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77-599: CFSC worked with The California Food and Justice Coalition, supported a national Farm to School and Farm to College network, and advocated for sustainable and equitable national food policies in Washington, DC. Members of the coalition were involved in a number of committees that focus on various aspects of community food security work such as food retail, food and faith, international links, and urban agriculture . The coalition supported community food projects by advocating for and providing assistance to groups receiving or applying to

154-499: A 300 square meter urban farm built in 2020 was seen as a key player in the city's resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic. Fishermen based in Cebu initiated a hybrid farm to table scheme, connecting isolated farming communities to both national and international markets. In Singapore , hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming ) are appearing. The goal behind these

231-420: A citizen-owned electric light plant and became a national spokesman for municipal ownership and public regulation of utilities and street railways. When the nationwide Panic of 1893 caused a severe depression, Pingree gained support by opening empty lots to garden farming launching Pingree's "Potato Patch Plan", initially financed by Pingree, who sold his prize horse to pay for the farming tools and seeds. Pingree

308-462: A competing municipally owned company, but was barred from creating a railway by the Michigan Constitution . When the company sought a thirty-year contract with the city, Pingree opposed it, leading a major shareholder, James McMillan , to express vehement disapproval. During the severe nationwide depression of 1893 , Pingree expanded the public welfare programs, initiated public works for

385-448: A multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented. These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation. Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because they fit within

462-420: A multitude of other uses. Much attention has been placed on the practice of urban agriculture in connection to food movements such as alternative food networks , sustainable food networks , and local food movements. Alternative food networks seek to redefine food production, distribution, and consumption by considering the sociocultural elements of local communities and economies. Sustainable food networks are

539-499: A platform of exposing and ending corruption in city paving contracts, sewer contracts, and the school board. He soon turned to fighting privately owned utility monopolies. He challenged the electric and gas monopolies through municipally owned competitors. His largest struggle, however, was with Tom L. Johnson , president of the Detroit City Railway , over lowering streetcar fares to three cents. Pingree again attempted to create

616-569: A purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. Public and government support for Victory Gardens waned during the Interwar Period, with most American sites becoming repurposed for various economic development initiatives. By World War II,

693-539: A related concept, but focus more on ecological concerns. Local food networks focus more on the political responses to globalization or concerns with the environmental impacts of industrialized food transportation. There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas . Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types. According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $ 1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold." In Europe,

770-641: A shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, food security , nutrition , and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing food miles , leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions , thereby contributing to climate change mitigation . Some of

847-727: A soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting. Artificial lighting , often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for photosynthesis , resulting in healthy and abundant harvests. The ultimate goal of developments includes providing superior agricultural products that meet urban consumers' safety requirements. The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as: An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to

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924-462: A whole became seen as blighted, decaying areas. Some American cities, such as Syracuse, NY once more supported urban agriculture programs, not for food security but to make these vacant lots more appealing . Social and environmental justice groups, such as New York City based Green Guerillas , Seattle-based P-Patch , Boston-based Urban Gardeners, and Philadelphia-based Philadelphia Green , continued to shape American urban agricultural practices during

1001-431: A year. It was the second biggest shoe manufacturer in the U.S. In March 1887, a fire destroyed the entire plant, yet they were able to recover. In 1872, Pingree married Frances A. Gilbert of Mount Clemens, Michigan . They had three children – Joe, Hazel, and Gertrude, who died in 1894 of tuberculosis at age 19. Pingree had never been active in politics. As a citizen reformer he was elected mayor of Detroit in 1889 on

1078-648: Is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice , gender empowerment , ecological sustainability , indigenous sovereignty , and public participation in addition to promoting food access. For example, agroecology has been integral to social movements surrounding public demand for sustainably grown food free from pesticides and other chemicals. Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture alleviates much more than simply food insecurity by also encouraging discourse about all facets of community wellness from physical and mental health to community connectedness. It has

1155-537: Is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines aquaculture and hydroponics to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural fertilizer for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers , making it an eco-friendly and resource-efficient method of food production . The origins of aquaponics can be traced back to

1232-561: Is a method involves cultivating plants indoors, free from the constraints of traditional agriculture such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability. The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional farming methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative. In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like hydroponics , aeroponics , or aquaponics to cultivate plants. These systems provide

1309-560: Is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty . These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community. Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system , ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i.e. growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to

