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89-584: Comox ( English: / ˈ k oʊ m ɒ k s / ) is a town on the southern coast of the Comox Peninsula in the Strait of Georgia on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island , British Columbia . Thousands of years ago, the warm dry summers, mild winters, fertile soil, and abundant sea life attracted First Nations , who called the area kw'umuxws ( Kwakʼwala , the adopted language of the Kʼómoks , for plentiful ). When

178-466: A clear central area. Many are known from Japan and the southeastern United States, and at least one from South America. The word is of Scandinavian via Middle English derivation (from early Scandinavian; Danish: mødding , Swedish regional: mödding ). The word "midden" is still in everyday use in Scotland and has come by extension to refer to anything that is a mess, a muddle, or chaos. The word

267-573: A consortium of local businessmen to buy up Robb's property. Some was set aside for a new golf course, of which d'Esterre was a director, while the rest was sold off in lots. d'Esterre had been born in 1884 in Bermuda, and had family ties to the de Beers diamond and gold mines in South Africa. He became a local man of mystery—rumour had it that he had been a friend of the Crown Prince . Whenever ships of

356-421: A distant location. Some shell middens are directly associated with villages, as a designated village dump site. In other middens, the material is directly associated with a house in the village. Each household would dump its garbage directly outside the house. In all cases, shell middens are extremely complex and very difficult to excavate fully and exactly. The fact that they contain a detailed record of what food

445-538: A few other lots, notably for a butcher shop and the local courthouse and jail. In 1880, Rodello's store beside the wharf burned to the ground, but he rebuilt, and the new store was reopened in 1882. In 1886, St. John the Baptist Catholic Church was built, but had to be rebuilt two years later when trees uprooted by a violent storm landed on it. In 1884, the provincial government passed the Land Act, which abolished

534-783: A few tens of metres long are claimed to be middens, but are in fact shell cheniers (beach ridges) re-worked by nest mound-building birds. Some shell middens are regarded as sacred sites, linked to the Dreamtime , such as those of the Anbarra group of the Burarra people of Arnhem Land . The Ohlone and Coast Miwok peoples built over 425 shell mounds in the San Francisco Bay Area. These mounds were used as: The mounds were constructed over thousands of years. They were often discovered by accident during construction, mining, or farming. Some of

623-568: A handful of individuals, others are many metres in length and width and represent centuries of shell deposition. In Brazil , they are known as sambaquis , having been created over a long period between the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of European colonisation. European shell middens are primarily found along the Atlantic seaboard and in Denmark and primarily date to the 5th millennium BCE ( Ertebølle and Early Funnel Beaker cultures), containing

712-543: A joint use military-civilian airfield with scheduled passenger airline flights primarily to Vancouver , Calgary and Edmonton as well as to other regional destinations in British Columbia. In 1952, Highway 1 was rebuilt and paved, becoming Highway 19 . Steam-powered logging equipment was phased out in the 1950s, replaced by new gas- and diesel-powered machines, but in the 1960s, all the accessible first growth forests had been logged out. In 1954, HMCS Naden (III)

801-455: A journey up the coast of Vancouver Island aboard SS Beaver , and recognized the area's agricultural potential. In 1861, Lieutenant Richard Mayne of the Royal Navy visited the area and wrote of the rich agricultural prospects of the area, saying it had taken him a day and a half to walk on the land "through which a plough might be driven from end to end". That same year Governor Douglas issued

890-592: A land and settlement proclamation for the Koumox Valley, intending to divert new settlers away from the Victoria area as well as from the newly discovered Cariboo gold fields . He offered land in the valley for $ 1 per acre and free transportation to the area. Although some unofficial settlers had arrived in previous years, the first government-approved settlers arrived in 1862 aboard HMS  Grappler . Scottish immigrant James Robb, age 44, and his son William realized that

979-513: A local magistrate that a group of Eucletaw ( Laich-kwil-tach ) from Cape Mudge had moved to the area and were camped on a Kʼómoks potato patch; Cave demanded that they be removed from the area, due to alleged thefts of potatoes and friction with the Kʼómoks people. James Robb, who did not get along with Cave, disagreed. The argument grew so vociferous that a small British naval squadron— HMS  Sutlej , HMS  Elias and HMS  Sparrowhawk —under

