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64-570: Commonwealth Club may refer to: Organizations [ edit ] Commonwealth Club of California , in San Francisco, America's oldest public affairs forum Commonwealth Club (Australia) , a private members' club in Canberra founded by Frank Lukis The Commonwealth Club , a private gentlemen's club in Richmond, Virginia, US Commonwealth Club, formerly

128-663: A $ 66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid , leaving the Chronicle as the only daily broadsheet newspaper in San Francisco. In 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV (Channel 4), the Bay Area's third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station (along with KRON-FM), operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, on Mission Street. KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue (on

192-424: A bold and somewhat provocative approach to news presentation. Newhall's Chronicle included investigative reporting by such journalists as Pierre Salinger , who later played a prominent role in national politics, and Paul Avery , the staffer who pursued the trail of the self-named " Zodiac Killer ", who sent a cryptogram in three sections in letters to the Chronicle and two other papers during his murder spree in

256-529: A cost-cutting move in May 2007. Newspaper executives pointed to growth of SFGate, the online website with 5.2 million unique visitors per month – fifth among U.S. newspaper websites in 2007. In February 2009, Hearst chief executive Frank A. Bennack Jr., and Hearst President Steven R. Swartz, announced that the Chronicle had lost money every year since 2001 and more than $ 50 million in 2008. Without major concessions from employees and other cuts, Hearst would put

320-528: A declining readership). The newspapers were officially owned by the San Francisco Newspaper Agency, which managed sales and distribution for both newspapers and was charged with ensuring that one newspaper's circulation did not grow at the expense of the other. Revenue was split equally, which led to a situation widely understood to benefit the Examiner , since the Chronicle , which had a circulation four times larger than its rival, subsidized

384-457: A live audience one day each week. Guests on The Michelle Meow Show at The Commonwealth Club have included Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza , scientist and educator Tam O'Shaughnessy (life partner of astronaut Sally Ride ), Katie Sowers (the first out LGBTQ coach in the NFL), The X-Factor finalist Jason Brock, comedian Sampson McCormick, Olympic skater Adam Rippon , and others. Because

448-801: A private members' club of the Royal Commonwealth Society See also [ edit ] Commonwealth Club Address , a 1932 speech by presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt Commonwealth Jazz Club , a 1965 music television miniseries co-produced in Australia, Canada and the UK Commonwealth Golf Club , in Oakleigh South, Victoria, Australia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

512-461: A recent Ph.D. recipient from Stanford University at the time, authored the book. The club produced "Final Choice", a documentary that aired on PBS in 1998. It followed the families of three terminally ill individuals and explored the issue of physician-assisted suicide. From 2003 to 2007, the project "Voices of Reform" examined the need for improvements in state governance in California. VOR led to

576-737: A unique rating system: instead of stars or a "thumbs up" system, the Chronicle has for decades used a small cartoon icon, sitting in a movie theater seat, known as the "Little Man", explained in 2008 by the Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert : "...the only rating system that makes any sense is the Little Man of the San Francisco Chronicle , who is seen (1) jumping out of his seat and applauding wildly; (2) sitting up happily and applauding; (3) sitting attentively; (4) asleep in his seat; or (5) gone from his seat." Another area of note

640-648: Is a non-profit, non-partisan educational organization based in Northern California . Founded in 1903, it is the oldest and largest public affairs forum in the United States. Membership is open to everyone. The Commonwealth Club World Affairs of California has over 20,000 members and organizes hundreds of programs each year on topics ranging across politics, culture, society, and the economy. Around 100,000 people attend these events in person annually. The club has 56 employees and an annual budget of $ 11.5 million. It

704-457: Is anchored by Henry Schulman, John Shea, and Susan Slusser , the first female president of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). The Chronicle's Sunday arts and entertainment insert section is called Datebook , and has for decades been printed on pink-tinted paper in a tabloid format. Movie reviews (for many years written by nationally known critic Mick LaSalle ) feature