1386-601: Is exploring urban agriculture as a means of feeding its growing population; such as in Shanghai and the Megalopolis of the Pearl River Delta . Despite several widespread cultural, architectural, economic, governmental, and social challenges towards implementation, urban agriculture is noted as having numerous positive transformative effects for China ranging from local food security to national economic security. Aquaponics

1463-548: Is not safe to entrust the government of the country to the influence of Wall Street." Pingree did not run for reelection in 1900. In 1901, Pingree arrived in London, England, while returning from an African safari with his son. He was stricken with peritonitis and was unable to return to the U.S. King Edward VII , Pingree's famous look alike, even sent his own physicians to London's Grand Hotel to assist in Pingree's recovery. Pingree

1540-443: Is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally. The issue of food security

1617-563: Is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested. As Singapore imports 90+% of its food, urban agriculture is seen as essential to national security, a fact underscored during the Covid-19 pandemic. On the island of Taiwan , local city governments sometimes support urban agriculture as a means of sustainable ecology, such as Taipei's Garden City Initiative. Originally intended to be small-scale,

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1694-512: The Second Battle of Bull Run . The regiment he fought with was then ordered to defend Washington, D.C., until May 15, 1864, and then was sent to the front again. He fought with the Second Brigade of Tyler's Division, Second Corps , which participated in battles at Fredericksburg Road (May 18), Harris Farm (May 19), and Spotsylvania Court House (May 19–21). His regiment was then assigned to

1771-710: The 1970s. These groups - and many others - reinvigorated interest in urban agriculture, aimed not only at community development but also combating environmental crises. American urban agriculture initiatives during the 1980s built upon the previous decade's focus on community engagement. A natural evolution was sites of urban agriculture entering everyday community roles and consequently requiring more funding than grassroots movements could muster. The US government created an Urban Garden Program, which funded programs in twenty-eight cities who in turn produced roughly twenty-one million dollars of produce. Though some sites of urban agriculture were repurposed for other economic development,

1848-621: The American Forestry Association organized campaigns with patriotic messages such as "Sow the Seeds of Victory", with the aim of reducing domestic pressure on food production. In so doing, primary agricultural industries could focus on shipping rations to troops in Europe. So called victory gardens sprouted during World War One (emulated later during World War Two) in the US, as well as Canada &

1925-776: The Community Food Projects Competitive Grants Program. On August 6, 2012, the board announced that the organization would transfer projects to other organizations and close. This article about an organization in Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organization in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Urban agriculture Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating , processing, and distributing food in urban areas . The term also applies to

2002-481: The First World War that US urban agriculture spread widely. During World War One, food production became a major national security concern for several countries, including the US. President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation of food insecurity. The National War Garden Committee under

2079-610: The Second Corps, Third Division, in the Army of the Potomac and fought at North Anna (May 24–25) where he and some other men were captured by a detachment of John S. Mosby 's command. Pingree was confined in Confederate prisons at Gordonsville and Lynchburg, Virginia , and at Salisbury, North Carolina . He was then taken to Andersonville prison and, while General Sherman was on his march to

2156-470: The US fully embracing industrialized food systems. By the 1950s and 1960s, urban agriculture was more focused on grassroots initiatives spearheaded by politicized social movements, including the African-American Civil Rights . These groups benefited from a great number of vacant lots, left behind during a period of post-war urban to suburban migration . Despite these efforts, vacant lots as

2233-565: The United Kingdom. By 1919, American victory gardens numbered 5 million plots country-wide, and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested. So efficient were the American urban agriculture programs that surplus foodstuffs were shipped to war-ravaged European nations, in addition to American military forces. A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided

2310-489: The War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. Indeed, these new victory gardens became the "first line of defense for the country". Once more, the government supported and encouraged Victory Gardens as a means of national security: domestic pressure on major agricultural industries would be relieved to further augment

2387-520: The ancient Aztecs in Mexico , who practiced a form of this method by cultivating crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized aquaponics during the 1970s and 1980s. In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for

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2464-441: The area activities of animal husbandry , aquaculture , beekeeping , and horticulture in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture , which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs. Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, " foodies " and " locavores ", who seek to form social networks founded on

2541-840: The chain of food distribution . UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food. Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $ 200 and $ 500 (US, adjusted for inflation). Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. UA can have an overall positive impact on community health , which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being. Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction , which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Urban agriculture sites have been noted as lowering crime rates generally in local neighborhoods. Many gardens facilitate

2618-400: The city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas , that have people working with animals and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas. Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in