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1068-402: A lot be purchased from James Robb close to where a wharf would likely be built, but he was ignored by his superiors. Six years later, the provincial government provided a grant of $ 3,337 to build a wharf at The Landing, consisting of a pier 315 m (1,033 ft) long with a 15 m (49 ft) wharf head. This allowed passengers and supplies to be offloaded directly from large ships without

1157-482: A mean depth of 156 m (512 ft) and average surface area of 6,800 km (2,600 sq mi). The Ballenas Basin in the centre of the strait reaches a maximum depth of 420 m (1,380 ft) approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Nanaimo . The Fraser River accounts for roughly 80 percent of the freshwater entering the strait. Water circulates in the strait in a generally counterclockwise direction. The strait contains several major islands,

1246-525: A true village had not yet developed. In 1876, the Royal Navy , desiring a permanent presence in the area, built a naval base on the Goose Spit despite the presence of the Kʼómoks burial grounds. The following year, Joseph Rodello expanded his business presence by building the Elk Hotel on the opposite side of the road from his store, thus owning the first two businesses that visitors encountered as they stepped off

1335-495: Is an archaeological feature consisting mainly of mollusc shells. The Danish term køkkenmøddinger (plural) was first used by Japetus Steenstrup to describe shell heaps and continues to be used by some researchers. A midden, by definition, contains the debris of human activity, and should not be confused with wind- or tide-created beach mounds. Some shell middens are processing remains: areas where aquatic resources were processed directly after harvest and prior to use or storage in

1424-473: Is an old dump for domestic waste . It may consist of animal bones , human excrement , botanical material, mollusc shells , potsherds , lithics (especially debitage ), and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation. These features provide a useful resource for archaeologists who wish to study the diets and habits of past societies. Middens with damp, anaerobic conditions can even preserve organic remains in deposits as

1513-527: Is examining a midden or a beach mound. There are good examples on the Freycinet Peninsula in Tasmania where wave action currently is combining charcoal from forest fire debris with a mix of shells into masses that storms deposit above high-water mark. Shell mounds near Weipa in far north Queensland that are mostly less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high (although ranging up to 10 metres (33 ft) high) and

1602-409: Is now used internationally. The English word "midden" (waste mound) derives from the same Old Norse word that produced the modern Danish one. Shell middens are found in coastal or lakeshore zones all over the world. Consisting mostly of mollusc shells, they are interpreted as being the waste products of meals eaten by nomadic groups or hunting parties. Some are small examples relating to meals had by

1691-497: Is the area's signature landmark. It is close (17 km [11 mi]) to Denman Island in the Strait of Georgia . Archaeological evidence suggests there was an active Coast Salish fishing settlement at Comox for at least 4,000 years. Due to its gentle climate, fertile soil and abundant sea life, the Laich-kwil-tach conquerors of the area, and of the Kʼómoks , called the area kw'umuxws (Li'kwala for plentiful ), which

1780-638: Is used by farmers in Britain to describe the place where farm yard manure from cows or other animals is collected. Grants are sometimes available to protect these from rain to avoid runoff and pollution . In the animal kingdom, some species establish ground burrows , also known as middens, that are used mostly for food storage. For example, the North American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) usually has one large active midden in each territory with perhaps an inactive or auxiliary midden. A midden may be

1869-640: The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) took over operations, and in addition to patrols over the Pacific, also used the base to train transport aircraft crews flying the Douglas Dakota . Following the end of the Second World War, the base was mothballed , and Comox returned to its former state as a small fishing village, with a population of less than 1,000. However, in 1952, due to Cold War tensions,

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1958-627: The Royal Navy visited the area, they always lowered their flags as they passed his house, a mark of respect accorded to him because—according to local rumour—d'Esterre had been involved in secret service activities during the Great War. d'Esterre sought to bring tourists to the area by advertising in Vancouver and Victoria newspapers, extolling the local abundance of "Tyee"— chinook salmon weighing more than 13.5 kg (30 lb)—and Comox quickly attracted affluent anglers and tourists. The Comox Golf Company

