The Conservative Order was the period in political history of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830, a conscious program by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh , was put into place to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring the old orders, particularly the previously-ruling aristocracies . On the other hand, in South America , in light of the Monroe Doctrine , the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies gained independence.
35-617: Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria renewed their commitment to prevent any restoration of Bonapartist power and agreed to meet regularly in conferences to discuss their common interests. The period contained the time of the Holy Alliance , a military agreement. The Concert of Europe was the political framework that grew out of the Quadruple Alliance in November 1815. The Conservative Order had as its main aim to stay in power and regarded
70-742: A Central - Eastern European block which once again congregated to suppress the Revolutions of 1848 . The Austro-Russian alliance finally broke up in the Crimean War . Though Russia had helped to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , Austria did not take any action to support her ally, declared herself neutral, and even occupied the Danubian Principalities upon the Russian retreat in 1854. Thereafter, Austria remained isolated, which added to
105-568: A bastion against democracy and citizen-nationalism. It also allowed coordinating suppression of Polish efforts to restore an independent state, by Austria in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , by Russia in its Congress Poland and by Prussia in the Grand Duchy of Posen and in West Prussia . The Alliance is usually associated with the later Quadruple and Quintuple Alliances, which included
140-468: A commodity in short supply in his eyes after the chaos of the French Revolution. Despite their differences, most conservatives held to some general principles and beliefs: Many conservatives such as Metternich were not opposed to reforming governments but said that such changes must be taken gradually and that radical revolutions are aimed, rather than at benefiting the masses, as simply power grabs by
175-641: A constitutional monarchy as a result of the Carbonari's actions, as well as other liberal reforms. The Holy Alliance would not tolerate this state of affairs and decided in October 1820 to intervene. In February 1821, it sent an army to crush the revolution in Naples. The King of Sardinia also called for Austrian intervention. Faced with an enemy overwhelmingly superior in number, the Carbonari revolts collapsed and their leaders fled into exile. Colonel Rafael del Riego led
210-653: A large part of the Spanish army in a mutiny, demanding that the liberal constitution of 1812 be restored. King Ferdinand VII agreed, but secretly asked for aid from the Congress system which, in the Congress of Verona of 1822, agreed to have France send 100,000 troops, which promptly defeated Riego's forces and reinstalled an absolute monarchy. This period was known as the Trienio Liberal. The Liberal Revolution of 1820 began with
245-567: A military insurrection in the city of Porto , in northern Portugal, that quickly and peacefully spread to the rest of the country. The Revolution resulted in the return in 1821 of the Portuguese Court to Portugal from Brazil, where its members had fled during the Peninsular War , and initiated a constitutional period in which the 1822 Constitution was ratified and implemented. According to Kenneth Maxwell , "the important point about Brazil
280-509: A rejection of Emperor Nicholas I 's assumption of the throne hours before, as Nicholas's elder brother Constantine had removed himself (non-publicly) from the line of succession . Because these events occurred in December, the rebels became known as the Decembrists (Russian: Декабристы , romanized: Dekabristy ). The Decembrist revolution ( Spanish : Revolución decembrina )
315-450: A settlement, a meeting that would become known as the Congress of Vienna . The conservatives' goal at the meeting, led by Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, was said to be to re-establish peace in Europe . Metternich and the other four states sought to do so by restoring the old ruling families and to create buffer zones between the major powers. To contain the still-powerful French,
350-675: A victory for the Conservative Order. The Revolutions of 1830 were the first step to the demise of the Conservative Order: in France , the autocratic King Charles X was forced to abdicate and replaced with the liberal Louis Philippe I and a constitutional monarchy was created, while Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands, also becoming a constitutional monarchy. The Revolutions of 1848 , while not completely successful, saw
385-505: Is that it became economically and politically emancipated between 1808 and 1820 while acting as the centre of the Luso-Brazilian Empire", meaning Brazil's independence was proclaimed after the nation had had an "imperial-like" experience. "This unusual circumstance explains why in 1820 it was Portugal that declared independence from Brazil, and only afterwards, that Brazil declared its independence from Portugal", as one may read in
