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37-564: The Web has become an important channel for exchanging information and services, resulting in a greater need for methods to ascertain the credibility of websites. In response, since 1998, the Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab (SPTL) has investigated what causes people to believe, or not, what they find online. SPTL provides insight into how computers can be designed to change what people think and do, an area called captology . Directed by experimental psychologist B.J. Fogg ,

74-451: A challenging problem, especially that most of the persuasive technologies require just-in-time intervention. In general, understanding behavioral changes require long-term studies as multiple internal and external factors can influence these changes (such as personality type, age, income, willingness to change and more). For that, it becomes difficult to understand and measure the effect of persuasive technologies. Furthermore, meta-analyses of

111-440: A collaborative research effort that may represent the largest web credibility project ever conducted. The project, based on three years of research that included over 4,500 people, enabled the lab to publish Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility , which established ten guidelines for building the credibility of a website. The study found that when people assessed a real website's credibility, they did not use rigorous criteria ,

148-414: A contrast to earlier national survey findings by Consumer Reports WebWatch, A Matter of Trust: What Users Want From Web Sites (April 16, 2002). The data showed that the average consumer paid far more attention to the superficial aspects of a site, such as visual cues, than to its content. For example, nearly half of all consumers (or 46.1%) in the study assessed the credibility of sites based in part on

185-441: A mediating role: do they persuade, for example, through human-computer interaction (HCI) or computer-mediated communication (CMC)? The examples already mentioned are the former, but there are many of the latter. Communication technologies can persuade or amplify the persuasion of others by transforming the social interaction, providing shared feedback on interaction, or restructuring communication processes. Persuasion design

222-764: A reasonable balance between the pros and cons of persuasive technologies. In addition to encouraging ethically and morally responsible designs, Fogg believes education, such as through the journal articles he writes, is a panacea for concerns about the ethical challenges of persuasive computers. Fogg notes two fundamental distinctions regarding the importance of education in engaging with ethics and technology: "First, increased knowledge about persuasive computers allows people more opportunity to adopt such technologies to enhance their own lives, if they choose. Second, knowledge about persuasive computers helps people recognize when technologies are using tactics to persuade them." Another ethical challenge for persuasive technology designers

259-417: A reward and you remove the reward then the intrinsic motivation tends to diminish. This is because depending on how the reward is seen, it can become linked to extrinsic motivations instead of intrinsic motivations. Badges, prizes, and other award systems will increase intrinsic motivation if they are seen as reflecting competence and merit. In 1973, Lepper et al. conducted a foundational study that underscored

296-478: A second test. And it's not so different from other things in life. It's the way we judge automobiles and politicians. Captology Captology is the study of computers as persuasive technologies . This area of inquiry explores the overlapping space between persuasion in general (influence, motivation , behavior change , etc.) and computing technology. This includes the design , research , and program analysis of interactive computing products (such as

333-424: Is a lack of reciprocal equality . For example, when a conversational agent persuades a user using social influence strategies, the user cannot also use similar strategies on the agent. While persuasive technologies are found in many domains, considerable recent attention has focused on behavior change in health domains. Digital health coaching is the utilization of computers as persuasive technology to augment

370-433: Is customer reviews; a mix of positive and negative reviews together give a neutral perspective on a product or service. This persuades the user through the notion of cooperating and teamwork, such as allowing the user to team up with friends to complete their goals. This persuades the user through the notion of competing. For example, users can play against friends or peers and be motivated to achieve their goal by winning

407-550: Is equally powerful in other fields to promote behavior change. Interestingly, there have been some studies that showed unique insights and that behavior change is a complex chain of events: a study by Chudzynski et al. showed that reinforcement schedule has little effect on maintaining behavior change. A point made in a study by Wemyss et al. is that even though people who have maintained behavior change for short term might revert to baseline, their perception of their behavior change could be different: they still believe they maintained

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444-456: Is the design of messages by analyzing and evaluating their content, using established psychological research theories and methods. Andrew Chak argues that the most persuasive web sites focus on making users feel comfortable about making decisions and helping them act on those decisions. During the clinical encounter, clinical decision support tools (CDST) are widely applied to improve patients' satisfaction towards medical decision-making shared with

481-865: Is the person who coined both terms and created the foundation for both areas. This computer science article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Persuasive technology Persuasive technology is broadly defined as technology that is designed to change attitudes or behaviors of the users through persuasion and social influence , but not necessarily through coercion . Such technologies are regularly used in sales , diplomacy , politics , religion , military training , public health , and management , and may potentially be used in any area of human-human or human-computer interaction. Most self-identified persuasive technology research focuses on interactive, computational technologies, including desktop computers, Internet services, video games, and mobile devices, but this incorporates and builds on

