60-768: Constantius may refer to: Roman people [ edit ] Constantius I "Chlorus" ( c. 250 –306), Western Roman emperor from 305 to 306 Julius Constantius (died 337), consul in 335, son of Constantius I Constantius Gallus (325–354), caesar from 351 to 354 and consul from 352 to 354, son of Julius Constantius Constantius II (317–361), emperor from 337 to 361, grandon of Constantius I Constantius III , Western Roman emperor in 421 Constantius Ducas , Eastern/Byzantine co-emperor from 1060 to 1078 Religious figures [ edit ] Saints Simplicius, Constantius and Victorinus (died c. 159), Christian martyrs Saint Constantius of Perugia (died c. 170), one of
120-537: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in
180-617: A daughter of Emperor Maximian , and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague Diocletian. Assigned to rule Gaul , Constantius defeated the usurper Carausius there and his successor Allectus in Britain , and campaigned extensively along the Rhine frontier , defeating the Alamanni and Franks . When the Diocletianic Persecution was announced in 303, Constantius ordered
240-472: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and
300-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in
360-459: A method of advancing his career prospects with the aging Diocletian. Of the four Tetrarchs, Constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority, limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches. Eusebius denied that Constantius destroyed Christian buildings, but Lactantius records that he did. Between 303 and 305, Galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in
420-495: A military colleague, Maximian , to the throne as co-emperor of the western provinces, while Diocletian took over the eastern provinces, beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the Roman Empire into two halves, a Western and an Eastern portion. By 288, his period as governor now over, Constantius had been made praetorian prefect in the west under Maximian. Throughout 287 and into 288, Constantius, under
480-603: A new power sharing arrangement known as the Tetrarchy . The eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an augustus , supported by a caesar . Both caesares had the right of succession once the ruling augustus died. At Mediolanum ( Milan ) on 1 March 293, Constantius was formally appointed as Maximian's caesar . He adopted Diocletian's nomen (family name) "Valerius", and, being equated with Maximian, also took on "Herculius". His given command consisted of Gaul , Britannia and possibly Hispania . Diocletian ,
540-516: A position to take power from Constantius after the death of Diocletian. In 304, Maximian met with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine. Although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the Tetrarchs that Constantius's son Constantine and Maximian's son Maxentius were to be promoted to
600-543: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment
660-529: A pseudonym of Søren Kierkegaard Constantine (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantius&oldid=1226654419 " Categories : Given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
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#1732844217202720-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek
780-770: A son named Constantine while in Britain. Henry of Huntingdon 's History of the English identified Constantius's wife Helen as British and Geoffrey of Monmouth repeated the claim in his 1136 History of the Kings of Britain . Geoffrey related that Constantius was sent to Britain by the Senate after Asclepiodotus (here a British king) was overthrown by Coel of Colchester . Coel submitted to Constantius and agreed to pay tribute to Rome, but died only eight days later. Constantius married his daughter Helena and became king of Britain . He and Helena had
840-746: A son, Constantine, who succeeded to the throne of Britain when his father died at York eleven years later. These accounts have no historical validity: Constantius had divorced Helena before he went to Britain. Similarly, the History of the Britons traditionally ascribed to Nennius claims the inscribed tomb of "Constantius the Emperor" was still present in the 9th century in the Roman fort of Segontium (near present-day Caernarfon , in North Wales ). David Nash Ford credited
900-609: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c. 300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as
960-416: A sympathy with Christian or Jewish culture. Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti , names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings 2: Constantine's children As the father of Constantine, a number of Christian legends have grown up around Constantius. Eusebius's Life of Constantine claims that Constantius
1020-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and
1080-556: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of
1140-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected
1200-644: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to
1260-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in
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#17328442172021320-419: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Constantius Chlorus Flavius Valerius Constantius ( c. 250 – 25 July 306), also called Constantius I , was a Roman emperor from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the Tetrarchy established by Diocletian , first serving as caesar from 293 to 305 and then ruling as augustus until his death. Constantius
1380-745: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect
1440-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)
1500-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):
1560-490: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from
1620-675: The Empire until the death of his grandson Julian the Apostate in 363. Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250. Constantius was an Illyrian . He was born in Naissus , then in Moesia Superior , a Roman province on the south bank of the Middle Danube . According to the unreliable Historia Augusta he
1680-586: The Rhine frontier) did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the English Channel . The first was entrusted to Julius Asclepiodotus , Constantius's long-serving Praetorian prefect , who sailed from the mouth of the Seine , while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia. The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the Isle of Wight , and his army encountered
1740-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has
1800-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in
1860-762: The campaign, but on 25 July 306 he died. As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor; consequently, Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York. Constantius was either married to, or was in concubinage with, Helena , who was probably from Nicomedia in Asia Minor. They had one son, the future emperor Constantine the Great . In 289, political developments forced him to divorce Helena . He married Theodora , Maximian 's daughter. They had six children: The name of Anastasia ( Koinē Greek : Ἀναστασία , romanized: Anastasía , lit. 'resurrection') may indicate
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1920-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West
1980-580: The collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary , "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler". His descendants, the Constantinian dynasty , ruled
2040-430: The command of Maximian, was involved in a war against the Alamanni , carrying out attacks on the territory of the barbarian tribes across the Rhine and Danube rivers. To consolidate the ties between himself and Emperor Maximian, Constantius married the emperor's daughter, Theodora . By 293, Diocletian , conscious of the ambitions of his co-emperor for his new son-in-law, allowed Maximian to promote Constantius in