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768-582: Is currently headed by an expert on international security and arms negotiations, former Pentagon official and businesswoman, Gloria Duffy , and attorney and foreign policy expert Philip W. Yun . Club events are broadcast on many public and commercial radio stations in the longest-lasting continuous radio program in the nation. Recordings of these programs are deposited at Stanford University's Hoover Institution Archives. The club has radio broadcast its fora since 1924, and current broadcasts are carried weekly by about 230 public and commercial radio stations across

832-617: Is headquartered in the Club's existing home on the San Francisco waterfront. The Commonwealth Club was founded in 1903 by Edward F. Adams, the Agricultural Editor at the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper. At its first meeting, Adams read a paper now regarded as the founding document of the club, in which he wrote "I have no fear of lack of following so long as it is self-evident that we only propose to find truth and turn it loose in

896-474: Is the architecture column by John King; the Chronicle is still one of the few American papers to present a regular column on architectural issues. The paper also has regular weekly sections devoted to Food & Home and Style. Circulation has fallen sharply since the dot-com boom peaked from around 1997 to 2001. The Chronicle ' s daily readership dropped by 16.6% between 2004 and 2005 to 400,906; The Chronicle fired one-quarter of its newsroom staff in

960-549: The BALCO scandal, which linked San Francisco Giants star Barry Bonds to performance-enhancing drugs. While the two above-named reporters broke the news, they are by no means the only sports writers of note at the Chronicle . The Chronicle ' s sports section is edited by Christina Kahrl and called Sporting Green as it is printed on green-tinted pages. The section's best-known writers are its columnists: Bruce Jenkins, Ann Killion, Scott Ostler, and Mike Silver. Its baseball coverage

1024-413: The Chronicle ' s front page were eliminated. Editor Ward Bushee's note heralded the issue as the start of a "new era" for the Chronicle . On July 6, 2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher, Frank J. Vega described new, state-of-the-art printing operations enabling

1088-469: The Chronicle brands, which today are two separately run entities. The Chronicle was founded by brothers Charles and M. H. de Young in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle , funded by a borrowed $ 20 gold piece. Their brother Gustavus was named with Charles on the masthead. Within 10 years, it had the largest circulation of any newspaper west of the Mississippi River . The paper's first office

1152-596: The Chronicle in 2000. Beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle began to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The newspaper had long enjoyed a wide reach as the de facto " newspaper of record " in Northern California, with distribution along the Central Coast , the Central Valley , and even as far as Honolulu , Hawaii. There was little competition in the Bay Area suburbs and other areas that

1216-752: The Haas family who headed Levi Strauss, Inc. , U.S. Senator James Phelan , San Francisco Mayor and California Governor James "Sunny Jim" Rolph , Matson Navigation founder William P. Roth, Stanford University president and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur , M.D., Bank of California / Union Bank founder William Chapman Ralston , Crown Zellerbach founder J. C. Zellerbach, department store founder Joseph Magnin , California Governor J. N. Gillette, Italian Swiss Colony winery founder Carlo Rossi, and Isaias Hellman , prominent West Coast financier and first president of Wells Fargo Bank . Their goal

1280-512: The Nobel Prize –winning IPCC Rajendra Pachauri , and General Motors chairman and CEO Rick Wagoner . A 2011 speaker series on social entrepreneurship, including interviews with leading social entrepreneurs, produced the book The Real Problem Solvers , by Ruth Shapiro , which was released by Stanford University Press at the end of 2012. In 2018, the club teamed up with LGBTQ radio and TV host Michelle Meow to host her daily radio show before

1344-483: The Pulitzer Prize on a number of occasions. Despite an illustrious and long history, the paper's news reportage is not as extensive as in the past. The current day Chronicle has followed the trend of other American newspapers, devoting increasing attention to local and regional news and cultural and entertainment criticism to the detriment of the paper's traditionally strong national and international reporting, though

