a steering damper , and Consumer Reports reported that the previous instability was no longer present. In a 2003 issue of CR , the magazine tested the Nissan Murano crossover utility vehicle and did not recommend
3551-508: The strikers. The former Consumers' Research employees, teamed up with "journalists, engineers, academics, and scientists" to found the company Consumers Union —now known as Consumer Reports—in February 1936. Consumers Union differentiated themselves from Consumers' Research by establishing a community amongst readers. Within the overall mission of creating more informed consumers, Consumers Union united with women's clubs and citizen groups, creating
3618-714: The term and is associated with the consumer movement . The organization is headquartered in Washington, DC , with numerous state and local members. CFA is a 501(c)(3) organization. State consumer federations such as the Consumer Federation of California , Alabama Arise, Chicago Consumer Coalition, Wisconsin Consumers League, and the North Carolina Consumers Council also exist. These competitor federations advocate for similar rules and regulations but with
3685-537: The tests that were completed in fact simulated collisions at 70 mph. CR stated in a letter from its president Jim Guest to its subscribers that it would retest the seats. The article was removed from the CR website, and on January 18, 2007, the organization posted a note on its home page about the misleading tests. Subscribers were also sent a postcard apologizing for the error. On January 28, 2007, The New York Times published an op-ed from Joan Claybrook , who served on
3752-468: The threat of bad publicity to keep companies' focus on the consumers' point of view. Consumer organizations may attempt to serve consumer interests by relatively direct actions such as creating and/or disseminating market information, and prohibiting specific acts or practices, or by promoting competitive forces in the markets which directly or indirectly affect consumers (such as transport, electricity, communications, etc.). Two precursor organizations to
3819-441: The umbrella of the international consumer organization International Consumer Research & Testing . Consumer Reports also uses outside labs for testing, including for 11 percent of tests in 2006. ConsumerReports.org, the website of Consumer Reports, is largely available only to paid subscribers. ConsumerReports.org provides updates on product availability, and adds new products to previously published test results. In addition,
3886-406: The vehicle because of a problem with its power steering, even though the vehicle had above-average reliability. The specific problem was that the steering would stiffen substantially on hard turning. CR recommended the 2005 model, which had addressed this problem. BMW changed the software for the stability control in its X5 SUV after replicating a potential rollover problem discovered during
3953-580: The wake of the Cambridge Analytica data scandal . Consumer Reports is well known for its policies on editorial independence , which it says are to "maintain our independence and impartiality ... [so that] CR has no agenda other than the interests of consumers". CR has unusually strict requirements and sometimes has taken extraordinary steps; for example it declined to renew a car dealership's bulk subscription because of "the appearance of an impropriety". However, Consumer Reports in 2021 took
4020-440: The week to assist individuals to manage their existing funds, participate in informational workshops, and to create savings accounts. Consumers Union Consumer Reports ( CR ), formerly Consumers Union ( CU ), is an American nonprofit consumer organization dedicated to independent product testing , investigative journalism , consumer-oriented research, public education, and consumer advocacy. Founded in 1936, CR
4087-402: The year 1938, CU would find itself at the center of The Dies Committee's investigation into "unpatriotic propaganda". The committee brought on former member of Consumers' Research' board, J.B. Matthews as its research director. In Matthews' official report, he accused CU and its CEO Arthur Kallet of holding Communist ideals, and going as far as to label CU as "Communist front". The smear campaign
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#17328560843004154-438: Was created to serve as a source of information that consumers could use to help assess the safety and performance of products. Since that time, CR has continued its testing and analysis of products and services, and attempted to advocate for the consumer in legislative and rule-making areas. Among the reforms in which CR played a role were the advent of seat belt laws , exposure of the dangers of cigarettes , and more recently,
4221-498: Was criticized by Consumers Union for its lack of legitimacy. The allegations proved fruitless, and rather served to delegitimize CR and Congressman Dies. In part due to actions of Consumers' Research, the House Un-American Activities Committee placed Consumers Union on a list of subversive organizations, only to remove it in 1954. Consumers Union established themselves as an advocate for consumer rights during
4288-527: Was followed by Carol Tucker Foreman (1973-1977), Kathleen O’Reilly (1977-1980), Stephen Brobeck (1980-2018), and Jack Gillis (2018-2022). Currently, Susan Weinstock is the CEO of CFA (2022–present). Retired Senator Howard Metzenbaum served as Honorary Chairman from 1995 to 2008. Historically, CFA’s base of support has been member dues' payments, contributions, and grants. For decades, Consumers Union has contributed, through contributions and grants, more than $ 100,000
4355-561: Was not libelous. In 1988, Consumer Reports announced during a press conference that the Suzuki Samurai had demonstrated a tendency to roll and deemed it "not acceptable". Suzuki sued in 1996 after the Samurai was again mentioned in a CR anniversary issue. In July 2004, after eight years in court, the suit was settled and dismissed with no money changing hands and no retraction issued, but Consumers Union did agree to no longer refer to
4422-655: Was subsequently closed in December 2017, when its content was folded into the Consumer Reports website. In the July 1978 issue, Consumer Reports rated the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon automobile "not acceptable", the first car it had judged such since the AMC Ambassador in 1968. In its testing they found the possibility of these models' developing an oscillatory yaw as a result of a sudden violent input to
4489-589: Was supported initially by the Ford Foundation, but now mainly is supported by corporate foundations. Advocacy is one of the important tools that CFA uses to advance the consumer interest. “CFA works to advance pro-consumer policies on a variety of issues before Congress, the White House, federal and state regulatory agencies, state legislatures, and the courts. We communicate and work with public officials to promote beneficial policies, oppose harmful ones, and ensure
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