2100-640: The demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain. Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the Picts beyond the Antonine Wall . He died suddenly at Eboracum ( York ) in July the following year. After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son Constantine as emperor. This act contributed to
2160-563: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of
2220-439: The eastern augustus , in order to keep the balance of power in the imperium , elevated Galerius as his caesar , possibly on 21 May 293 at Philippopolis ( Plovdiv ). Constantius was the more senior of the two caesares , and on official documents he always took precedence, being mentioned before Galerius. Constantius's capital was to be located at Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ). Constantius's first task on becoming caesar
2280-516: The following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c. 1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c. 800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c. 500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been
2340-548: The forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper. Constantius in the meantime occupied Londinium ( London ), saving the city from an attack by Frankish mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them. Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus's officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along
2400-556: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from
2460-472: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to
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2520-515: The lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire. The result was the division of Britannia Superior into Maxima Caesariensis and Britannia Prima , while Flavia Caesariensis and Britannia Secunda were carved out of Britannia Inferior . He also restored Hadrian's Wall and its forts. Later in 298, Constantius fought in the Battle of Lingones ( Langres ) against the Alemanni . He
2580-459: The monument to Constantine, the supposed son of Magnus Maximus and Elen, who was said to have ruled over the area prior to the Irish invasions . Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into
2640-421: The new caesar , and proclaimed Constantius as augustus . The same scene played out at Nicomedia ( İzmit ) under the authority of Diocletian. Constantius, notionally the senior emperor, ruled the western provinces, while Galerius took the eastern provinces. Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a caesar , fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius
2700-479: The next three years the Rhine frontier continued to occupy Constantius's attention. From 303 – the beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution – Constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the persecution of Christians , which ordered the destruction of churches . The campaign was avidly pursued by Galerius , who noticed that Constantius was well-disposed towards the Christians , and who saw it as
2760-501: The next two years neutralising the threat of the Franks who were the allies of Allectus, as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295. He also battled against the Alamanni , achieving some victories at the mouth of the Rhine in 295. Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well. Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at
2820-499: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which
2880-640: The patron saints of Perugia, Italy Saint Constantius (Theban Legion) (c. 3rd century), a member of the legendary Theban Legion Constantius of Lyon ( fl. c. 480 ), cleric who wrote the Vita Germani , a hagiography Saint Constantius of Aquino , 6th century bishop of Aquino Saint Constantius of Capri (died 7th or 8th century), Bishop of Capri Other [ edit ] Constantius Africanus , ( c. 1020 – 1085), translator of Greek and Islamic medical texts See also [ edit ] Constantine Constantius ,
2940-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c. 1450 BC ) are in
3000-458: The rank of tribunus within the army, and during the reign of Carus he was raised to the position of praeses , or governor, of the province of Dalmatia . It has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor Diocletian just before Diocletian defeated Carinus , the son of Carus, at the Battle of the Margus in July 285. In 286, Diocletian elevated
3060-447: The rank of caesar once Diocletian and Maximian had resigned the purple, by the end of 304 Galerius had convinced Diocletian (who in turn convinced Maximian) to appoint Galerius's nominees Severus and Maximinus as caesares . Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as co-emperors on 1 May 305, possibly due to Diocletian's poor health. Before the assembled armies at Mediolanum, Maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to Severus,
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#17328442172023120-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies
3180-475: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,
3240-490: Was also father of Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname "Chlorus" ( Ancient Greek : Χλωρός , lit. 'the Pale';) was first popularized by Byzantine -era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime. Of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289, he set aside Helena , Constantine's mother, to marry
3300-469: Was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions. It was claimed that his first wife, Helena , found the True Cross . Constantius's activities in Britain were remembered in medieval Welsh legend , which frequently confused his family with that of Magnus Maximus , who also was said to have wed a Saint Elen and sired
3360-446: Was ill. Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain. In 305, Constantius crossed over into Britain, travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the Picts , claiming a victory against them and the title Britannicus Maximus II by 7 January 306. After retiring to Eboracum ( York ) for the winter, Constantius had planned to continue
3420-477: Was of humble origins. Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian. Constantius was a member of the Protectores Augusti Nostri under the emperor Aurelian and fought in the east against the secessionist Palmyrene Empire . While the claim that he had been made a dux under the emperor Probus is probably a fabrication, he certainly attained
3480-488: Was shut up in the city, but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy. He defeated them again at Vindonissa thereby strengthening the defences of the Rhine frontier. In 300, he fought against the Franks on the Rhine frontier, and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier, Constantius settled the Franks in the deserted parts of Gaul to repopulate the devastated areas. Nevertheless, over
3540-415: Was the son of Eutropius, a nobleman from the province of Moesia Superior , and Claudia , a niece of the emperors Claudius Gothicus and Quintillus . The same source also gives Claudius the nomina " Flavius Valerius " to strengthen his connection to Constantius. Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical fabrication created by his son Constantine I , and that his family
3600-498: Was to deal with the Roman usurper Carausius who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286. In late 293, Constantius defeated the forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia ( Boulogne-sur-Mer ). Carausius was then assassinated by his rationalis (finance officer) Allectus , who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296. Constantius spent
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