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1408-543: The San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California . It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young . The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation , which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. It is the only major daily paper covering the city and county of San Francisco. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and had

1472-515: The Bay Area. The list of notable speakers and speeches numbers in the thousands and includes domestic and foreign political and military leaders, Nobel prize-winning scientists, authors, activists, and artists. A book of important club speeches, Each a Mighty Voice , was published in 2004 by Heyday Books . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivered his New Deal speech at the club. While in office, President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke at

1536-514: The Club was "The Agora," which in Greek means an open place of civic assembly, but it was quickly changed to "Commonwealth Club," connoting a quest for the common good. The first president of the club was merchant, author, and public official Harris Weinstock . Other initial club members included Bank of America founder A. P. Giannini , architect Bernard Maybeck , U.S. President Herbert Hoover , Bechtel Corporation founder W. A. Bechtel , members of

1600-570: The East Bay area northeast of San Francisco), it also hosts occasional events in Sacramento , Southern California and Washington, D.C. A second, small office serving Silicon Valley is in Milpitas, California. In September 2017, the club celebrated the opening of its first owned headquarters, a 24,000 square ft, $ 33 million building, on the San Francisco waterfront at 110 The Embarcadero. The building

1664-501: The Great Recession (2009), and The Ascent of Woman (2010). The Platforum series include not just lectures and discussions, but often meals, travel, and experiential learning such as kayaking on San Francisco Bay (Cool Clear Water). Inforum is the club's division for younger community members. Since its founding in 2002 Inforum has engaged a new generation in civic discussion through its lively and controversial programming. Over

1728-596: The Hearst Corporation took ownership in 2000 the Chronicle has made periodic changes to its organization and design, but on February 1, 2009, as the newspaper began its 145th year of publication, the Chronicle Sunday edition introduced a redesigned paper featuring a modified logo, new section, and page organization, new features, bolder, colored section-front banners and new headline and text typography. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of

1792-502: The Middle East, personal growth, psychology, and science and technology. An intensive look at a single subject is sponsored each August through the club's Platforum, where events are held daily throughout the month on the topic, examined from the perspective of many different fields. Annual Platforum topics have included China Rising (2006), Cool Clear Water (2007), How We Eat (2008), For Richer, for Poorer: Surviving and Thriving in

1856-615: The South of Market (SoMa) neighborhood of San Francisco. It was designed by Charles Peter Weeks and William Peyton Day in the Gothic Revival architecture style, but most of the Gothic Revival detailing was removed in 1968 when the building was re-clad with stucco. This building remains the Chronicle ' s headquarters in 2017, although other concerns are located there as well. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Newhall took

1920-462: The afternoon newspaper. The two newspapers produced a joint Sunday edition, with the Examiner publishing the news sections and the Sunday magazine, and the Chronicle responsible for the tabloid-sized entertainment section and the book review. From 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of

1984-536: The arts, technology and journalism. The club has hosted numerous world-class speakers including many U.S. presidents and other major political leaders in the United States and abroad, business leaders, and influential social activists. Speakers receive no honoraria. The club's digital and pre-digital speeches and other records since 1903 are archived at the Hoover Library at Stanford University. In 2002, The Commonwealth Club launched Inforum , dedicated to serving

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2048-464: The categories of Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry, First Work of Fiction, Californiana (fiction or nonfiction relating to California), Juvenile Literature (up to age 10), Young Adult Literature (age 11–16), and Notable Contribution to Publishing. The winning books are selected by an independent jury. In late 2023, The Commonwealth Club of California merged with World Affairs of Northern California to form The Commonwealth Club World Affairs of California. It

2112-406: The club is strictly non-partisan and does not take positions on issues, when a project matures to the point that policy prescriptions are being considered, as in the case of Voices of Reform, the club assists the project to become a separate entity from the club itself. San Francisco Chronicle 226,860 avg. Mon-Fri circulation The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily

