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40-530: Besides the archaeological ruins of Chavín de Huantar that are regularly visited by students and foreign tourists, the East of Ankash has a number of natural attractions, including its thermo-medicinal waters, scenery, hunting places, and the archaeological places that fascinated Julio C. Tello and other specialists. This Ancash Region geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chav%C3%ADn de Huantar Chavín de Huántar

80-621: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . Some of the Chavín relics from this archaeological site are on display in the Museo de la Nación in Lima and the Museo Nacional de Chavín in Chavín itself. Occupation at Chavín de Huántar has been carbon-dated to at least 3000 BC, with ceremonial center activity occurring primarily toward the end of the second millennium, and through the middle of the first millennium BC. While

120-419: A glazed roof or large windows , and often located immediately beyond a building's main entrance doors (in the lobby ). Atria are a popular design feature because they give their buildings a "feeling of space and light." The atrium has become a key feature of many buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers. Users like atria because they create

160-465: A building's upper stories more quickly. Another downside to incorporating an atrium is that it typically creates unused vertical space which could otherwise be occupied by additional floors. One of the main public spaces at Federation Square , in Melbourne , Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five stories high with glazed walls and roof. The structure and glazing pattern follow

200-455: A ceremonial center until around 500 BC, but its primary religious function had ceased prior to 400 BC. The site was increasingly occupied by casual residents of the highly distinct Huaraz cultural tradition. The "Circular Plaza" appears to have been a sacred and ritually important, open-air space within a ceremonial center. Prior to 800–700 BC, this location had a number of functions, including serving as an atrium for entering Temple A through

240-457: A dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to create new types of spaces in buildings, and developers see atria as prestigious amenities that can increase commercial value and appeal. In a domus , a large house in ancient Roman architecture , the atrium was the open central court with enclosed rooms on all sides. In

280-410: A simple tool kit. Local style in art and decoration included scrolls, simple curves, straight lines, and images of wild animals. Chavín sculpture is usually of white granite and black limestone . Carved stone mortars and pestles , conch-shell trumpets, bone tubes and spatulas, and metal spatulas and spoons were found decorated in Chavín style, as were various textiles including tapestries . Pottery

320-480: Is also based on a gallery and plaza design and contained many relief sculptures. The Lanzon deity is shown here, holding a strombus shell in the right hand, while the left hand holds a Spondylus shell, considered to have sacred properties. The architectural design of Chavín de Huántar changed over time as an old temple development was added to with a new temple. Changes were more complex than in one stage of renovation. Smaller renovations happened consistently over

360-705: Is an archaeological site in Peru , containing ruins and artifacts constructed as early as 1200 BC, and occupied until around 400–500 BC by the Chavín , a major pre- Inca culture. The site is located in the Ancash Region , 434 kilometers (270 mi) north of Lima , at an elevation of 3,180 meters (10,430 ft), east of the Cordillera Blanca at the start of the Conchucos Valley . Chavín de Huántar has been designated as

400-429: Is impossible to say how much of this social order was changed into a class system with multiple levels. The site was described by early 20th-century Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello as "the birthplace of South American culture", in recognition of its significance as a center of power for the Chavín culture, which he believed was the oldest in the highlands. Chavín de Huántar is located north of modern-day Lima at

440-511: Is located in a lowland valley at the confluence of the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. High altitude valleys are located nearby. Consequently, the people at Chavín de Huántar were able to cultivate both lowland crops such as maize and high altitude crops such as potatoes . The people were also domesticating llamas in the high altitude areas for food and to serve as transport animals, to carry heavy loads on

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480-512: Is needed to study the human remains and any associated grave goods. Atrium (architecture) In architecture , an atrium ( pl. : atria or atriums) is a large open-air or skylight -covered space surrounded by a building . Atria were a common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings , providing light and ventilation to the interior . Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are often several stories high, with

520-541: The Chavín horizon, ending by about 500 BC, when the new temple was completed. With the simpler design of the old temple, Chavín de Huántar followed the U-shaped ceremonial center design accompanied by a sunken circular plaza that was typical of many coastal settlements in the Early Horizon period. After the new temple was complete, Chavín de Huántar still embodied a U-shaped ceremonial center design. The renovations enlarged