2695-609: The common schools in Maine . At the age of fourteen, he moved to Saco, Maine , where he worked at a cotton factory. Two years later, he moved to Hopkinton, Massachusetts , and worked several years as a cutter in a shoe factory. In 1862, Pingree enlisted in the Union Army to serve in the Civil War with the 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment (Company F). He fought on the front line during General Pope 's Northern Virginia Campaign and

2772-553: The community are core features. Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems . In contrast to the dominant model of agriculture, agroecology emphasizes the importance of soil health by fostering connections between the diverse biotic and abiotic factors present. It prioritizes farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems. Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge

2849-570: The concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism , racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice ." Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see ) Urban agriculture

2926-473: The country. Several notable initiatives and organizations include The Philippine Urban Agriculture Network (PUAN), Gawad Kalinga, and the federal government's Urban Agriculture Program. Quezon City , the most populous city in the country, began a "Joy of Farming" program in the 2010s, which to date has implemented 160+ urban farms in backyards, daycare centres, churches and communal spaces as well as purpose-built farm demonstrations. In Metro Manila 's Taguig ,

3003-440: The current scope of sustainable design . The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities. Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to engage with ecological citizenship actively. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals

3080-464: The daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis , many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and peri-urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of

3157-521: The direct election of U.S. senators; an eight-hour workday ; an income tax; primary elections; the power of "referendum", the abolition of child labor, and compulsory arbitration of labor disputes. Opposition from Democrats and business-oriented Republicans blocked most of his proposals. Pingree expressed the Progressive fear of corporate power, saying, "I do not condemn corporations and rich men", he said, "but I would keep them within their proper spheres. It

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3234-570: The early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity. In the context of the US, urban agriculture as a widely recognized practice took root in response of the 1893–1897 economic depression in Detroit. In 1894, Mayor Hazen S. Pingree called on outlying citizens of a depression-struck Detroit to lend their properties to the city government ahead of the winter season. The Detroit government would in turn develop these lots as makeshift potato gardens - nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after

3311-756: The early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by urbanization and the growing demand for sustainable food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture. In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as hydroponics or aeroponics , allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of artificial lighting and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout

3388-531: The economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs , as well as reducing food costs and improving quality. UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty , while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in

3465-504: The economic security and cultural preservation of immigrants, such as the Hmong American communities in various US states. Other groups incorporate urban agriculture programs as part of wider social justice missions, such as those in the city of Wilmington, Delaware. Still others seek to use urban agriculture as a means of combating community-scale food insecurity, as part of wider goals of rewilding cities and human diets, among

3542-406: The first evidence of urban agriculture comes from early Mesopotamian cultures. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In Persia 's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities. In Machu Picchu , water was conserved and reused as part of

3619-421: The form of private enterprises or government funding. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation: Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to

3696-634: The fourth-best mayor of a major American city to serve between the years 1820 and 1993. In 1896 Pingree was nominated as the GOP candidate for Governor of Michigan . He campaigned on a platform of pluralism, inviting the Germans and other ethnics to join a grand coalition that would bring prosperity to everyone, unlike the false prosperity promised by the silverites. He carried the state both for himself and Republican presidential candidate William McKinley . After taking office on January 1, 1897, he intended to also fill

3773-460: The improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride. Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people. Hazen S. Pingree Hazen Stuart Pingree (August 30, 1840 – June 18, 1901)

3850-479: The increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food. Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $ 115 million in annual economic leakage. Using

3927-594: The individual, household, and community. With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas. This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities. Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts . Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates

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4004-543: The last year of his term as mayor of Detroit, which would have lasted until elections in November 1897. However, his right to hold the two offices simultaneously was contested, and after the Michigan Supreme Court ruled against him, Pingree resigned as mayor. During his four years in office, Pingree promoted the regulation of railroad rates, equal taxation, and municipal ownership of public utilities. He also supported

4081-571: The mayor - as potatoes were weather resistant and easy to grow. He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship. The Detroit project was successful enough that other US cities adopted similar urban agriculture practices. By 1906, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that over 75,000 schools alone managed urban agriculture programs to provide children and their families with fresh produce. However, it would not be until

4158-540: The nation's first major statewide reappraisal of railroad and corporate property, with intent on implementing taxes. That led to a rational basis for railroad regulation and other trust busting ideas launched by the Republican Party. A survey of scholars in 1985 ranked Pingree as the third-best mayor in all of American history. Pingree was born in Denmark, Maine , to Jasper Pingree and Adeline (Bryant) Pingree and attended

