Misplaced Pages

#84915

88-632: China and the United States concluded the Burlingame–Seward Treaty in 1868 to expand upon the Treaty of Tianjin of 1858. The new treaty established some basic principles that aimed to ease immigration restrictions and represented a Chinese effort to limit foreign interference in internal Chinese affairs. On June 14, 1861, Lincoln appointed Anson Burlingame as minister to the Qing Empire . Burlingame

176-442: A currency manipulator on his first day in office. He pledged "swift, robust and unequivocal" action against Chinese piracy, counterfeit American goods, and the theft of American trade secrets and intellectual property. He also condemned China's "illegal export subsidies and lax labor and environmental standards." In January 2016, Trump proposed a 45% tariff on Chinese exports to the United States to give "American workers

264-468: A free content work. Licensed under Public Domain ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The Burlingame-Seward Treaty, 1868​ , United States Office of the Historian. Anson Burlingame Anson Burlingame (November 14, 1820 – February 23, 1870) was an American lawyer, Republican /American Party legislator, diplomat, and abolitionist . As diplomat, he served as

352-526: A Chinese state enterprise or entity. In April 2011, the 112th United States Congress banned NASA from using its funds to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities because of espionage concerns. Earlier in 2010, US Representative John Culberson , had urged President Barack Obama not to allow further contact between NASA and the China National Space Administration (CNSA). In November 2015, Donald Trump promised to designate China as

440-527: A French secretary, six students from Peking, and a considerable retinue, arrived in the United States in March 1868. Burlingame used his personal relations with the Republican administration to negotiate a relatively quick and favorable treaty. In a series of speeches across the country, he displayed eloquent oratory to advocate equal treatment of China and a welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants. On July 28, 1868,

528-565: A White House coronavirus briefing about his stance on testing and he told her to question China. The reporter responded to Trump by asking him why he singled her out by stating that she should question China, which led to an abrupt end to the briefing. On July 23, 2020, then- United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the end of what he called "blind engagement" with the Chinese government. He also criticized Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping as "a true believer in

616-489: A bankrupt totalitarian ideology." In December 2020, Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn tweeted that "China has a 5,000 year history of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change...", resulting in a backlash by Chinese-American civil rights activists, arguing that her tweet insulted people of Chinese descent. The COVID-19 pandemic was first reported in the city of Wuhan , Hubei, China, in December 2019, and as

704-482: A candidates' alleged support for free trade with China. Some of the stock images that accompanied ominous voiceovers about China were actually of Chinatown, San Francisco . In particular, an advertisement called "Chinese Professor", which portrays a 2030 conquest of the West by China, used local Asian American extras to play Chinese, but the actors were not informed of the nature of the shoot. Columnist Jeff Yang said that in

792-655: A clause permitting Chinese to become citizens, which was barred by American law. This treaty was the first equal treaty between China and a western power after the Opium War. Subsequently, Burlingame also negotiated treaties with Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and Prussia. He died suddenly at Saint Petersburg on February 23, 1870, while negotiating terms for a treaty with Russia. He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts . His son Edward L. Burlingame

880-451: A common argument in the exclusionary movement against Chinese Americans. In particular, even in his lone dissent against Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), then- Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan wrote of Chinese people as: "a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to

968-481: A fiery anti-slavery speech. He was subsequently brutally assaulted in the Senate chamber by Representative Preston Brooks (D- South Carolina ), who was hailed as a hero by the pro-slavery South. Shortly afterwards, Burlingame delivered what The New York Times referred to as "the most celebrated speech" of his career: a scathing denunciation of Brooks' assault on Sumner, branding him as "the vilest sort of coward" on

SECTION 10

#1732847728085

1056-454: A level playing field." When asked about potential Chinese retaliation to the implementation of tariffs, such as sales of US bonds , Trump judged such a scenario to be unlikely: "They won't crash our currency. They will crash their economy. That's what they are going to do if they start playing that." In a May 2016 speech, Trump responded to concerns regarding a potential trade war with China : "We're losing $ 500 billion in trade with China. Who

1144-458: A major geopolitical threat back in 2012 and 20 percentage points more likely compared in 2016. A report which was published by Stop AAPI Hate listed 43% of AAPI (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) individuals reporting incidents from 2020 to 2022 to be ethnically Chinese. A survey in 2021 found that 49% of AAPIs felt safe going out, 65% felt worried about the safety of family members and elders, 32% of parents were concerned their child would be

