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77-627: By 1986, there were 110 national monuments, memorials, and statues in Washington, D.C., and its immediate environs. The pressure to build more memorials on the National Mall was extremely heavy, with roughly 15 new proposals being introduced in each session of Congress. Approximately 25 additional memorials had been seriously proposed but lacked a congressional sponsor to introduced authorizing legislation in Congress. The sheer number of memorials being proposed

154-523: A congressional race opportunity to his older brother, Stewart Udall . The latter won Arizona's 2nd congressional district seat in 1954. The younger Udall's hopes for a seat on the Arizona Supreme Court (where their father had served) were dashed when the seat went to his ultra-conservative uncle, Jesse Addison Udall , instead. In 1961, his brother was appointed as Secretary of the Interior in

231-740: A consensus bill before the whole House, fighting through additional opposition to success. Udall sought to change the Post Office Department from a purely governmental agency into a semiprivate organization (today, it is: the U.S. Postal Service ). He was a key force in passage of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Because of having lost his eye as a child due to inadequate family finances, he strongly believed that people should have access to competent medical care regardless of their financial condition. In 1963, Udall attempted to get cigarettes (and other tobacco) regulated by

308-625: A construction permit. Now the Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of the GSA, in consultation with NCMAC, had the discretion to issue a construction permit if both the NCPC and CFA had issued final (not preliminary) design approval and the foundation had 75 percent (not 100 percent) of the construction funds in hand. Either the Secretary or Administrator also had the authority to extend for up to three years

385-528: A firm and direct speech calling the nation's involvement in Vietnam "a mistaken and dangerous road." He called for reversing American escalation of the war , and eventual U.S. withdrawal—the first major figure in the U.S. Democratic Party to openly oppose the Democratic president on the war. The speech drew a standing ovation, and reverberated nationwide, drawing national media and political attention, and initiating

462-554: A longtime critic of that church policy, and had ceased being an active member because of it. Carter's subsequent sweeping of the black vote in the Michigan primary was key to his crucial and narrow victory in Michigan. Udall supported Senator Edward Kennedy 's challenge to President Carter in 1980, and Kennedy won the Arizona caucuses, one of only three wins for Kennedy in the West. Udall delivered

539-599: A potent and well-organized grassroots campaign pressuring Congress to approve the plan. Title I of the act authorized construction of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitors' Center. Title II of the act was titled the Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act of 2003 (CWCRA). Title II, Section 202 made a major revision to Area I. Congress now defined within Area I a zone it called

616-478: A public agency or a nonprofit organization as defined by the Internal Revenue Code . Section 2(b)(2) added the requirement that a major conflict occur at least 10 years ago in order to be authorized in Area I. Section 2(c) changed the requirements for meeting the construction deadline. Instead of commencing construction by the deadline, memorial backers now merely had to request a construction permit by

693-399: A special election to succeed his brother, Stewart Udall , as the congressman for Arizona's 2nd congressional district . In Congress, the younger Udall became a prominent and popular figure for his independent ways, his leading role in the conservation and environmental protection movements, his key role in reforming Congress and political campaigns , and his pioneering role in opposing

770-549: A string of early caucus and primary victories, beginning in Iowa and New Hampshire . At the time of the Wisconsin primary in April, most of the original 10 candidates had dropped out, leaving Udall, Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson of Washington , Governor George Wallace of Alabama , and Carter. It appeared that Udall would win the primary, which might have slowed Carter's momentum. Udall

847-709: A substantial impact in the Western United States , the secretary of the interior has typically come from a western state; only one secretary since 1949, Rogers Morton , was not a resident or native of a state lying west of the Mississippi River . Secretary of the Interior is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule , thus earning a salary of US$ 246,400, as of January 2024. Following Senate confirmation in March 2021, former U.S. representative Deb Haaland

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924-747: A zone extending from the White House to the United States Capitol ; from the Capitol along Maryland Avenue SW to and along the 14th Street Bridge ; the Virginia shore of the Potomac River from the 14th Street Bridge to Columbia Island ; Columbia Island; the National Park Service land fronting Arlington National Cemetery (excluding Memorial Drive ) north to Key Bridge ; Key Bridge due east across

1001-530: Is an agency of the executive branch of the federal government, and among other functions, gives scholarships to students of environmental policy. In 2009, Congress added Mo's brother, Stewart Udall, as an honoree of the foundation by renaming it as the Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation. United States Secretary of the Interior The United States Secretary of the Interior

1078-614: Is largely credited with being generally a defender of those causes (he first joined the House Interior committee in 1961), particularly as chairman of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs . He fought for environmental protection , and expansion of the National Park System , ushered legislation through Congress absorbing 8 million acres into the federal wilderness system across 20 states, and attempted to restructure

1155-720: Is the head of the United States Department of the Interior . The secretary and the Department of the Interior are responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land along with natural resources , leading such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management , the United States Geological Survey , Bureau of Indian Affairs and the National Park Service . The secretary also serves on and appoints

1232-571: The Alaska Lands Act of 1980 , and landmark 1982 legislation addressing nuclear waste management. Udall challenged the arcane and Byzantine rules and protocols of the House of Representatives, demanding a reduction in the ability of powerful leaders to covertly control legislation and dominate committees. Udall's efforts eventually led to substantial reform of congressional rules and operations. Udall gained early national political notoriety for being

1309-482: The American West . However, it took several years of wrangling with industry, Congress and administrations (Republican President Gerald R. Ford vetoed the legislation twice), before he was able to pass a limited bill, into law (signed by Democratic President Jimmy Carter ), which constrained the strip-mining of coal, and forced the reclamation of millions of acres of strip-mined areas. Udall helped write and pass