4235-469: The old stock Yankee Republican base by making large inroads into the German and Canadian elements. He was reelected in 1891, 1893 and 1895. Warning repeatedly against the dangers of monopolistic corporations, he launched nationally visible crusades against Detroit's streetcar, gas, electric, and telephone companies. He successfully forced rate reductions that won him widespread popularity. He won public approval for

4312-498: The oldest continually farmed land in Victoria , farmed since 1838. In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm , followed by an even larger location in 2012. Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program. The Philippines has numerous urban farms and other types of UA sites throughout

4389-469: The opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community. It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need. A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch . The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in

4466-495: The overall trend of the 1980s was an expansion of the practice. The 1990s continued this growth of urban agriculture sites in the US, while also expanding their purposes. A result of this broadening was the division of urban agriculture practitioners based on motivations, organizational structure, and a host of other operational concerns. Throughout the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s, urban agriculture sites and usages of these sites have continued to grow. Groups managing some sites focus on

4543-578: The plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish tank, completing the sustainable loop. Vertical farming has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for densely populated urban areas with limited land availability. The concept of vertical farming dates back to

4620-431: The potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity. In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers. Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands

4697-400: The program was met with unanticipated enthusiasm, for example, 200+ schools were approved for its trial phase out of planned 22. While certain challenges exist towards implementation and management, the program covers multiple types of urban agricultural sites governed by a variety of independent actors and institutions. Like many countries experiencing rapid (urban) population growth, China

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4774-459: The renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States. Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds. The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as

4851-424: The rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste . In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in

4928-429: The sea, he was taken to Millen, Georgia , where he later escaped by pretending to be someone else during a roll call for a prisoner exchange in November 1864. Pingree rejoined his regiment, fought in many more battles, and was present at Appomattox Court House when Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865. A few months later, on August 15, his regiment was mustered out. Pingree was a cobbler by trade and, following

5005-417: The skills necessary to participate in a democratic society. Decisions must be made on a group-level basis to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when community residents are asked to take on more active roles in the farm. Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of

5082-645: The stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season. Elsewhere in the Americas, well-documented examples of pre-Columbian Amerindian urban agriculture include the Aztecs' lake-based chinampas which were crucial to population growth in Mexico Valley's cities; Cahokia 's maize-based economy in the Mississippi River near present-day St. Louis; and

5159-518: The term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms. Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm. Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden. Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens

5236-465: The thriving mesa agricultural plots of the cliff-based Pueblo cultures such as Mesa Verde of today's Four Corners region, among others. The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance. Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in

5313-504: The unemployed, built new schools, parks, and public baths. He gained national recognition through his "potato patch plan", which allowed poor people to use 430 acres (170 ha) of vacant city land for growing food. He was also an advocate of economist Henry George 's single tax . A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago saw Pingree ranked as

5390-630: The urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building. They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities. Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities . An early city farm

5467-423: The war economy. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time. In the post-war period, the US government gradually stopped assisting urban agriculture programs, partially due to the lack of need of war supplies and partially due to

5544-428: The war, moved to Detroit and briefly worked for Henry Porter Baldwin 's shoe company. In 1866, Pingree and his accountant, Charles H. Smith, purchased Baldwin's shoe-making machinery and formed the Pingree and Smith company. In 1883, Smith retired from the firm and J. B. Howarth and Pingree's son Joe joined the partnership. By 1886, it was a $ 1 million company with 700 employees turning out a half-million shoes and boots

5621-600: The world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as: All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times. Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about

5698-615: The year. Singapore stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of vertical farming showcases how innovative approaches to agriculture can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting sustainable food production . The obstacles that vertical farming must overcome include; training/indoor farming expertise, commercial feasibility and resistance from city people/politicians. Indoor farming

5775-478: Was a Republican, whose policies competed for support of the Populist Party voters and labor union members. He supported the gold standard in 1896, and worked to carry Michigan for William McKinley over silverite William Jennings Bryan in the intensely competitive 1896 U.S. presidential election. Pingree was on the ballot too, and was elected governor of Michigan. As governor, he succeeded in forcing passage of

5852-401: Was a four-term Republican mayor of Detroit (1889–1897) and the 24th governor of Michigan (1897–1901). A Yankee who migrated from New England, he was a successful Republican businessman turned politician. As a businessman turned politician, Pingree was elected mayor in 1889 after a colorful campaign in which Pingree revealed his tolerance by making a circuit of saloons. Pingree added to

5929-711: Was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town , London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF),

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