560-542: The confluence of two rivers: the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. This site allowed for easy access by the waterways and, at the same time, limited access to outsiders. But discoveries and excavations since the late 20th century have established the older Norte Chico , also known as Caral-Supe, as the site of the first civilization in the Americas and what is now Peru. Dated to 5,000 years ago, it covered an area across four river valleys, about 100 miles north of Lima. Chavín de Huántar

600-484: The fairly large population was based on an agricultural economy, the city's location at the headwaters of the Marañón River , between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods. This archaeological site is a large ceremonial center that has revealed a great deal about the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar served as a gathering place for people of

640-477: The larger Chavín culture began to decline. Large ceremonial sites were abandoned, some unfinished, and were replaced by villages and agricultural land. At Chavín de Huántar, no later than 500 BC, a small village replaced the Circular Plaza. The plaza was occupied by a succession of cultural groups, and residents salvaged building stones and stone carvings to use in house walls. Multiple occupation floors indicate

680-409: The management of the site and its environs." CyArk has made a slideshow, maps, and 3-D multimedia presentations about Chavín de Huántar available, based on its 2005–2006 laser scanning and digital preservation project. In 2018, Rick's group used four-wheel-drive robots to search the temple. They discovered 30 tunnels, as well as the graves of several people buried under rocks. Further research

720-402: The middle of the atrium was the impluvium , a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof. Some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool ( compluvium ) called for some means of support for the roof, and it is here where one differentiates between five different styles of atrium. As the centrepiece of the house, the atrium

760-413: The region to come together and worship. The transformation of the center into a valley-dominating monument made it a pan-regional place of importance. People went to Chavín de Huántar as a center: to attend and participate in rituals, consult an oracle, or enter a cult. Findings at Chavín de Huántar indicate that social instability and upheaval began to occur between 500 and 300 BC, at the same time that

800-409: The residents of the surrounding high-altitude communities. In contrast, those who lived in rural areas consumed lower-quality food and used chert tools, while those who lived in urban areas imported high-quality obsidian to create sharper blades. Llama meat could be said to be freeze-fried to produce charqui which is the inspiration for modern-day beef jerky . Llama meat was extremely important as it

840-408: The river were artists who created jewelry and other items carved out of bone. Spondylus shells, known for being precious goods at the time, were made into beads by locals who lived close to the temples. This shows an implication that artists were likely of high social status. People who lived closer to the temples were supplied with only the finest meat, usually llama meat. This llama meat was brought by

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880-456: The site and learned some of the oral history from the locals. They believe the word Chavín comes from the Quechua word, chaupin , meaning center, expressing its significance to local indigenous communities at the time. After investigation at the site, Lumbreas theorized that elites in the communities may have developed the ritual at the site. He also believed that they may have persuaded followers to

920-508: The site considerably and added a larger, sunken rectangular plaza. The main objective of the renovations appears to have been to enable more people to gather in one place, as the site in general expanded. Excavation of burial sites has given evidence of a small elite class, whose tombs contained elaborate burial goods, consisting of precious metals, colorful textiles , and other valuables. Most burials were simpler, with bodies interred in shallow pits, dressed in cotton clothing and accompanied by

960-489: The site may be a very early example of the use of a standardized building code . Beginning in 2004, the Global Heritage Fund (GHF) began conservation work at this UNESCO World Heritage Site . Their work is also directed at supporting local training and development of skills among the residents. According to GHF, their work has involved: stabilizing primary monuments, repairing underground structures, documenting

1000-439: The site with high precision instruments, locating underground structures with non-intrusive technologies, revealing, assessing and when appropriate removing post-Chavín structures to reveal original architecture; cataloguing (sic) artifacts, and improving site interpretation facilities, while the local community is engaged through conservation and craft training, employment, tourism entrepreneurship and regular consultations regarding

1040-451: The steep slopes of the hills. The religious significance of Chavín de Huántar was inspired by the geography of the site. The confluence of two large rivers has been considered to have spiritual importance in many cultures. Similarly, Chavín de Huántar was developed as a religious ceremonial center. The confluence of two rivers is referred to as tinkuy , which can be defined as the harmonious meeting of opposing forces. Chavín de Huántar likely

1080-557: The system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square. In Nashville, Tennessee , U.S., the Opryland Hotel hosts 4 different large atria, spanning 9 acres (36,000 m ) of glass ceiling in total, in the hotel above the gardens of: Delta, Cascades, Garden-Conservatories, and Magnolia. When it opened in 2019, the Leeza SOHO in Beijing , had