2047-584: The Strait of Juan de Fuca . In the north, Discovery Passage is the main channel connecting the Strait of Georgia to Johnstone Strait . The strait is a major navigation channel on the west coast of North America , owing to the presence of the port of Vancouver , and also due to its role as the southern entrance to the Intracoastal route known as the Inside Passage . The United States Geological Survey defines

2136-596: The Vancouver Foundation . When local residents discovered that the lodge was slated to be demolished and its grounds turned into a housing development, arrangements were made with the Comox town council to turn the lodge and grounds into a public park known as the Filberg Heritage Lodge and Park. In 1979, the first ski runs on Mount Washington Alpine Resort were built, bringing in new tourists. However, in 1982,

2225-645: The northwest coast of North America . Vancouver, in concert with the Spanish expedition, entered the Courtenay River estuary between the present-day locations of Courtenay and Comox and charted the shoreline of Comox. By the middle of the 19th century, European and American settlements had sprung up in the Vancouver area and on southern Vancouver Island . In 1837, the Hudson's Bay Company steamship Beaver began to search

2314-585: The Comox Valley taken in 1876 revealed that the local First Nations population had dwindled to only 88 Kʼómoks and 21 Pentlatch. In 1579, Francis Drake , on his circumnavigation of the globe in the Golden Hind , found a good port somewhere along the northwest coast of North America and stayed for several months while restocking supplies and trading with the inhabitants of the area. He named the region New Albion — Latin for "New Britain". Drake's detailed logs—and

2403-576: The Comox Valley to southern Vancouver Island. The first automobile owned by Walter Scott came to Comox in 1910 but at that time most of the roads were a hazard to navigate and most were primitive horse and buggy trails. Electricity arrived in nearby Courtenay in 1913 courtesy of a hydroelectric dam on the Puntledge River , but service was not extended to Comox until 1920. In 1914 the E&;N Railway arrived in nearby Courtenay, and daily mail service to and from

2492-464: The Comox Valley, starting in 1910 with telephone service. The same year, the Comox Logging and Railway Company was incorporated, and started moving steam-powered equipment to the area to exploit the stands of old growth Douglas fir lying between Comox and Campbell River. With sole access to these forests, the company quickly became the largest logging concern on Coastal British Columbia . Eventually

2581-602: The Filbergs were so entranced by it that they made it their full-time residence in 1935, and continued to add outbuildings and gardens on the grounds. In 1931, "C" Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment was formed and based in Comox. With the start of the Second World War in 1939, "C" Company was sent to England. After four years of training, they took part in the Canadian D-Day assault on Juno Beach , and ended

2670-456: The Georgia Strait inspired the name of Vancouver's alternative newspaper, The Georgia Straight , which has been published continuously since. Towns and cities on the strait include Campbell River , Courtenay , Comox , Qualicum Beach , Parksville , Lantzville , and Nanaimo on the western shore, as well as Powell River , Sechelt, Gibsons , and Greater Vancouver on the east. Across

2759-527: The Goose Spit at the request of the Royal Navy, which wanted to resume using it as a base. A new Comox school was built in 1927 to replace the one on Anderton Road, and the Little River and Knob Hill schools. The Comox 9 hole Golf Course opened as a private course in 1928 and later as a public course in 1934, a course which continues in use to this day. In 1929, R.J. ("Bob") Filberg, manager and superintendent of

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2848-654: The Gulf of Georgia included all the inland waters beyond the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Puget Sound , Bellingham Bay , the waters around the San Juan Islands , as well as the Strait of Georgia. First Nations communities have surrounded the Strait of Georgia for thousands of years. The first European exploration of the area was undertaken by Captain Jose Maria Narvaez and Pilot Juan Carrasco of Spain in 1791. At this time Francisco de Eliza gave

2937-602: The Koumax valley was informally named the Courtenay River by British sailors after their captain. In 1857, Captain George Richards of HMS  Plumper was tasked with undertaking a complete survey of the coastline of Vancouver Island, and was given authority to name local landmarks. When he arrived in the area, he confirmed the name as the Courtenay River. In 1853 Sir James Douglas , then governor of Vancouver Island , took

3026-458: The Lorne and Elk Hotels. Following the repeal of prohibition in British Columbia in 1921, both hotels were quickly reopened. That same year William Robb died, still the owner of unsold lots of as-yet undeveloped land, as the population of the tiny village still hovered around 200. A newcomer to the area, Sidney "Dusty" d'Esterre, had already bought up Joseph Rodello's old Elk Hotel, and he now put together

