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32-659: [REDACTED] Look up commissaire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Commissaire may refer to: Commissary , a state official in the police or armed forces Commissaire de police , in the French National Police Commissaire des guerres , in the French Army Commissaire (cycling) , an official in competitive cycling See also [ edit ] Commissioner Topics referred to by

64-530: A Commissary General of Provisions was first made by James II in 1685 to provide for his troops encamped on Hounslow Heath . As a permanent post the appointment had lapsed by 1694, but a century later it was revived for senior officer of the Commissariat (a department of HM Treasury responsible for the procurement and issue of various stores and victuals to the army and the provision of transport). The Commissariat officers were uniformed civilians, appointed by

96-581: A visitation upon the Diocese of Chichester with regard to safeguarding failures in the diocese over many years. According to their interim report: "Our appointment by the Archbishop of Canterbury - the first such appointment of Commissaries for over 100 years - is evidence of the deep concern held in the Church of England for this diocese and its failure properly to protect children in its care". In current practice in

128-591: A decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . In the Red Army , a political commissar was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The Bolshevik Party established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating

160-576: Is considered to be equal in rank to a commandant in the Spanish army. In the French National Police , a commissaire is assigned to a commune with a population of more than 30,000. Larger communes have more than one. Paris has well over one hundred commissaires. All commissaires are graduates and can fulfill both administrative and investigative roles. In the Romanian Police , similarly to

192-477: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Commissary In many countries, the term is used as an administrative or police title. It often corresponds to the command of a police station, which is then known as a " commissariat ". In some armed forces, commissaries are officials charged with overseeing the purchase and delivery of supplies, and they have powers of administrative and financial oversight. Then,

224-654: Is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as commissary in English, commissaire in French, Kommissar in German, and komisszár (or népbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in Hungarian. The term commissary was used by the British and U.S. military to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and Commissariat ). A similar term in French describes

256-820: The French armed forces . The equivalent terms are commissaire in French, commissario in Italian, Kommissar in Standard German, Kommissär in Swiss German and Luxembourgish, comisario in Spanish, commissaris in Dutch and Flemish, komisario in Finnish, komisarz in Polish and comissário in Portuguese. In many instances these words may also be the equivalent to commissioner , depending on

288-608: The NKVD had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) in their rank structure, although they had Commissar-style ranks for top officers in place of Militsiya-style inspector and director . From 1943,

320-483: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China has become one resembling that of an HR specialist. The voenkom (Russian: военком ), translated as war commissar , is the head of a military commissariat — a regional office that conscripts men for military service, executes plans for military mobilization and maintains records on military reserves. Until the late 1930s, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of

352-710: The Soviet Union and in Russia since the time of the emperor Peter the Great ( r.  1682–1725 ). In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army kommissars , then krigs-komissars (from German : Krieg 'war') were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus. Генерал-кригскомиссар ). Commissaries were used during the Provisional Government (March–July 1917) for regional heads of administration, but

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384-532: The muster roll . These musters took place six or seven times per year (and monthly from 1687). At a muster the total number of officers and men was checked against the roll, each soldier's arms and accoutrements were inspected and each officer's rank (and record of leave) was checked against their level of pay. Only after the Commissary General had certified the muster roll would the Paymaster General of

416-464: The " commissariat " is the organization associated with the corps of commissaries. By extension, the term " commissary " came to be used for the building where supplies were disbursed. In some countries, both roles are used; for example, France uses " police commissaries " ( commissaires de police ) in the French National Police and "armed forces commissaries" ( commissaires des armées ) in

448-660: The Bishop of London, resolved to use the commissary system to provide leadership for churches in the American colonies . ( James Blair was an early such commissary). Commissaries were appointed to some, but not all, of the thirteen colonies into the second half of the eighteenth century. Later, commissaries were sometimes appointed for other parts of the British Empire . In 2011 the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed commissaries to conduct

480-494: The Church of England, the relevant archbishop appoints an episcopal commissary during a diocesan vacancy in see ; that bishop (usually the senior suffragan in the diocese) is commonly called Acting Bishop of the diocese (e.g. Acting Bishop of Birmingham). Commissar Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar ) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр ( komissar ), which means ' commissary '. In English,

512-671: The French National Police, the rank of comisar is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent ( see also Romanian police ranks ). With the establishment of an English standing army following the Restoration of the Monarchy a Commissary General of Musters was appointed on 20 December 1660. This officer, with the assistance of four deputies, was responsible for mustering troops by regiment and checking their names against

544-585: The Militsiya switched to a new rank system and insignia introduced in the Soviet Army . Instead of General ranks, top officers used Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975. The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away. Commissar