1120-416: The temple and the priests in it exercised much power over local communities during its peak period. Rick also studied the site with laser scanning in an effort to determine whether it was "planned by an elite or had resulted from some grassroots religious fervor." The technique was used to create digital blueprints. Because details such as stair placement remain constant throughout generations of builders,

1160-440: The temple in order to maintain their political and social structure. In the early 2000s John Rick and his team from Stanford University came to similar conclusions about the development of religious practices. Rick theorizes that the higher-ups (typically priests) at the temple would use deliberate techniques, material goods, and intricate architectural features to persuade and gain followers. These theories could be evidence that

1200-549: The temple's north staircase. The plaza in the classic period, after 700 BC, is bounded on three sides by major Temples A, B, and C. The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow diatomite . It appears that a center line of black limestone blocks runs on its architectural east-west axis. Walls of the plaza were constructed of cut stone, principally granite, laid in courses of varying width. The two broadest courses were carved in arcs closest to

1240-484: The term atrium is not usually used to describe Islamic architecture ). The 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the weather elements from the space and giving birth to the modern atrium. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to

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1280-493: The very center, contained a sculpture of the Lanzón , which is assumed to be a supreme deity of Chavín de Huántar. The figure is anthropomorphic, with a feline head and human body. Mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items have also been found. Many of these artifacts have an anthropomorphic design or decoration and are thought to be associated with Chavín rituals. The "New Temple", constructed between 500 and 200 BC,

1320-454: The village was continuously occupied through the 1940s. The Chavín civilization was centered on the site of Chavín de Huántar, the religious center of the Chavín people and the political capital. The temple is a massive flat-topped pyramid surrounded by lower platforms. It is a U-shaped plaza with a sunken circular court in the center. The inside of the temple walls are decorated with sculptures and carvings. During its heyday, Chavín de Huántar

1360-408: The water cistern fed by water seeping through the porous bottom of the overlying impluvium. The atrium contributed to the passive cooling of the house. The term was also used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards, larger versions of the domestic spaces. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space (as are many mosques , though

1400-432: The western staircase and in two pairs of terminal stones flanking the eastern staircase. The "Old Temple", dating from the site's early history, was an inward-facing structure composed primarily of passageways built around a circular courtyard. The structure contained obelisks and stone monuments with relief carvings depicting jaguars , caimans , and other forms with anthropomorphic features. The Lanzón Gallery, located at

1440-400: Was eaten by almost all the inhabitants in the area. Those who lived in the western half of the town ate younger and more delectable animals as opposed to the eastern side of town, whose residents ate lower-quality meat. These clear examples of social hierarchies show the differences between the people inside of town and those who lived in rural areas. While these social differences can be seen it

1480-450: Was found in a wide variety of forms, including bottles and bowls, decorated with a wider range of distinctive elements. In Chavin de Huantar the surrounding city and rural areas around the ceremonial centers show social inequalities. More gold jewelry, well-made ceramics, and higher-quality meals are available in the town east of the temple than in the village to the west. Investigations done by archaeologists show that people on both sides of

1520-422: Was the most lavishly furnished room. Wealthier houses often included a marble cartibulum , an oblong marble table supported by trapezophoros pedestals depicting mythological creatures like winged griffins. Also, it contained the little chapel to the ancestral spirits ( lararium ), the household safe ( arca ) and sometimes a bust of the master of the house. The cylindrical puteal (a wellhead) gave access to

1560-452: Was thought to have been a meeting place of natural and cosmic forces. The area is known to have natural hot springs and an awe-inspiring view of the Wantsan peak, both of which may have added to the religious significance of the site. Archaeologists continue to debate about the likely religious practices during the peak period at Chavín de Huántar. In the 1970s Peruvian Luis Lumbreras visited

1600-629: Was used as a religious center for ceremonies and events, perhaps a home for an oracle. The site contains a number of major structures, including Temples A, B, C and D, and areas and buildings designated as the Major Plaza, the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple and New Temple. But the latter two designations are no longer accurate in light of recent research advances. Chavín de Huántar was constructed over many stages starting prior to 1200 BC, with most major construction over by 750 BC. The site continued in use as

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