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#1732852811465420-626: The Carlsbad Decrees of the following year. At the Congress of Troppau in 1820 and the succeeding Congress of Laibach in 1821, Metternich tried to align his allies in the suppression of the Carbonari revolt against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies . The Quintuple Alliance met for the last time at the Congress of Verona in 1822 to advise against the Greek Revolution and to resolve upon
455-602: The French invasion of Spain . The last meetings had revealed the rising antagonism between Britain and France, especially on Italian unification , the right to self-determination , and the Eastern Question . The Alliance is conventionally taken to have become defunct with Alexander's death in 1825. France ultimately went her separate way following the July Revolution of 1830, leaving the core of Austria, Prussia, and Russia as
490-735: The House of Orange-Nassau was put onto the throne in the Netherlands in what had been the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium ). Southeast of France, Piedmont (officially part of the Kingdom of Sardinia ) was enlarged. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to France and to Spain as well as a return of other former rulers to the Italian states. To contain the Russian empire, Poland
525-567: The Ottoman Empire . Ostensibly, the alliance was formed to instil the divine right of kings and Christian values in European political life, as pursued by Alexander I under the influence of his spiritual adviser Baroness Barbara von Krüdener . It was written by the Tsar and edited by Ioannis Kapodistrias and Alexandru Sturdza . Under the treaty European rulers would agree to govern as "branches" of
560-701: The United Kingdom and (from 1818) France with the aim of upholding the European peace settlement and balance of power in the Concert of Europe concluded at the Congress of Vienna. On 29 September 1818, Alexander, Emperor Francis I of Austria and King Frederick William III of Prussia met with the Duke of Wellington , Viscount Castlereagh and the Duc de Richelieu at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle to demand stern measures against university " demagogues ", which would be realized in
595-633: The 1820s , where Liberal groups started multiple insurrections against absolute monarchies in Portugal , Spain , Italy , the Ottoman Empire (Greece) and the Russian Empire . While the Revolutions had limited success in Portugal (where a constitutional monarchy was instated) and Greece (which became independent from the Ottoman Empire), they were largely crushed in other European countries, resulting in
630-532: The 1830s , these tended to take place in the peripheries of Europe. The 1820 revolution began in Sicily and in Naples , against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, who was forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy. This success inspired Carbonari in the north of Italy to revolt too. In 1821, the Kingdom of Sardinia ( Piedmont ) forced King Victor Emmanuel I to abdicate and temporarily obtained
665-579: The 19th century as simply the Αγώνας, Agonas , " Struggle "; Ottoman : يونان عصيانى, Yunan İsyanı , " Greek Rebellion "), was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the Britain , France , and Russia , while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the Egypt Eyalet . The war led to
700-506: The Christian community and offer mutual service. In the first draft Tsar Alexander I made appeals to mysticism through a proposed unified Christian empire that was seen as disconcerting by the other monarchies. Following revision, a more pragmatic version of the alliance was adopted by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The document was called "an apocalypse of diplomacy" by French diplomat Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt . The agreement
735-713: The Manifesto issued by the rebels in Oporto in 1820: "[...] The idea of the status of a colony to which Portugal in effect is reduced afflicts deeply all those citizens who still conserve a sentiment of national dignity. Justice is administered from Brazil to the loyal people in Europe [...]" It is often stated that the Greek Revolution was a result of the revolutionary movements that began in France in 1789. Some argue that Filiki Eteria, which
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#1732852811465770-625: The demise of the Conservative Order. Holy Alliance The Holy Alliance ( German : Heilige Allianz ; Russian : Священный союз , Svjaščennyj sojuz ), also called the Grand Alliance , was a coalition linking the absolute monarchist great powers of Austria , Prussia , and Russia , which was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor (Tsar) Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism in Europe in
805-635: The formation of modern Greece . The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March. The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising ( Russian : Восстание декабристов , romanized : Vosstanie dekabristov , lit. 'Uprising of the Decembrists';) took place in Imperial Russia on 26 December [ O.S. 14 December] 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in