1232-506: A permit from the Board of Supervisors . The ordinance delegated the power to grant or withhold the permits upon the Board of Supervisors. At the time, about 95% of the city's 320 laundries were operated in wooden buildings. Approximately two-thirds of those laundries were owned by Chinese people. Although most of the city's wooden building laundry owners applied for a permit, only one permit was granted of

1320-547: A real past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party. However, for the vast majority of them, their potential to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliations were both tenuous. Among these victims were Chinese Americans, who are often viewed with suspicion of being affiliated with the CCP. The most notable example is that of the top Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen . Allegations were made that he

1408-498: A result, acts and displays of Sinophobia , have increasingly occurred, as well as incidents of prejudice , xenophobia , discrimination, violence , and racism against people of East Asian ancestry . According to a June 2020 Pew Research study, 58% of Asian Americans believe that racist views of them had increased since the pandemic. A study by the New York University College of Arts & Science found that there

1496-644: A scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders. Cases in which Chinese people were physically assaulted include the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles and the 1982 murder of Vincent Chin in Detroit. The 1909 murder of Elsie Sigel in New York, for which a Chinese person was suspected, was blamed on the entire Chinese community and led to physical violence. "The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed

1584-615: A specific nationality or ethnicity. Amendments introduced during the debate over the bill prohibited the naturalization of Chinese immigrants. After the initial ten-year ban in the Chinese Exclusion Act ended, Chinese exclusion was extended in 1892 by the Geary Act and then made permanent in 1902. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 shifted Americans' fears of the Yellow Peril from China to Japan. Anti-Chinese sentiment during

1672-611: A superpower, which is perceived as a primary threat to America's position as the world's sole superpower. Since 2019, xenophobia and racism further intensified due to the COVID-19 pandemic , which was first reported in the Chinese city of Wuhan , with increased discrimination, racism, and violence against Chinese people , people of Chinese descent or anyone perceived to be Chinese, especially Asians. According to survey results released on April 27, 2023 based on 6,500 respondents, nearly 75% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in

1760-595: A welcoming stance toward Chinese immigrants. On July 28, 1868, the mission concluded at Washington, D.C., a series of articles, supplementary to the Reed Treaty of 1858, and later known as the Burlingame Treaty. The treaty: Chinese immigration to the United States was initially encouraged. Opposition in Congress to Chinese immigration led President Rutherford B. Hayes to authorize James Burrill Angell to renegotiate

1848-458: The Anti-Coolie Act specifically taxed Chinese immigrants at rates over half their income to suppress their jobs and economic participation per yellow peril tropes popular at that time. In the 1870s and 1880s, various legal discriminatory measures were taken against Chinese people. A notable example is that after San Francisco segregated its Chinese school children from 1859 until 1870, the law

SECTION 20

#1732847728085

1936-685: The Austrian Empire , but Burlingame, who had championed the Hungarian Lajos Kossuth and his drive for independence from the Austrian Empire, was not acceptable and did not serve. On June 14, 1861, Lincoln instead appointed Burlingame as minister to the Qing Empire . Burlingame worked for a cooperative policy rather than the imperialistic policies of force which had been used during the First and Second Opium Wars and developed relations with

2024-653: The COVID-19 outbreak in the United States as the "Chinese Virus" , despite the fact that in February 2020, the World Health Organization strongly advised the public not to racially profile the SARS‑CoV‑2 coronavirus as the "Chinese virus" or the "Wuhan virus". Additionally, the racist terms "Wuflu" and "Kung Flu" emerged in the United States during this period as pejorative and xenophobic ways of referring to COVID-19 . These terms are linked to Wuhan , where

2112-515: The State of California prohibited the employment of Chinese people by state and local governments, as well as by businesses which were incorporated in California. Also, it delegated the power to remove Chinese people to the local governments of California. In 1880, the elected officials of the city of San Francisco passed an ordinance which made it illegal to operate a laundry in a wooden building without

2200-553: The U.S. Constitution . Discriminatory laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. It was the first law to racially exclude persons and leave them intentionally unprotected by law. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed by the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 . The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed limited college students entry into