2176-400: The club's early days, today the club has fifteen ongoing member-led fora, each of which meets frequently to host speakers and engage in discussion on topics including the arts, bay gourmet (food and wine), Asia-Pacific affairs, business and leadership, environment and natural resources, grownups (second half of life issues), health and medicine, humanities, international relations, LGBT issues,

2240-498: The club's mission. It is also a historic restoration of a building that was the first headquarters of the International Longshoremen's Union. The club's HQ is environmentally sustainable, with features including cooling with outside air, paneling with wood reclaimed from the original building on the site, LED lighting and tile and carpeting with recycled content. It is also located close to public transit facilities serving

2304-1024: The club, as did Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . During his term as Vice President, Dan Quayle delivered his famous Murphy Brown speech to the group. In 2010, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave only her third public speech since taking office at the club. Other major recent speakers include former Vice President Al Gore ; filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola ; comedian John Cleese ; former secretaries of State Condoleezza Rice , George Shultz , James Baker , and Madeleine Albright ; California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Federal Reserve chair Janet Yellen ; authors Christopher Hitchens , Michael Crichton , Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Greg Mortenson ; microcredit entrepreneur and Nobel Prize Winner Muhammad Yunus ; historian Victor Davis Hanson ; airline pilot Chesley Sullenberger ; CIA Director Leon Panetta ; former NBA star Kareem Abdul Jabbar , and business leaders Eric Schmidt , Richard Kovacevich and David O'Reilly . Growing out of Study Sections that were formed in

2368-669: The critics disagree. But the club's more than 400 events a year feature speakers from a wide range of viewpoints—conservative and liberal and moderate and radical, religious and secular, pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian. The Commonwealth Club sponsors the California Book Awards, which were initiated in 1931 to honor "exceptional literary merit of California writers and publishers". The California Book Awards are funded by an endowment from Dr. Martha Heasley Cox, late Professor of American Literature at San Jose State University. Medals (gold and silver) and cash prizes are currently awarded in

2432-464: The direction of William Polk, Burnham's associate in San Francisco. That building, known as the "Old Chronicle Building" or the "DeYoung Building", still stands and was restored in 2007. It is a historic landmark and is the location of the Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences . In 1924, the Chronicle commissioned a new headquarters at 901 Mission Street on the corner of 5th Street in what is now

2496-543: The establishment in 2008 of the independent reform organization California Forward. One current initiative is Climate One, directed by Greg Dalton, which convenes leaders from business, government, and civil society to discuss a low-carbon, global economy. Climate One holds private leadership roundtables as well as public discussions and gives the annual Stephen Schneider Climate Science Communication Award. Climate One guests have included then–California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Google chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt, Chair of

2560-620: The focus on the suburban communities that the Chronicle was striving to cultivate. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company , until July 27, 2000, when it was sold to Hearst Communications, Inc. , which owned the Examiner . Following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek , along with

2624-515: The former site of St. Mary's Cathedral, which burned down in 1962). KRON was sold to Young Broadcasting in 2000 and, after years of being San Francisco's NBC affiliate, became an independent station on January 1, 2002, when NBC—tired of Chronicle's repeated refusal to sell KRON to the network and, later, Young's asking price for the station being too high —purchased KNTV in San Jose from Granite Broadcasting Corporation for $ 230 million. Since

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2688-558: The largest newspaper circulation on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like other newspapers, it experienced a rapid fall in circulation in the early 21st century and was ranked 18th nationally by circulation in the first quarter of 2021. In 1994, the newspaper launched the SFGATE website, with a soft launch in March and an official launch on November 3, 1994, including both content from

2752-449: The late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner and the Chronicle to battle for circulation and readership superiority. The competition between the Chronicle and Examiner took a financial toll on both papers until the summer of 1965, when a merger of sorts created a Joint Operating Agreement under which the Chronicle became the city's sole morning daily while the Examiner changed to afternoon publication (which ultimately led to