3115-485: The Strait of Georgia region, causing the bottom of Deep Bay to sink between 3 and 26 m (9.8 and 85.3 ft). The two busiest routes of the BC Ferries system cross the strait, between Tsawwassen (south of Vancouver) and Swartz Bay (near Victoria ) and between Horseshoe Bay (north of Vancouver) and Nanaimo . The Strait of Georgia is known as a premier scuba diving and whale watching location. In 1967,

3204-612: The Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Strait of Juan de Fuca, but instead as a collective term for all three. The British Columbia Geographical Names Office passed a resolution recommending that the name only be adopted by the Geographical Names Board of Canada should its US counterpart approve the name change. The United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name on November 12, 2009 and Canada approved it in 2010. [REDACTED] Media related to Strait of Georgia at Wikimedia Commons Midden A midden

3293-583: The advent of the First World War I in 1914, many local men wished to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force but had to travel out of the Valley in order to enlist. In response, the local 102nd Battalion was formed on November 5, 1915, drawing recruits from across northern British Columbia and eventually reaching a total strength of 3,863. Their training camp was at the Goose Spit, and through one of

3382-465: The area in the 21st century, which has resulted in a high rate of growth and a sharp increase in the median age of residents. Comox town is in the Comox Valley , along with several other communities, including Courtenay , Cumberland , and the unincorporated hamlets of Royston , Union Bay , Fanny Bay , Black Creek and Merville . The nearby Comox Glacier is visible from many parts of the town and

3471-534: The area was opened for settlement in the mid-19th century, it quickly attracted farmers, a lumber industry and a fishing industry. For over fifty years, the village remained isolated from the outside world other than by ship until roads and a railway were built into the area during the First World War . The installation of an air force base near the village during the Second World War brought new prosperity to

3560-607: The area, and in recent years, Comox attracts tourists for its fishing; local wildlife; year-round golf; and proximity to the Mount Washington ski area , the Forbidden Plateau , and Strathcona Provincial Park . The town is also home to a Royal Canadian Air Force base CFB Comox , an airport for military and commercial airline use and the Sea Cadet training facility HMCS Quadra . The mild climate has attracted many retirees to

3649-559: The base was re-activated and has been in continuous operation since then as CFB Comox (YQQ). The airfield was extended to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and an extensive modernization program began in 1954. A civilian terminal was added to the airfield in 1956 run by Transport Canada until 1996 when the management of the civilian terminal was taken over by the Comox Valley Airport Commission, a management arrangement that continues today. The Comox Valley Airport continues to be

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3738-660: The border in the United States , Bellingham, Washington and other communities also lie on the eastern shore. Other settlements on Vancouver Island (such as Duncan ) and the mainland are separated from Georgia Strait itself by islands and lesser straits but are often spoken of as being in the Strait of Georgia region. BC Ferries operates ferry services connecting Vancouver Island with the mainland. Notable lines include Duke Point - Tsawwassen , Departure Bay - Horseshoe Bay , and Little River - Westview . Minor ferry operators and water taxis provide service to minor islands dotting

3827-439: The burgeoning development in the village to a crawl. In 1972, the old Elk Hotel at the foot of Wharf Road, now used as a dance hall, was destroyed by fire. Shortly afterwards, James Robb's 90-year-old pier at the end of Wharf Road was demolished, and landfill was used to create a sheltering seawall for fishing vessels, as well as a marina for recreational craft. In 1977, former lumber giant Bob Filberg died and bequeathed his lodge to

3916-603: The closing days of the 1916 Somme campaign. From that time, they were involved in every major action by the Canadian Corps , resulting in a 62% casualty rate. Soldiers of the battalion were Mentioned in Dispatches twenty-six times, and were awarded one Victoria Cross , five Distinguished Service Medals , and two hundred and twenty-seven Military Crosses or Military Medals . During the Great War, prohibition in Canada closed down