2288-499: The United States in accordance with the most-favored-nation principle . Another article gave the citizens of the two nations reciprocal access to education and schooling when living in the other country. All of these articles served to reinforce the principle of equality between the two nations. The final article of the Burlingame–Seward Treaty offered China some protection from external influence in internal matters. In this article,

2376-576: The ' rise of China ' has been named the top news story of the 21st century by the Global Language Monitor , as measured by number of appearances in the global print and electronic media, on the Internet and blogosphere, and in Social Media. During the United States 2010 elections , a significant number of negative advertisements were run by both major American political parties that focused on

2464-401: The 1850s, the stock character John Chinaman began appearing in minstrel songs. John Chinaman was caricatured as effeminate and unmanly, with many songs centering on his failed pursuit of white women. Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, and Chinese " coolies " were used as

2552-448: The 1860s, when Chinese people were employed in the building of the world's first transcontinental railroad . Its origins can be traced partly to competition with white people for jobs, and reports of Americans who had lived and worked in China and wrote relentlessly negative and unsubstantiated reports of locals. Violence against Chinese in California , Oregon , Washington , and throughout

2640-597: The Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove. The 1921 Emergency Quota Act then the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration according to national origins. While the Emergency Quota Act used the census of 1910, xenophobic fears in the WASP community lead to the adoption of the 1890 census, more favorable to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) population, for

2728-458: The Chinese race." In 1873, the Pigtail Ordinance targeted Qing dynasty immigrants' largely mandatory queue hairstyle which intended to reduce Qing immigration by banning their hairstyle which they must have to enable customary later re-entry to China. The city board passed it but the mayor vetoed it. The city council enacted it in 1876 but was struck down as unconstitutional in 1879. In

Burlingame Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-515: The Chinese requested that Burlingame accompany their representatives on a tour that included stops in the major capitals of Washington , London , Paris , and Berlin . Burlingame, originally a representative of the U.S. government, gave up his post to assist the Chinese in their treaty negotiations with Seward. While in Washington, Burlingame negotiated a treaty with Secretary of State William H. Seward , his former superior, to revise and expand upon

2904-650: The Cold War was largely the result of the Red Scare and McCarthyism , which coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage because of the Chinese Civil War and China's involvement in the Korean War . During the era, suspected Communists were imprisoned by the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand of them lost their jobs. Many of those who were imprisoned, lost their jobs or were questioned by committees, had

2992-575: The Fourteenth Amendment, allowing such discrimination to become much more widespread until the later Brown v. Board of Education decision held it all unconstitutional. In 1929, the National Origins Formula explicitly kept the status quo distribution of ethnicity by allocating quotas in proportion to the actual population. The idea was that immigration would not be allowed to change the "national character". Total annual immigration

3080-622: The House floor. In response, Brooks challenged Burlingame to a duel, stating he would gladly face him "in any Yankee mudsill of his choosing". Burlingame eagerly accepted; as the challenged party, he had his choice of weapons and location. A well-known marksman, he selected rifles as the weapons and the Navy Yard on the Canadian side of the U.S. border in Niagara Falls as the location (in order to circumvent

3168-569: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 repealed the such. According to statistics, between 1820 and 1840, only 11 Chinese people emigrated to the United States. However, many Chinese were living in distress due to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The United States offered a more stable life, thanks to the gold rush in California, the construction of railways, and the resulting large demand for labor. Beginning in 1848, many Chinese chose to immigrate to

3256-518: The Navy at the time, Dan A. Kimball , tried to keep Qian in the US: It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go. Qian would spend the next five years under house arrest, which included constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any research (classified) duties. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian. In 1955,

3344-484: The Senators from western states and most of the southern Democratic Party supported Miller's proposal, strenuously objected to the eastern states senator. After intense debate, the motion eventually passed the Senate by a vote of 29 of 15; it would go on to pass in the House of Representatives on March 23, by 167 votes to 66 votes (55 abstentions). President Chester A. Arthur vetoed the bill on April 4, 1882, as it violated

3432-589: The U.S. ban on dueling). Brooks, reportedly dismayed by both Burlingame's unexpectedly enthusiastic acceptance and his reputation as a crack shot, neglected to show up, instead citing unspecified risks to his safety if he were to cross "hostile country" (the northern U.S. states) in order to reach Canada. Burlingame's solid defense of a fellow Bostonian greatly raised his stature throughout the North. On March 22, 1861, after Burlingame lost his bid for re-election, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Burlingame as Minister to