2816-422: The late 1960s. It also featured such colorful columnists as Pauline Phillips , who wrote under the name " Dear Abby ", "Count Marco" (Marc Spinelli), Stanton Delaplane , Terence O'Flaherty, Lucius Beebe , Art Hoppe , Charles McCabe , and Herb Caen . The newspaper grew in circulation to become the city's largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner . The demise of other San Francisco dailies through

2880-821: The late 1990s the club resumed its early role initiating public policy projects. These have included Voices of Reform, a nonpartisan effort to bring together California's policy makers and opinion leaders to improve state governance. Voices of Reform became the independent organization California Forward. Similarly, the club's California Media Project merged into California Watch, part of the Center for Investigative Reporting. The club also offers travel programs, with educational trips abroad each year to destinations such as Turkey, Southeast Asia, and Iran. The Commonwealth Club occasionally comes under criticism from people who think it represents one or another political philosophy, and they often center upon criticism of specific speakers with whom

2944-417: The nation. Local residents in the Bay Area can view televised programs from The Club on KGO TV, and the club live streams or archives video of its programs on Facebook and YouTube as well as posting them on the club's website. The club's podcast is at iTunes and on the club's website and a bi-monthly magazine, The Commonwealth , is available to club members. In addition to hosting speeches and panels, in

3008-464: The needs of people in their 20s and 30s interested in non-partisan public affairs. In 2007, the club created Climate One to bring together academics, industry, and activists on all sides of energy and climate change issues for discussion and planning. The club has its headquarters in San Francisco. Though the majority of its programs are in San Francisco, Silicon Valley , Marin County and Lafayette (in

3072-423: The newspaper and other sources. "The Gate", as it was known at launch, was the first large market newspaper website in the world, co-founded by Allen Weiner and John Coate. It went on to staff up with its own columnists and reporters, and even won a Pulitzer Prize for Mark Fiore's political cartoons. In 2013, the newspaper launched its own namesake website, SFChronicle.com, and began the separation of SFGATE and

3136-654: The newspaper served, but as Knight-Ridder consolidated the Mercury News in 1975; purchased the Contra Costa Times (now East Bay Times ) in 1995; and as the Denver-based Media News Group made a rapid purchase of the remaining newspapers on the East Bay by 1985, the Chronicle realized it had to step up its suburban coverage. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of

3200-538: The newspapers. On November 9, 2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper. The high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. The current publisher of the Chronicle is Bill Nagel. Audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and was the first woman to hold the position. In June 2020 she left to be the editor-in-chief of WNYC, New York City. In August 2020, Hearst named Emilio Garcia-Ruiz

3264-594: The paper does maintain a Washington, D.C., bureau. This increased focus on local news is a response to the competition from other Bay Area newspapers including the resurrected San Francisco Examiner , the Oakland Tribune , the East Bay Times (formerly Contra Costa Times ) and the Mercury News . Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada received the 2004 George Polk Award for Sports Reporting. Fainaru-Wada and Williams were recognized for their work on uncovering

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3328-519: The paper. The sections covered San Francisco and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces, and local news specific to the community. The newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. Despite the push to focus on suburban coverage, the Chronicle was hamstrung by the Sunday edition, which, being produced by the San Francisco-centric "un- Chronicle " Examiner , had none of

3392-458: The papers up for sale and, if no buyer was found, shut the paper. San Francisco would have become the first major American city without a daily newspaper. The cuts were made. Despite – or perhaps because of – the threats, the loss of readers and advertisers accelerated. On October 26, 2009, the Audit Bureau of Circulations reported that the Chronicle had suffered a 25.8% drop in circulation for

3456-483: The production of what he termed "A Bolder, Brighter Chronicle ." The newer look was accompanied by a reduction in the size of the broadsheet. Such moves are similar to those made by other prominent American newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune and Orlando Sentinel , which in 2008 unveiled radically new designs even as changing reader demographics and general economic conditions necessitated physical reductions of