4005-535: The coast and are several meters deep. The midden in Namu, British Columbia is over 9 metres (30 ft) deep and spans over 10,000 years of continuous occupation. Shell middens created in coastal regions of Australia by Indigenous Australians exist in Australia today. Middens provide evidence of prior occupation and are generally protected from mining and other developments. One must exercise caution in deciding whether one

4094-557: The coldest and snowiest winters in memory, shelter and clothing proved to be totally inadequate. Ironically, these trials better prepared the soldiers for the ordeals of trench warfare . On June 10, 1916, the men embarked on SS Princess Charlotte for their long journey to Europe. Ten days later in Halifax, they were transferred to RMS  Empress of Britain for the voyage to England. They arrived in France on August 12, in time to participate in

4183-505: The command of Rear-Admiral John Kingcome was dispatched to the area to sort out the problem. The rear-admiral listened to all sides of the argument, then commended Cave for his letter, advised that Robb's conduct should be investigated, and returned the Eucletaw to Cape Mudge. By 1876, the Kʼómoks and Pentledge had been moved onto two reservations: Comox Indian Reserve No. 1 adjacent to the village of Comox, and Pentledge Indian Reserve No. 2 at

4272-465: The company had 450 employees who used six huge steam-powered logging machines, a dozen locomotives, and hundreds of miles of train track to move billions of board feet of logs down to the coast, where the timber was boomed and towed to the largest sawmilling operation in the British Empire at New Westminster. Also in 1910, the road from Nanaimo promised almost 60 years before was finally built, linking

4361-537: The confluence of the Puntledge and Tsolum rivers adjacent to the village of Courtenay. A third area of four to five hectares (ten to twelve acres), Graveyard Indian Reserve #3 on the Goose Spit, was also allocated in recognition of the historic burial grounds there. The old Hudson's Bay post had been built up on a hill overlooking the bay. In 1868, Adam Grant Horne , the manager of the Hudson's Bay Company post, recommended that

4450-416: The day more than 10 km (6.2 mi) inland, the furthest advance of any Allied unit. In 1940, the Royal Navy built a training facility on the Goose Spit and called it HMCS Naden (III). In 1941, Highway 1 , built over the original road from Nanaimo, became the first provincial highway into the Comox Valley. Although only a rough gravel road that meandered along the coast, it was an improvement over

4539-514: The debris of daily life are tossed on the pile. Each individual toss will contribute a different mix of materials depending upon the activity associated with that particular toss. During the course of deposition sedimentary material is deposited as well. Different mechanisms, from wind and water to animal digs, create a matrix which can also be analysed to provide seasonal and climatic information. In some middens individual dumps of material can be discerned and analysed. A shell midden or shell mound

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4628-576: The east coast of Vancouver Island, in the area of present-day Campbell River , including Quadra Island and several other Gulf Islands . At the fishing village located at present-day Comox, the Pentlatch set out elaborate fishing weirs—nets on tidal flats tied to wooden stakes that would be covered at high tide but uncovered at low tide, allowing trapped fish to be removed. These wooden stakes can still be seen at low tide—local archaeologist Nancy Greene has estimated that up to 200,000 wooden stakes remain in

4717-518: The exact location of Nova Albion— were later lost in a 17th-century fire, but some historians believe Drake made a landing at Comox. In 1791, a Spanish expedition led by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores produced a crude chart of the Strait of Georgia and possibly visited Comox. Captain George Vancouver arrived the following year, tasked by the British government with charting

4806-592: The first archaeological excavations of the Omori Shell Mounds in Tokyo, Japan in 1877, which led to the discovery of a style of pottery described as "cord-marked", translated as " Jōmon ", which came to be used to refer to the early period of Japanese history when this style of pottery was produced. Shell middens were studied in Denmark in the latter half of the 19th century. The Danish word køkkenmødding (kitchen mound)

4895-412: The first two years ago." By this time, as Robb had foreseen, supplies for the settlers had to be landed on his property, which became known as "The Landing", or formally "Port Augusta", named by the settlers after a member of the British royal family. James Robb by this time had also set up a prosperous farm, although he and his son spent a lot of time clearing land of timber in the hopes of selling it by

4984-461: The giant Comox Logging and Railway Company, and his wife Florence commissioned master builder William Haggarty to build a rustic summer lodge on top of a part of the Great Comox Midden on the shores of Comox Bay. The resulting structure incorporated local stone and timber, as well as a native petroglyph and British naval cannonballs . Although the lodge was intended only as a summer residence,