3520-572: The U.S. minister to China (1862–1867) and then as China's envoy to the U.S., which resulted in the 1868 landmark Burlingame Treaty . Burlingame was born in New Berlin , Chenango County, New York . In 1823 his parents (Joel Burlingame and Freelove Angell) took him to Ohio , and about ten years afterwards to Michigan . Between 1838 and 1841 he studied at the Detroit branch of the University of Michigan , and in 1846 graduated from Harvard Law School . He

3608-423: The U.S. recognized that the decision to begin new construction projects or similar improvements belonged in the hands of the local government, not foreign powers or their representatives. This point was intended to safeguard against undue U.S. involvement in Chinese domestic affairs. On November 16, 1867, Burlingame was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to head a Chinese diplomatic mission to

Burlingame Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-500: The US, however, it became increasingly difficult for such immigrants to gain access. By 1900, laws restricted Chinese students from entering the country unless they came from a wealthy family, they sought studies in programs not offered in China, and required a return to China after completing their studies. Heavy discrimination against Chinese students made it difficult for the US to expand international education opportunities in China and limited

3784-742: The US, xenophobic fear of the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the Page Act of 1875 which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , expanded ten years later by the Geary Act which required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of entry at risk of deportation or hard labor, removed Chinese as witnesses in court proceedings, and removed Chinese as recipients of habeas corpus in legal proceedings. The Immigration Act of 1917 then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under nativist influence. The 1879 Constitution of

3872-513: The US. California Governor John McDougal in 1851 praised Chinese people as "the most valuable immigrants" to California. To recruit more laborers, the United States and China signed the Burlingame Treaty in 1868. The Burlingame Treaty provided several rights, including that Chinese people can freely enter and leave the United States; the right of abode in the United States; and the United States most-favored treatment of Chinese nationals in

3960-514: The US. Its 1930 amendments later removed these anti-immigrant clauses. In 1927, the Supreme Court held in Lum v. Rice that Mississippi could require a Chinese child to attend the local school for Black students since she was not white under that state's law. The unanimous opinion by Chief Justice, and former president, William Howard Taft held that racial segregation in public education did not violate

4048-549: The United States Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States began in the 19th century, shortly after Chinese immigrants first arrived in North America, and continues into the 21st century. It has taken many forms throughout history, including prejudice, racist immigration restrictions, murder, bullying, massacre, and other acts of violence. Anti-Chinese sentiment and violence in the country first manifested in

4136-406: The United States and Americans in China, the Treaty ultimately reinforced U.S. trade interests with China under the principle of the most-favored-nation concept, and it ensured a steady flow of low-cost Chinese immigrant labor for U.S. firms. For these reasons, American industrial leaders initially celebrated the Treaty as a major advancement for American commercial interests. However, the success of

4224-476: The United States and the principal European nations. The mission, which included two Chinese ministers, two Western secretaries , six students from Peking , and a considerable retinue, arrived in the United States in March 1868. Burlingame used his personal relations with the Republican administration to negotiate a relatively quick and favorable treaty. In a series of speeches across the country, he displayed eloquent oratory to advocate equal treatment of China and

4312-454: The United States deported him to China in exchange for five American pilots captured during the Korean War. Later, he became the father of the modern Chinese space program . Modern anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States may originate from American fears of China's role as a rising geopolitical power. Perceptions of China's geopolitical rise on the world stage have been so prevalent that

4400-416: The United States. According to the results of a Gallup poll which were published in February 2019, China was considered the greatest enemy of the United States by 21% percent of American respondents, only second to Russia. In April 2019, FBI Director Christopher Wray said that China posed a "whole of a society threat". In May 2019, Director of Policy Planning Kiron Skinner said that China "is

4488-454: The United States. The Treaty stimulated immigration for the 20 years between 1853 and 1873, and resulted in the immigration of nearly 105,000 Chinese to the United States by 1880. 1882 was an election year in California. To secure more votes, California politicians adopted a staunch anti-China stance. In Congress, California Republican Senator John Miller spoke at length in support of a bill to prohibit further Chinese immigrants, substantially

SECTION 50

#1732847728085

4576-616: The ability of US colleges and universities from improving the reputation of their institutions. In the USA xenophobic fears against the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the Page Act of 1875 which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, expanded ten years later by the Geary Act . The Immigration Act of 1917 then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under nativist influence. It eliminated all immigration from all of geographical Asia. The Chinese Exclusion Act