518-456: Is to facilitate people's awareness of benefits for performing eco-friendly behaviors. For example, a review of over twenty studies exploring the effects of feedback on electricity consumption in the home showed that the feedback on the electricity consumption pattern can typically result in a 5–12% saving. Besides the environmental benefits such as CO 2 savings, health benefit, cost are also often used to promote eco-friendly behaviors. Despite

555-495: The Web , desktop software , specialized devices, etc.) created for the purpose of changing people's attitudes or behaviors. B. J. Fogg in 1996 derived the term captology from an acronym: Computers As Persuasive Technologies. In 2003, he published the first book on captology, entitled Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do . Captology is not the same thing as Behavior Design, according to BJ Fogg who

592-549: The Stanford team includes social scientists , designers, and technologists who research and design interactive products that motivate and influence their users. The ongoing research of the Stanford Web Credibility Project includes: A study by the Stanford Web Credibility Project, How Do People Evaluate a Web Site's Credibility? Results from a Large Study , published in 2002, invited 2,684 "average people" to rate

629-466: The Web they're very tough integrators of information, they compare sources, they think really hard," says Fogg, "but the truth of the matter--and I didn't want to find this in the research but it's very clear--is that people do judge a Web site by how it looks. That's the first test of the Web site. And if it doesn't look credible or it doesn't look like what they expect it to be, they go elsewhere. It doesn't get

666-581: The appeal of the overall visual design of a site, including layout, typography, font size and color schemes. This reliance on a site's overall visual appeal to gauge credibility occurred more often with some categories of sites then others. Consumer credibility-related comments about visual design issues occurred with more frequency with websites dedicated to finance, 54.6%, search engines, 52.6%, travel, 50.5%, and e-commerce sites, 46.2%, and less frequently when assessing health, 41.8%, news, 39.6%, and nonprofit, 39.4%. "I would like to think that when people go on

703-1531: The bandwagon. Maintaining behavior change long term is one of the challenges of behavior change interventions. For instance, as reported, for chronic illness treatment regimens non-adherence rate can be as high as 50% to 80%. Common strategies that have been shown by previous research to increase long-term adherence to treatment include extended care, skills training, social support, treatment tailoring, self-monitoring, and multicomponent stages. However, even though these strategies have been demonstrated to be effective, there are also existing barriers to implementation of such programs: limited time, resources, as well as patient factors such as embarrassment of disclosing their health habits. To make behavior change strategies more effective, researchers also have been adapting well-known and empirically tested behavior change theories into such practice. The most prominent behavior change theories that have been implemented in various health-related behavior change research has been self-determination theory, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and social ecological model. Each behavior change theory analyses behavior change in different ways and consider different factors to be more or less important. Research has suggested that interventions based on behavior change theories tend to yield better result than interventions that do not employ such theories. The effectiveness of them vary: social cognitive theory proposed by Bandura, which incorporates

740-463: The behavior change even if they factually have not. Therefore, it is possible self-report measures would not always be the most effective way of evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention. Previous work has also shown that people are receptive to change their behaviors for sustainable lifestyles. This result has encouraged researchers to develop persuasive technologies to promote for example, green travels, less waste, etc. One common technique

777-434: The competition. This persuades the user through external motivators, for example, winning a trophy as a reward for completing a task. This persuades the user through internal motivators, such as the good feeling a user would have for being healthy or for achieving a goal. It is worth noting that intrinsic motivators can be subject to the overjustification effect, which states if intrinsic motivators are associated with

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814-463: The credibility of the same industry-specific sites as those reviewed by the Stanford PTL consumers. The Sliced Bread Design study revealed that health and finance experts were far less concerned about the surface aspects of these industry-specific types of sites and more concerned about the breadth, depth, and quality of a site's information. Similarly, Consumer Reports WebWatch, which commissioned

851-628: The credibility of websites in ten content areas. The study evaluated the credibility of two live websites randomly assigned from one of ten content categories: e-commerce , entertainment , finance , health , news , nonprofit , opinion or review, search engines , sports , and travel . A total of one hundred sites were assessed. This study was launched jointly with a parallel, expert -focused project conducted by Sliced Bread Design, LLC . In their study, Experts vs. Online Consumers: A Comparative Credibility Study of Health and Finance Web Sites , fifteen health and finance experts were asked to assess

888-848: The desired behaviors already before entering the trial, then self-selection biases would occur. Presence of such biases would weaken the behavior change effects found in the trials. Analyses aimed at identifying the presence and extent of self-selection biases in persuasive technology trials are not widespread yet. A study by Cellina et al. on an app-based behavior change trial in the mobility field found evidence of no self-selection biases. However, further evidence needs to be collected in different contexts and under different persuasive technologies in order to generalize (or confute) their findings. The question of manipulating feelings and desires through persuasive technology remains an open ethical debate. User-centered design guidelines should be developed encouraging ethically and morally responsible designs, and provide