5073-574: The laid-off employees founded the Comox Valley Echo the following year. Strait of Georgia Archipelagos and narrow channels mark each end of the Strait of Georgia, the Gulf Islands and San Juan Islands in the south, and the Discovery Islands in the north. The main channels to the south are Boundary Pass , Haro Strait and Rosario Strait , which connect the Strait of Georgia to

5162-454: The largest by far being Texada Island at 300.45 km (116.00 sq mi). Other major islands include Nelson Island , Denman Island , Lasqueti Island , and Hornby Island . The term "Gulf of Georgia" includes waters other than the Georgia Strait proper, such as the inter-insular straits and channels of the Gulf Islands , and may refer to communities on the shore of southern Vancouver Island. As defined by George Vancouver in 1792,

5251-624: The largest mounds in the Bay Area include: Emeryville Shellmound Located between Oakland and Berkeley, this mound was estimated to be 60 feet high and 350 feet in diameter. It was demolished in 1924. Huichuin Located in Berkeley, this mound was 20 feet high and was the site of the first human settlement on the shores of San Francisco Bay. West Berkeley and Ellis Landing These mounds measured almost 200 meters in diameter and rose 9 meters above

5340-544: The local economy suffered when 409 Squadron was transferred to CFB Cold Lake in Alberta, resulting in sizeable transfer of personnel and their families, and a resultant loss of service industry jobs. This, coupled with the recession of the 1980s, resulted in a decrease in land values as families moved out of the town. The number of homes sold annually dropped from 420 to 150. In 1983, naturalist Hamilton Mack Laing died, and left his house Shakesides and his undeveloped land along

5429-488: The local residents, abruptly changed the name of the village, the valley and the bay from Augusta to Comox. Two years later, a telegraph office opened in the renamed village, providing an instantaneous link to the outside world. In 1898, J.B. Holmes built the Port Augusta Hotel, which would also act as a store and even a church in the coming years. In the early years of the 20th century, technology began to arrive in

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5518-418: The lot. The Hudson's Bay Company and the British Admiralty promised the settlers that there would be regular mail service to the area via steamship, and Governor Douglas committed to building a road from Nanaimo . However, it quickly became clear that a wagon road would be too expensive; a bridle path with some bridges was built instead. Flooding and tree falls made maintenance of this path impractical, and

5607-422: The mud flats. Several of these wooden stakes were carbon dated , revealing the oldest to be made from a hemlock tree c.750 CE, while the youngest dated from around 1830. Some scientists estimate that the weirs could have supported a population of several thousand people. The Pentlatch also harvested the abundant shellfish in Comox Bay. Centuries of discarded shells resulted in a deep strata of shell fragments along

5696-405: The name had a different definition, combining of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound as well as the Strait of Georgia and related waters under the name Salish Sea. This latter definition was made official in 2009 by geographic boards of Canada and the United States. In October 2009, the Washington state Board of Geographic Names approved the Salish Sea toponym, not to replace the names of

5785-423: The nascent conservation movement over the next 50 years, with hundreds of articles published in almost every birding and nature magazine in North America. He purchased land along the shoreline of Comox Bay, built a house he called Baybrook, and established a 900-tree nut farm. When his wife died in 1946, he sold Baybrook and had a second house built, which he called Shakesides. In 1924, the army abandoned its base on

5874-455: The need for smaller boats of shallow draught. An Italian immigrant named Joseph Rodello shrewdly bought from James Robb the two lots on the shore immediately to either side of the wharf, and quickly built a store beside the end of the wharf so that his supplies arriving by packet steamer would not have to be dragged up the hill into town. By 1871, the census counted 102 inhabitants in the area of The Landing, mostly single men, an indication that

5963-427: The onerous requirement for settlers to improve the land that they had purchased. Land became more valuable, and the asking price for James Robb's town lots rose to $ 300. In 1888, mines opened at the nearby village of Cumberland to harvest the rich seams of coal. When executive of the mines sought to buy up James Robb's Landing in order to make it a railhead for coal from the mines, they balked when he insisted his farm