3520-488: The publication's editor-in-chief. Ann Killion has written for Sports Illustrated . Carl Nolte is a journalist and columnist. The newspaper's websites are at SFGate.com (free) and SFChronicle.com (premium). Originally The Gate , SFGATE was one of the earliest major market newspaper websites to be launched, on November 3, 1994, at the time of The Newspaper Guild strike ; the union published its own news website, San Francisco Free Press , whose staff joined SFGATE when

3584-481: The six-month period ending in September 2009, to 251,782 subscribers, the largest percentage drop in circulation of any major newspaper in the United States. Chronicle publisher Frank Vega said the drop was expected as the paper moved to earn more from higher subscription fees from fewer readers. In May 2013, Vega retired and was replaced as publisher by former Los Angeles Times publisher Jeffrey M. Johnson. SFGate,

3648-535: The strike ended. SFChronicle.com launched in 2013 and since 2019 has been run separately from SFGATE, whose staff are independent of the print newspaper. As of 2020 across all platforms the Chronicle has 34 million unique visitors each month, with SFGATE receiving 135.9 million pageviews and 25.1 million unique visitors per month and SFChronicle.com 31.3 million pageviews and 31.3 million unique visitors per month globally. The paper has received

3712-534: The title Commonwealth Club . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Club&oldid=864925375 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Commonwealth Club of California The Commonwealth Club World Affairs of California

3776-673: The welfare of the Commonwealth and to aid in their solution." Many policy innovations in California—such as public defenders' offices and a printed voter explanation booklet to go with ballots—originated in studies and discussions at the Commonwealth Club. One of the most extensive of these studies was commissioned in 1953 and lasted until 1956. It resulted in the book California Social Welfare: Legislation, Financing, Services, Statistics published by Prentice-Hall. Vaughn Davis Bornet,

3840-462: The world Four prominent California leaders— University of California president Benjamin Ide Wheeler , San Francisco Chronicle managing editor John P. Young , San Francisco Normal School (later San Francisco State University ) president Frederick Burk, and William P. Lawler, a judge who later became a California Supreme Court Justice—co-founded the organization with Adams. The original name for

3904-468: The years a number of issues have been studied in depth by club leaders, member committees, or scholars commissioned by the Commonwealth Club. Among the topics studied have been direct democracy (the initiative process), air pollution, a statewide water plan, restrictions on child labor, automobile and industrial accident compensation, and legislative procedures. The long-standing mandate of many such studies has been "to investigate and discuss problems affecting

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3968-748: Was cooperation on civic betterment in spite of political and ideological differences. Speakers were invited to address club members to inform them about different perspectives on important issues, after which in its early days the club membership often issued reports, statements, or recommendations on public policy issues. Presidents of the club in the second half of the 20th century included actress and Ambassador Shirley Temple Black , California Supreme Court Justice Ming Chin , and UCSF Chancellor Julius Krevans. Club members include prominent national leaders like former Secretary of State George Shultz and former Defense Secretary William Perry , as well as citizens from professions such as business, law, medicine, teaching,

4032-542: Was designed by Leddy Maytum Stacy, a San Francisco architectural firm and winner of the American Institute of Architects 2017 Firm Award. The building is specifically designed to be a civic forum, with auditoriums, the Meyer Sound Constellation system, Copper Loop hearing technology, informal conversation areas, audio-video production facilities, digital information screens and other unique elements to serve

4096-404: Was in a building at the corner of Bush and Kearney Streets . The brothers then commissioned a building from Burnham and Root at 690 Market Street at the corner of Third and Kearney Streets to be their new headquarters, in what became known as Newspaper Row . The new building, San Francisco's first skyscraper, was completed in 1889. It was damaged in the 1906 earthquake, but it was rebuilt under

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