840-565: The leader of the national liberation struggle, in his memoirs clarifies that the struggle of the Greeks has nothing to do with the revolutions in other countries, because those were civil wars. There one group was fighting against another or against a King. In Greece they were fighting to free themselves from a foreign conqueror. The Greek War of Independence , also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821 or Greek Revolution ( Greek : Ελληνική Επανάσταση , Elliniki Epanastasi ; referred to by Greeks in
875-663: The loss of her leading role in the German states, culminating in her defeat during the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Revolutions during the 1820s Revolutions during the 1820s included revolutions in Russia ( Decembrist revolt ), Spain , Portugal , and the Italian states for constitutional monarchies, and for independence from Ottoman rule in Greece. Unlike the revolutionary wave in
910-458: The meeting but as a punishment to the French for allowing Napoleon back in power, they were forced to pay an indemnity , accept an army of occupation for five years and have France's borders returned to those of 1790. The Congress of Vienna was only the beginning of the conservative reaction bent on containing the liberal and nationalist forces unleashed by the French Revolution. Metternich and most of
945-411: The new middle class . After 1815, the political philosophy of conservatism was supported by hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocracies and revived churches ( Protestant or Catholic ). The conservative forces appeared dominant after 1815 both internationally and domestically. The first liberal reaction against the Conservative Order manifested itself in the Revolutions of
980-545: The other participants at the Congress of Vienna were representatives of an ideology known as conservatism , which generally dates back to 1790, when its best-known figure, Edmund Burke , wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France . Burke, however, was not the only kind of conservative. Joseph de Maistre was a very influential spokesperson for a counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism and believed in hereditary monarchies because they would bring "order to society,"
1015-569: The wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars ; it nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War . Chancellor Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance, as League of the Three Emperors , following the unification of Germany in 1871; the alliance again faltered by the 1880s over Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest over the decline of
1050-587: The widespread nationalism to be a threat to the aristocracy. In March 1814 the military coalition of Napoleon 's four major opponents ( United Kingdom , Austria , Prussia and Russia ) had agreed to remain united not only to defeat France but also to ensure peace after the war. After Napoleon's defeat, the alliance restored the Bourbon monarchy to France and agreed to meet in Vienna , Austria, in September 1814 to arrange
1085-529: Was a military coup in the Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . Juan Lavalle , returning with the troops that fought in the Argentine-Brazilian War , performed a coup on 1 December 1828, capturing and killing the governor Manuel Dorrego and ultimately closing the legislature. The rancher Juan Manuel de Rosas organized militias that fought against Lavalle and removed him from power, restoring
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1120-554: Was at first secret, and mistrusted by liberals though liberalism was effectively restrained in this political culture until the Revolutions of 1848 . About three months after the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna , the monarchs of Catholic (Austria), Protestant (Prussia), and Orthodox (Russia) confession promised to act on the basis of "justice, love, and peace", both in internal and foreign affairs, for "consolidating human institutions and remedying their imperfections". The Alliance
1155-724: Was divided up between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Austria and Prussia were allowed to keep some of their Polish territories, and a new nominally-independent Polish kingdom was established, with the Romanov dynasty of Russia as its hereditary monarchs. Also, the German Confederation was created to replace the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine . During the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon escaped from Elba and launched his unsuccessful " Hundred Days ". That ultimately did not disrupt
1190-516: Was formed by Greeks, was similar to and influenced by various secret organizations that appeared in Europe in the 19th century. However, Filiki Eteria (Greek: Φιλικὴ Ἑταιρεία) or Society of Friends was a secret political and revolutionary organization founded much earlier, in 1814 in Odessa, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule of Greece and establish an independent Greek State. Theodoros Kolokotronis,
1225-616: Was quickly rejected by the United Kingdom (though George IV declared consent in his capacity as King of Hanover ), the Papal States , and the Ottoman Empire . Lord Castlereagh , the British Foreign Secretary, called it "a piece of sublime mysticism and nonsense". Nonetheless, Britain participated in the Concert of Europe . In practice, the Austrian state chancellor and foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich made it
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