6052-411: The outside world, now delivered by rail rather than ship, became quick and reliable. The influx of loggers and the attendant injuries clearly required a hospital, and in 1914, four nursing sisters from the order of St. Joseph in Toronto arrived to staff the new St. Joseph's Hospital, originally a re-purposed house with room for only ten patients, although it expanded rapidly in the following years. With

6141-418: The previous road, and also connected Comox with Campbell River to the north. In 1942, following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the Royal Air Force (RAF) sought to set up a base on Vancouver Island from which air patrols could guard against Japanese incursions. Due to its many days of good flying conditions year round, Comox was chosen as the site, and RAF Station Comox was quickly built. The following year,

6230-546: The remains of the earliest Neolithisation process (pottery, cereals and domestic animals). Younger shell middens are found in Latvia (associated with Comb Ware ceramics), Sweden (associated with Pitted Ware ceramics), the Netherlands (associated with Corded Ware ceramics) and Schleswig-Holstein ( Late Neolithic and Iron Age ). All these are examples where communities practised a mixed farming and hunting/gathering economy. On Canada 's west coast, there are shell middens that run for more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) along

6319-430: The road leading up the hill from the wharf. By coincidence, Joseph Rodello, buyer of the first two town lots from Robb, and in later years "a thorn in Robb's side", also died at the same time. Rivals in life, both men shared a combined obituary in the local newspaper. In 1891, the Comox District Free Press —affectionately known as "the Yellow Paper"—began publishing. In 1893, the provincial government, without consulting

6408-526: The shore of Comox Bay to the town on the condition that the land be left in its natural state. The result was the Mack Laing Nature Park, with a trail that runs from the last untouched section of the Great Comox Midden up through 3 ha (7.4 acres) of second-growth forest. In 1991, the local economy was given a boost when 414 Composite Squadron was assigned to CFB Comox. Retirees from other walks of life also began to move to Comox. Although farming

6497-534: The shore of the bay, with the idea of clearing the land, building a dock and then selling town lots for the village that would inevitably spring up at the site. Two years later, Frederick Whymper , a member of the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition , visited Robb's land, and wrote, "Here Mr. Robb with laudable faith in the country has preempted land though the site is principally bush: when he could have got good prairie land as he came among

6586-550: The shoreline along the former Kʼómoks fishing village and the Great Comox Midden was sheltered from the prevailing south east winds by the sandy hook of the Goose Spit, and would be the only place between the Courtenay River and the Spit suitable for landing supplies. Rather than claiming lots on the relatively flat and untreed "prairies" along the east side of the Courtenay River like the other settlers, Robb and his son preempted 106 ha (262 acres) of steep and heavily forested land along

6675-587: The shoreline of present-day Comox now known as the Great Comox Midden . By the 19th century, the Kʼómoks had been driven out of their lands by a particularly fierce group of Kwakwakaʼwakw , the Laich-kwil-tach , who raided other villages to capture slaves. The Kʼómoks migrated south to present-day Comox, where they allied with the resident Pentlatch against their common enemy. In 1862, a smallpox epidemic swept across Vancouver Island, killing an estimated 30% of First Nations people. A census of First Nations in

6764-661: The shoreline. Shell mounds are also credited with the creation of tropical hardwood hammocks , one example being the Otter Mound Preserve in Florida , where shell deposits from Calusa natives provided flood free high areas in otherwise large watered areas. There are instances in which shell middens may have doubled as areas of ceremonial construction or ritual significance. The Woodland period Crystal River site provides an example of this phenomenon. Some shell mounds, known as shell rings , are circular or open arcs with

6853-468: The south and east coasts of Vancouver Island for suitable locations for new trading posts , and subsequently set up a post in the area, calling it "Komoux". HMS  Constance , commanded by Captain Courtenay, was a frequent visitor to the area, and was one of the first ships to use Augusta Bay and a long sandy hook-shaped spit (now "the Goose Spit") for gunnery practice. In 1848, the river flowing through

6942-423: The southern boundary of the Strait of Georgia as a line running from East Point on Saturna Island to Patos Island , Sucia Island , and Matia Island , then to Point Midgley on Lummi Island . This line touches the northern edges of Rosario Strait , which leads south to the Strait of Juan de Fuca , and Boundary Pass , which leads south to Haro Strait and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The Strait of Georgia has