4664-509: The building of the first transcontinental railroad. The decline of the Qing Dynasty in China, instability and poverty caused many Chinese, especially from the province of Guangdong , to emigrate overseas in search of a more stable life, and this coincided with the rapid growth of American industry. Chinese people were considered by employers as "reliable" workers who would continue working, without complaint, even under destitute conditions. In

4752-494: The campaign there was a "blurry line between Chinese and Chinese-Americans." Larry McCarthy, the producer of "Chinese Professor," defended his work by saying that "this ad is about America, it's not about China." Other editorials commenting on the video have called the video not anti-Chinese. As component of the Wolf Amendment , many American space researchers were prohibited from working with Chinese citizens affiliated with

4840-557: The continued spread of Christianity in Asia via missionaries , which had already been initiated by Catholic missionaries who arrived in China starting in the 16th century. As a part of the general effort to convince the Chinese to adopt a more Western approach to diplomacy and governance, the Western powers also encouraged the Qing government to send diplomatic missions abroad. Finally persuaded to do so,

4928-690: The country took many forms, including pogroms ; expulsions, including the destruction of a Chinatown in Denver ; and massacres such as the Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 , the Rock Springs massacre , and the Hells Canyon massacre . Anti-Chinese sentiment led to the federal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned the naturalization and further immigration of people of Chinese descent. Amid discussions of " Yellow Peril ", anti-Chinese sentiment

5016-571: The emergence of the international trade union Industrial Workers of the World did trade unionists start to accept Chinese workers as part of the American working-class. During this period, the phrase "yellow peril" was popularized in the U.S. by newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst . It was also the title of a popular book by an influential U.S. religious figure, G. G. Rupert , who published The Yellow Peril; or, Orient vs. Occident in 1911. Based on

5104-556: The first great power competitor of the US that is not caucasian ." The current deterioration of relations has led to a spike in anti-Chinese sentiment in the US. According to a Pew Research Center poll released in August 2019, 60 percent of Americans have negative opinions about China, with only 26 percent holding positive views. The same poll found that China was named as America's greatest enemy by 24 percent of respondents in US, tied along with Russia. In March 2020, Trump referred to

5192-414: The front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United States." The emerging American trade unions, under such leaders as Samuel Gompers , also took an outspoken anti-Chinese position, regarding Chinese laborers as competitors to white laborers. Only with

5280-757: The geopolitics at the time, a growing number of people were seeing Japan as a threat, too." Dr. Sun Yat-sen argued many Chinese immigrants were lack of educated behavior at the time so that many Americans' impressions on them came to a bad end, and even major American hotels started boycotts for them. In the western states, "Anti-Chinese Leagues" were formed in cities such as Tombstone, Arizona , San Francisco, and Santa Rosa, California . Anti-Chinese riots, expulsions and massacres broke out in several western localities: Los Angeles, CA (1871) , San Francisco, CA (1877) , Denver, CO (1880) , Eureka, CA (1885) , Rock Springs, WY (1885) , Tacoma, WA (1885) , Seattle, WA (1886) , Chinese Massacre Cove, OR (1887) . In 1862,

5368-588: The hell cares if there's a trade war?" Trump also said in May 2016 that China is "raping" the U.S. with free trade. In January 2018, Trump launched a trade war with China and he also began to impose new visa restrictions on foreign students and visiting scholars of Chinese nationality; many affected said that they experienced delays in renewing their visas or even outright cancellations of their visas. In 2018, Presidential Advisor Stephen Miller proposed banning all Chinese nationals from obtaining visas to study in

SECTION 60

#1732847728085

5456-482: The mission concluded at Washington, D.C., a series of articles, supplementary to the Reed Treaty of 1858 , and later known as the Burlingame Treaty . The treaty provided that Chinese subjects in the United States should enjoy the same rights as citizens of the most favored nation , a legal strategy which up until that point had only been used to expand foreign privileges in China. Burlingame worked successfully to include

5544-737: The past twelve months with 7% having suffered property destruction, 9% physical assault or intimidation, 20% verbal or online harassment, and 46% unequal treatment. The arrival of three Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 marked the first record of Chinese people in the United States. Starting with the California Gold Rush in the middle 19th century, the United States – particularly the West Coast states – enlisted large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on subsequent large labor projects, such as