925-434: The development of such systems. It has been demonstrated that social impact can result in greater behavior changes than the case where the user is isolated. Halko and Kientz made an extensive search in the literature for persuasive strategies and methods used in the field of psychology to modify health-related behaviors. Their search concluded that there are eight main types of persuasive strategies, which can be grouped into

962-485: The effectiveness of persuasive technologies have shown that the behavior change evidence collected so far is at least controversial, since it is rarely obtained by Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), the “gold standard” in causal inference analysis. In particular, due to relevant practical challenges to perform strict RCTs, most of the above-mentioned empirical trials on lifestyles rely on voluntary, self-selected participants. If such participants were systematically adopting

999-587: The field of human-robot interaction. A 2021 report by the RAND Corporation shows how the use of logical fallacies is one of the rhetorical strategies used by the Russia and its agents to influence the online discourse and spread subversive information in Europe. One feature that distinguishes persuasion technology from familiar forms of persuasion is that the individual being persuaded often cannot respond in kind. This

1036-418: The following four categories, where each category has two complementary approaches. This persuades the technology user through an authoritative agent, for example, a strict personal trainer who instructs the user to perform the task that will meet their goal. This persuades the user through a neutral agent, for example, a friend who encourages the user to meet their goals. Another example of instruction style

1073-432: The markers without a reward. The students receiving the "good player" award originally showed half as much interest as when they began the study. Later, other psychologists repeated this experiment only to conclude that rewards create short-term motivation, but undermine intrinsic motivation. This persuades the user by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, a brown and dying nature scene might turn green and healthy as

1110-487: The overjustification effect. Their team brought magic markers to a preschool and created three test groups of children who were intrinsically motivated. The first group were informed that if they used markers they could receive a “Good Player Award.” The second group was not incentivized to use the magic markers with a reward, but were given a reward after playing. The third group was given no expectations about awards and received no awards. A week later, all students played with

1147-507: The personal care delivered to patients, and is used in numerous medical settings. Numerous scientific studies show that online health behaviour change interventions can influence users' behaviours. Moreover, the most effective interventions are modelled on health coaching, where users are asked to set goals, educated about the consequences of their behaviour, then encouraged to track their progress toward their goals. Sophisticated systems even adapt to users who relapse by helping them get back on

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1184-412: The physicians. The comfort that a user feels is generally registered subconsciously. Previous research has also utilized on social motivators like competition for persuasion. By connecting a user with other users, his/her coworkers, friends and families, a persuasive application can apply social motivators on the user to promote behavior changes. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter also facilitate

1221-565: The promising results of existing persuasive technologies, there are three main challenges that remain present. Persuasive technologies developed relies on self-report or automated systems that monitor human behavior using sensors and pattern recognition algorithms. Several studies in the medical field have noted that self-report is subject to bias, recall errors and low adherence rates. The physical world and human behavior are both highly complex and ambiguous. Utilizing sensors and machine learning algorithms to monitor and predict human behavior remains

1258-657: The results, theories, and methods of experimental psychology , rhetoric , and human-computer interaction . The design of persuasive technologies can be seen as a particular case of design with intent. Persuasive technologies can be categorized by their functional roles. B. J. Fogg proposes the functional triad as a classification of three "basic ways that people view or respond to computing technologies": persuasive technologies can function as tools, media, or social actors – or as more than one at once. Persuasive technologies can also be categorized by whether they change attitude and behaviors through direct interaction or through

1295-472: The study, has the goal to investigate, inform, and improve the credibility of information published on the World Wide Web . Consumer Reports had plans for a similar investigation into whether consumers actually perform the necessary credibility checks while online, and had already conducted a national poll concerning consumer awareness of privacy policies. The common goals of the three organizations led to

1332-560: The user practises more healthy behaviors. This persuades the user by adding a positive stimulus. For example, adding flowers, butterflies, and other nice-looking elements to an empty nature scene as a user practises more healthy behaviors. More recently, Lieto and Vernero have also shown that arguments reducible to logical fallacies are a class of widely adopted persuasive techniques in both web and mobile technologies. These techniques have also shown their efficacy in large-scale studies about persuasive news recommendations as well as in

1369-640: The well-known construct of self-efficacy , has been the most widely used method in behavior change interventions as well as the most effective in maintaining long-term behavior change. Even though the healthcare discipline has produced a plethora of empirical behavior change research, other scientific disciplines are also adapting such theories to induce behavior change. For instance, behavior change theories have also been used in sustainability, such as saving electricity, and lifestyle, such as helping people drinking more water. These research has shown that these theories, already effectively proven useful in healthcare,

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