7031-498: The sport fishing, golf and the newly opened ski resorts on Forbidden Plateau . The population of the village actually decreased in the years between the First and Second World Wars. In 1922, ornithologist and naturalist Hamilton Mack Laing moved to Comox, having been encouraged to visit by his friend Allan Brooks . Laing, who counted ornithologists Percy A. Taverner and Allan Brooks among his friends, would become an influential voice in

7120-444: The strait the name "Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera." In 1792, it was renamed for King George III as the "Gulf of Georgia" by George Vancouver of Great Britain , during his extensive expedition along the west coast of North America . Vancouver designated the mainland in this region as New Georgia and areas farther north as New Hanover and New Bremen. The June 23, 1946, Vancouver Island earthquake shocked

7209-485: The strait. In March 2008, the Chemainus First Nation proposed renaming the strait the " Salish Sea ", an idea that reportedly met with approval by B.C.'s Aboriginal Relations Minister Mike de Jong , who pledged to put it before the B.C. cabinet for discussion. Making the name "Salish Sea" official required a formal application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada . A parallel American movement promoting

7298-540: The trail was soon abandoned. Supplies and mail continued to arrive by ship, but service was irregular, and delivery was measured in months rather than weeks. A narrow trail was soon built to connect The Landing with the nearby settlers on the Courtenay River, and by 1860, this had been widened enough that an ox cart could pass. In 1864, seams of high quality coal were discovered in nearby foothills, but it would be two decades before mining would begin. In 1865, Reverend J. Cave Brown Cave, an Anglican missionary, complained to

7387-571: The wharf. The first school was built on Anderton Road in 1877. It was a one-room school for grades 1 to 8 As the Hudson's Bay factor Adam Grant Horne had predicted a decade earlier, his trading post was too far away from the wharf to be profitable, and in 1878, it was closed. That same year, John Fitzpatrick bought a lot from James Robb and built the Lorne Hotel, named after the Marquis of Lorne , then Governor General of Canada . Robb also managed to sell

7476-419: Was converted to a cadet training base and was renamed HMCS Quadra in 1956. By 1967, the influx of military personnel had driven the town population up to 2,500, aided by the fact that some air force personnel assigned to the base chose to return to the area permanently following retirement. However, in the 1970s, the provincial government declared most of the valley to be an agricultural land reserve, slowing

7565-485: Was eaten or processed and many fragments of stone tools and household goods makes them invaluable objects of archaeological study. Shells have a high calcium carbonate content, which tends to make the middens alkaline . This slows the normal rate of decay caused by soil acidity, leaving a relatively high proportion of organic material (food remnants, organic tools, clothing, human remains) available for archaeologists to find. Edward Sylvester Morse conducted one of

7654-629: Was eventually anglicized to Komoux and then to Comox . At the time of first contact with Europeans, the Pentlatch Nation, who spoke the Island Comox dialect of the Comox Coast Salish language , occupied the shores of present-day Comox Bay (The last speaker of the Island Comox dialect died in 1995). Another Island Comox speaking Nation, the Kʼómoks, occupied settlements further north along

7743-423: Was formed in 1922 and d'Esterre had an idea that began tourism in the area. He advertised Comox area tennis courts, golf, boating, swimming, hunting and fishing as well as a new dining room and electric lights which had the effect of adding Comox as a holiday destination spot. However, while Courtenay and Cumberland were booming with economic activity, Comox remained a sleepy village visited by rich tourists drawn by

7832-668: Was on the wane in the Valley, property values began to rise as land in the town was developed for the new residents. In 1987 the Comox Valley Record started publishing in competition with the Comox District Free Press . Two years later the Free Press was purchased by the Thomson Corporation , and when employees went on strike in 1994, the new owners closed the paper down rather than accede to their demands. Many of

7921-471: Was worth $ 80,000. Instead, they built a wharf on the other side of Augusta Bay at the village of Union Bay. The influx of miners and shipping largely bypassed Port Augusta. In 1889, James Robb died, his ambitious vision unrealized. After years of back-breaking labour clearing land for town lots, Robb and his son had only sold a few lots in Port Augusta at the time of his death, mainly for businesses located on

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