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16-410: The clique was founded by Tang Shaoyi but it was led by Liang Shiyi throughout most of its existence. They were instrumental in the rise of Yuan Shikai in the late Qing and early republican period . Because they were Yuan's biggest supporters of his attempt to restore the monarchy , their leaders were forced to flee the country when President Li Yuanhong ordered their arrest. In their absence,

32-469: A poem which admitted that the students had lived luxurious lives and become Americanized, but lamented the lost opportunity: Many of the students later returned to China and made significant contributions to China's civil services, engineering, and the sciences. Among the students who attended Natchaug School in Willimantic, Connecticut and MIT was Sung Mun Wai (宋文翙), who later became a Vice Admiral in

48-648: The Chinese Educational Mission . He was a member of Columbia College 's class of 1882 before being recalled back to China by the Qing government . Tong was a classmate and close friend of future Columbia president Nicholas Murray Butler . Tang was a friend of Yuan Shikai ; and during the Xinhai Revolution , negotiated on the latter's behalf in Shanghai with the revolutionaries' Wu Ting-fang , ending up with

64-540: The New Communications Clique (1916-1919) was formed by Cao Rulin . President Feng Guozhang vacated these arrest warrants in early 1918, allowing Liang and Zhou Ziqi to return. Within a few months, the old clique became powerful enough to run as a quasi-political party in the National Assembly on a platform of modernization. It was a distant second compared to Duan Qirui 's Anfu Club . Together with

80-663: The Research Clique , they used political maneuvering to deny Cao Kun the vice-presidency, Cao ended up blaming Duan for his loss. Cao Rulin's conduct during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference caused the May Fourth Movement which led to his downfall and the collapse of this rival "new" clique. Liang became premier in 1921 after Jin Yunpeng was forced to resign by Zhang Zuolin . Wu Peifu removed Liang from his month-long premiership because he suspected Liang gave concessions to

96-656: The " Extraordinary Presidency " in 1921; Tang resigned from his position. In 1924, he refused an offer to be foreign minister under warlord Duan Qirui 's provisional government in Beijing . In 1937, Tang bought a house on Route Ferguson in the Shanghai French Concession and retired there. The following year, the Japanese invaded and occupied Shanghai (though not yet the foreign concessions). Japanese general Kenji Doihara attempted to recruit Tang to become president of

112-847: The Chinese Educational Mission, which included 120 students, some under the age of ten, to study in the New England region of the United States beginning in 1872. The boys arrived in several detachments and lived with American families in Hartford, Connecticut and other New England towns. After graduating high school, the boys went on to college, especially at Yale. When a new supervisory official arrived, he found that they had adopted many American customs, such as playing baseball, and felt they were neglecting their Chinese heritage and becoming "denationalized". In addition, external pressures such as

128-664: The Japanese during the Washington Naval Conference , Liang denied the allegations. Zhang Zuolin opposed the removal and that sparked the First Zhili-Fengtian War . For a very brief period after the war, Zhou Ziqi was acting President of the Republic of China . Zhou left politics after complaining of Zhili Clique domination. The clique was dissolved during the Northern Expedition . What they once controlled

144-702: The US government's refusal in 1878 to permit students to attend the Military Academy at West Point and the Naval Academy at Annapolis in contravention of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 called the whole purpose of the mission, the acquisition of Western military expertise, into question. Due to internal and external pressures, the mission was ended in 1881. When the boys returned to China, they were confined and interrogated. The influential official Huang Zunxian wrote

160-657: The logistics of warlords that opposed them. In 1923, Wu Peifu attempted to wrest control of the Hankou-Beijing railway by inviting Communists to defect their workers but it succeeded too well and the Communists began agitating against Wu. He responded violently leading to 35 deaths and many injuries which only served to advertise the little-known and nascent Communist Party. Tang Shaoyi Tang Shaoyi ( Chinese : 唐紹儀 ; 2 January 1862 – 30 September 1938), also spelled Tong Shao Yi , courtesy name Shaochuan ( 少川 ),

176-412: The new pro-Japanese puppet government, and Tang was willing to negotiate with the Japanese. The Kuomintang 's intelligence agency Juntong learned about the negotiation, and its chief Dai Li ordered his assassination. On 30 September 1938, Tang was killed in his living room by a Juntong squad who pretended to be antique sellers. Tang Shaoyi's daughter Tang Baoyue (English name May Tang) was married to

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192-750: The prominent diplomat Koo Kyuin . She died in October 1918 during the Great Influenza Pandemic , after falling ill for only a week. Another daughter, Lora Tang was married to the well-known Singapore philanthropist Lee Seng Gee, former chairman of the Lee Foundation . Another daughter from his first wife, Isobel, was married to Henry K. Chang (Chang Chien), the Chinese Ambassador and Consul General at San Francisco (1929). Chinese Educational Mission The Chinese Educational Mission (1872–1881)

208-740: The recognition of Yuan as President of the Republic of China . He had been a diplomat with Yuan Shikai 's staff in Korea . In 1900, he was appointed head of the Shandong Bureau of Foreign Affairs under governor Yuan Shikai. Widely respected, he became the Republic's first Prime Minister in 1912, but quickly grew disillusioned with Yuan's lack of respect for the rule of law and resigned. He later took part in Sun Yat-sen 's government in Guangzhou . Tang Shaoyi opposed, on constitutional grounds, Sun's taking of

224-702: Was a Chinese statesman who briefly served as the first Premier of the Republic of China in 1912. In 1938, he was assassinated by the staff of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics in Shanghai . Tang was a native of Xiangshan County , Guangdong. Tang was educated in the United States, attending elementary school in Springfield , Massachusetts, and high school in Hartford , Connecticut. He later studied at Queen's College, Hong Kong , and then Columbia University in New York on

240-571: Was given to powerful Nationalist businessmen like T. V. Soong and H.H. Kung . The clique supported training programs and better working conditions for its rail workers. They even supported their strikes against local warlords . They were friendly to the Fengtian clique (half of the country's railroads were in Manchuria ) and hostile to the Anhui and Zhili cliques. Their control of the railways threatened

256-514: Was the pioneering but frustrated attempt by reform-minded officials of the Qing dynasty to let a group of 120 Chinese students educated in the United States. In 1871, Yung Wing , himself the first Chinese graduate of Yale University, persuaded the Chinese government to send supervised groups of young Chinese boys to the United States to study Western science and engineering. With the government's eventual approval, he organized what came to be known as

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