5632-574: The phrase "the kings from the East" in the Christian scriptural verse Revelation 16:12, Rupert made the claim that China , India, Japan and Korea were attacking the West, but that Jesus Christ would stop them. In his 1982 book The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American fiction, 1850–1940 , William F. Wu states that "Pulp magazines in the 30s had a lot of yellow peril characters loosely based on Fu Manchu ... Most were of Chinese descent, but because of

5720-435: The points established in the Treaty of Tianjin of 1858. The first few articles of the new treaty protected commerce conducted in Chinese ports and cities, and established the right of China to appoint consuls to American port cities. The more groundbreaking articles included measures that promised the Chinese the right to free immigration and travel within the United States and allowed for the protection of Chinese citizens in

5808-419: The provisions of the Angell Treaty , which restricted but did not ban immigration from China. Congress was unable to overturn the veto, and passed a version of the bill that banned immigration for ten years in lieu of the original twenty-year ban. On May 6, 1882, Miller's proposal was signed by President Arthur, and became the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It was the first United States immigration law to target

5896-461: The reform elements of the court. As he put it, the "cooperative policy... substituted for the old doctrine of violence one of fair diplomatic action," and the representatives of the Western powers agreed that they would not interfere in the internal affairs of China. Burlingame reported that he had used his diplomacy to get the European powers to agree that they would "give to the treaties a fair and Christian construction; that they ... never would menace

5984-524: The relationship between the United States and China as a great power competition foments anti-Asian sentiment among White Americans. According to an analysis conducted by Vladimir Enrique and Medenica David Ebner at Asia Times in June 2021, White Americans are more likely to support war with China if such a military confrontation between the two countries ever materializes. White Americans described as "racially resentful" were 36 percentage points more likely than other White Americans to perceive China posing as

6072-402: The same as one from the prior session of Congress that had been vetoed by Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes . Senator Miller submitted a motion to ban the immigration Chinese laborers for 20 years, citing the passage of the 1879 anti-Chinese referendums in California and Nevada by huge margins as proof of popular support. The motion was discussed in the Senate over the next eight days. All

6160-460: The territorial integrity of China." The success of this diplomacy was not lost on Qing dynasty court officials. On November 16, 1867, when he was set to retire and return to his political career at home, the Chinese government appointed Burlingame envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to head a Chinese diplomatic mission to the United States and the principal European nations. The mission, which included two Chinese ministers, an English and

6248-428: The treaty in 1880. On November 17, 1880, the renegotiated treaty, called the Treaty Regulating Immigration from China (and more informally as the Angell Treaty of 1880 ), was passed. This would suspend, but not prohibit, Chinese immigration, while confirming the obligation of the United States to protect the rights of those immigrants already arrived. Despite the reciprocal protections that the Treaty afforded Chinese in

6336-580: The treaty was short-lived. By the late 1870s, U.S. industrial leaders and politicians could no longer ignore the increasing anti-Chinese sentiment and violence in the United States , particularly in the western states; in fact, industrialists and politicians often promoted anti-Chinese activities. A new treaty signed in 1880 revised the Burlingame–Seward agreement, and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 abrogated its free immigration clauses altogether. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

6424-514: The two countries and Burlingame's reputation was as a naive and euphoric advocate of China. After warming of relations in the 1980s, Burlingame's reputation began to rise again, however. Burlingame, California ; Burlingame, Kansas ; and Anson, Wisconsin , are all named after Anson Burlingame. The ranch which Burlingame purchased in San Mateo on the San Francisco Bay retained his name and

6512-549: The two hundred applications from any Chinese owner, while virtually all non-Chinese applicants were granted a permit. However, this led to the 1886 Supreme Court case Yick Wo v. Hopkins , that was the first case where the Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to

6600-856: The urging of the San Francisco Superintendent of Schools Andrew J. Moulder after the school board lost its case and a segregated school was established. Another key piece of legislation was the Naturalization Act of 1870 , which extended citizenship rights to African Americans but barred Chinese from naturalization on the grounds that they and other Asians could not be assimilated into American society. Unable to become citizens, Chinese immigrants were prohibited from voting and serving on juries, and dozens of states passed alien land laws that prohibited non-citizens from purchasing real estate, thus preventing them from establishing permanent homes and businesses. The idea of an "unassimilable" race became