576-772: The Ordnance storekeeping system). After 1869 Commissary and associated titles were used as junior officer ranks by the Control Department (military successor to both the Commissariat and the Ordnance Field Train). A split in 1875 created the Commissariat and Transport Department and the Ordnance Store Department , which used (respectively) Commissary-General and Commissary-General of Ordnance for their senior officers (along with other Commissary ranks down

608-705: The Treasury but issued with letters of commission by the War Office ; they were given rank as follows: The department was overseen by a Commissary-in-Chief from 1809-1816, and by a Commissary General in Chief from 1858 to 1869. Between 1793 and 1859 Assistant Commissary , Commissary and (from 1810) Chief Commissary were (civilian) ranks in the Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance (the field force element of

640-522: The chain of command). After 1880 officers of the new Army Service Corps were given full military rank, but the Army Ordnance Department retained Commissary of Ordnance (and Deputy and Assistant Commissary of Ordnance ) as its junior officer ranks throughout the First World War . The Canons of the Church of England , referring to the metropolitical jurisdiction of archbishops and to

672-500: The colonial era, and it was also used to designate various provisional governments of administrations. Executive or administrative body composed of several commissaries is often called Council of Commissaries or Board of Commissaries . Deputy of a commissary is styled as vice-commissary or sub-commissary . In the Soviet Union, commissaries' powers of oversight were used for political purposes. These commissaries are often known as commissars in English. A Spanish police Commissary

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704-480: The context. The word is recorded in English since 1362, for "one to whom special duty is entrusted by a higher power". This Anglo-French word derives from Medieval Latin commissarius , from Latin commissus (pp. of committere) "entrusted". Governmental or administrative structures (or bodies) headed by a commissary (or composed of several commissaries) are often referred to as commissary governments or commissary administrations . Such terms were often used during

736-697: The equivalent of the rank of Major both in the army of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution . Such officials were not military officers but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the National Assembly (French Revolution) , respectively. Various historical German states have used an equivalent title, Reichskommissar (a compound of Reich and the German Kommissar ), for several administrators who held responsibility over

768-512: The forces issue pay to the regiment. In 1798 the commanding officer of each regiment, together with its regimental Paymaster, took over responsibility for the musters and the Deputy Commissaries were dismissed. The Commissary General continued to oversee a central office of musters until 1817 when the post was abolished and its duties transferred to the Secretary at War . The appointment of

800-518: The form of a "Deputy for Political Matters" in 1942. The specific position of "Commissar" itself survived only at regimental and front levels , where the Commissars formed the Military Councils with their corresponding military commanders. Other Communist-bloc militaries also adopted systems of using political commissars. Mulvenon and Yang (2002) report that the role of the political commissar in

832-450: The ordinary jurisdiction of diocesan bishops, states that: "Such jurisdiction is exercised by the (arch)bishop himself, or by a Vicar-General, official, or other commissary to whom authority in that behalf shall have been formally committed by the (arch)bishop concerned.". In previous centuries Bishops sometimes appointed representatives, called commissaries, to perform functions in distant portions of their dioceses. In 1684 Henry Compton ,

864-680: The prior approval of both the commander and the commissar. Many lower-level political officers never received the same military training as commanding officers. Prior to becoming a commissar an individual had to be registered as a communist for a minimum of three years and had to attend specific political institutions, many of which never offered any military-oriented training. Following the problems encountered in 1941 with dual commanders in units, commissars and other political officers were removed from direct command-roles. Political officers were then more directly tasked with morale- and regulation-based goals. A political officer's classification changed to

896-564: The public with communist ideology. From 1917 the Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted. Trotsky summarised the solution to the issue: "We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar [...]." During the early stages of the usage of commissars, no military order might be issued which did not have

928-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Commissaire . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commissaire&oldid=1123621890 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

960-614: The term commissar is associated with a number of Cheka and military functions in Bolshevik and Soviet government military forces during the Russian Civil War (the White Army widely used the collective term "bolsheviks and commissars" for their opponents) and with the later terms People's Commissar (or narkom ) for government ministers and political commissar in the military. A People's Commissar (informally abbreviated narkom )

992-449: The transliteration commissar often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people's commissars (effectively government ministers ), while administrative officers are called commissaries . The Russian word комисса́р, from French commissaire , was used in Russia for both political and administrative officials. The title has been used in

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1024-566: Was a government official serving in a Council of People's Commissars . This title was first used by the Russian SFSR (out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term minister ) and then copied among the many Soviet and Bolshevik-controlled states in the Russian Civil War . The government departments headed by a People's Commissar were called People's Commissariat (informally abbreviated narkomat). People's Commissars and People's Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by

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