6688-677: The uses of the Immigration Act of 1924, which responded to rising immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia. In 1922, the Cable Act added the forfeiture of an American woman's citizenship if she lived abroad with a foreigner spouse, racially excluded Americans from naturalizing if married to a foreign husband, required women living in the United States to retain their citizenship in other words to not marry foreigners, and ensured no procedures for Americans living abroad who had lost one's citizenship prior to 1922 to repatriate back to

6776-446: The virus was first detected, or China in general, via portmanteau with terms from traditional Chinese Martial Arts , Wushu and Kung Fu , and have been used by President Trump and members of his administration in an official capacity. Use of these terms has drawn widespread criticism for their perceived racial insensitivity. In May 2020, a West Virginia -raised Chinese-American CBS reporter, Weijia Jiang , questioned Trump at

6864-575: Was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma chapter). On June 3, 1847, he married Jane Cornelia Livermore. They had sons Edward Livermore Burlingame (born 1848) and Walter Angell Burlingame (born 1852), as well as a daughter Gertrude Burlingame (born 1856). Burlingame practiced law in Boston , Massachusetts, and won a wide reputation by his speeches for the Free Soil Party in 1848. He

6952-499: Was a communist, and his security clearance was revoked in June 1950. The Federal Bureau of Investigation located an American Communist Party document from 1938 with his name on it, and used it as justification for the revocation. Without his clearance, Qian found himself unable to pursue his career, and within two weeks, he announced plans to return to mainland China , which had come under the government of Mao Zedong . The Undersecretary of

7040-662: Was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1853, of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1853 to 1854, and of the United States House of Representatives from 1855 to 1861, being elected for the first term as a Know Nothing and afterwards as a member of the new Republican Party , which he helped to organize in Massachusetts. In May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner (R-Massachusetts) delivered

7128-516: Was amended in 1870 so the requirement to educate Chinese children could be dropped entirely. The amendment of the law led to Tape v. Hurley , 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark court case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusion of a Chinese American student, Mary Tape , from public school based on her ancestry was unlawful. However, the legislation was passed at

7216-422: Was an experienced diplomat, having had a long record of faithful employment in the diplomatic service . Upon his arrival in China, he chose to establish a cooperative and friendly policy rather than an aggressive and uncompromising one and developed close and amiable relationships with the reform elements of the Qing court. The United States also wished to gain access to profitable trading opportunities and foster

7304-695: Was capped at 150,000. Asians were excluded but residents of nations in the Americas were not restricted, thus making official the racial discrimination in immigration laws . This system was repealed with the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . In 1943, the Magnuson Act allowed 105 Chinese immigrants annually, itself an extension of the Immigration Act of 1924 and further intentionally miscalculated downward and explicitly continued bans against Chinese immigrants' property-ownership rights both by law or de facto until

7392-532: Was eventually developed after his death. Anson Burlingame's portrait, painted by Albion Harris Bicknell, hangs in historic Faneuil Hall, Boston. In 2018, upon the 150th anniversary of the Burlingame Treaty , a new bust of Anson Burlingame sculpted by Zhou Limin was unveiled at an international ceremony held at the Burlingame Public Library in Burlingame, California . Anti-Chinese sentiment in

7480-456: Was eventually extended to all Asians, leading to the broader Asian Exclusion Act of 1924. Although relations between the US and China normalized after the Sino-Soviet split and the 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China , anti-Chinese sentiment has increased in the United States since the end of the Cold War, especially since the 2010s, and its increase has been attributed to China's rise as

7568-518: Was founding editor of Scribner's Magazine . His grandson (Edward's son), Roger Burlingame , was an author of fiction, nonfiction, and biographies. After Burlingame's death, the spirit and many of the specific provisions of the treaty bearing his name were reversed. Foreign powers continued to encroach upon China, and Congress passed strict laws against Chinese immigration. The success of the Communist Revolution of 1949 led to animosity between

7656-464: Was no overall increase of Anti-Asian sentiment among the American population, instead it suggested that "already prejudiced persons" had felt authorized by the pandemic to act openly on their prejudices. Since the start of the Biden Presidency on January 20, 2021, President Joe Biden has described tensions with China as a competition between democracy and autocracy. Studies suggest that framing

7744-411: Was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in U.S. history. The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Many Chinese were relentlessly beaten just because of their race. The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from

#84915