1386-695: The Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service , chairman of the Office of Technology Assessment and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs Udall first gained national political notice for a speech October 23, 1967, in Tucson at a major regional civic meeting, with an audience of 2,800—largely civic leaders, mostly supportive of President Johnson's policy on the Vietnam War . Despite their leanings, Udall gave

1463-679: The Denver Nuggets during the 1948–49 National Basketball League season. At the same time, he attended the University of Denver College of Law . He completed his studies at the University of Arizona's law school , where he graduated in 1949 with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. Source Udall was a tall (6'5"), Lincolnesque figure with a self-deprecating wit and easy manner. Because of his wit, columnist James J. Kilpatrick deemed him "too funny to be president", which also ended up being

1540-558: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It took years before the scale of tobacco damage due to smoking was known. On the House Foreign Affairs Committee , Udall opposed Reagan administration policies toward Central America. In 1976, Udall ran for the Democratic nomination for President as a liberal alternative to Jimmy Carter , the former Governor of Georgia . Carter had gone from obscure maverick to front runner after

1617-528: The Internal Revenue Service . The projects were eventually abandoned, replaced with coal-fired powerplants that Udall thought more polluting than the dams would have been. However, in the opposite extreme, Udall's "proudest achievement" was passage of an Alaska lands bill, permanently preserving 104.3 million acres of extraordinary scenic wilderness, over the furious opposition of many in Alaska and in

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1694-530: The South Pacific and achieved the rank of captain before being discharged in 1946. After the war, Udall completed his bachelor's degree at the University of Arizona , where he was a star basketball player (team co-captain), President of the Associated Student Government, and a member of Sigma Chi fraternity. For one year following graduation, Udall played professional basketball with

1771-399: The U.S. Post Office were a major focus of Udall's efforts in Congress. On the Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service since 1961, he eventually became the ranking member . He attempted to revise pay scales for federal employees and establish merit pay. Ultimately, Udall was one of the principal leaders effecting the first substantial reform of the U.S. civil service system since

1848-637: The United States Department of the Interior . The Act charged NCMAC with administering the Commemorative Works Act, and specified the membership of the committee. These were: Section 7(a)(1) required memorials to be submitted to NCMAC for siting approval. Section 7(a)(1) required memorials to be submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission for both site and design approval. Section 6(a) of

1925-540: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial had been constructed. The foundation was now self-perpetuating, and had a large staff, lobbyists, and programming. The VVMF began agitating for a museum about the Vietnam War to be constructed near the memorial. The VVMF had raised significant sums of money to construct this museum (which it called a "visitor center", so as not to alarm Smithsonian Institution officials), and it had

2002-605: The Vietnam War . Udall sought the Democratic Party nomination in the 1976 presidential election , but was defeated by Jimmy Carter . He supported Ted Kennedy 's strong challenge to Carter in the 1980 Democratic primary , and delivered the keynote address at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . He served as Chairman of the House Interior Committee from 1977 to 1991. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1980, Udall resigned from Congress in 1991 as

2079-475: The 1883 creation of that merit-based government-employment system. The bill created performance incentives for workers in the bureaucracy, and made firing federal workers easier. Although the bill was a favorite project of President Carter, whom Udall disliked, the congressman pushed the bill through Congress, against numerous roadblocks thrown up by federal employees (and by congressmen representing districts that employed many of them). Udall compromised until getting

2156-496: The 1960s round of redistricting, his district was reduced to the southern portion of the state, centered on Tucson . After a mid-decade redistricting ordered as a result of Wesberry v. Sanders , his district absorbed some outer portions of the Phoenix area. From 1977 until his retirement in 1991, Udall chaired the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (on which he'd served since 1963). He also served as ranking member of

2233-641: The Act required that title to completed commemorative works be transferred to the Department of the Interior or the General Services Administration upon completion. The 102nd Congress amended the Commemorative Works Act for the first time. Representative Bill Clay (D- Missouri ) introduced H.R. 3169 on August 1, 1991. It was referred to the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which approved an amended bill on October 21. The House approved

2310-666: The CFA and NCPC to develop joint regulations, guidelines, and criteria to carry out the CWA. It also barred recognition of donor contributions on any memorial. Congress enacted the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111–11) on March 30, 2009. Title VII—National Park Service Authorizations, Subtitle B—Amendments to Existing Units of the National Park System, Section 7116(e) made minor technical corrections to

2387-431: The CWA (primarily in the name of committees). Mo Udall Morris King Udall (June 15, 1922 – December 12, 1998) was an American attorney and Democratic politician who served as a U.S. representative from Arizona from May 2, 1961, to May 4, 1991. He was a leading contender for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination . He was noted by many for his independent and liberal views. In 1961, Udall won

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2464-410: The Commemorative Works Act ( Pub. L.   103–321 ). On August 6, 1993, Representative Nancy Johnson (R- Connecticut ) introduced H.R. 2947. It was referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources and reported favorably on November 20, 1993. It passed the House on a voice vote on November 23. On October 15, 1993, Senator John Warner (R-Virginia) introduced companion legislation (S. 1552) in

2541-585: The Commemorative Works Act established the criteria a commemorative work had to meet to be erected in Area I. Either the United States Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of the General Services Administration could approve a memorial within Area I if and only if the person, group, or event to be commemorated was of "preeminent historical and lasting significance to the Nation." This determination could be made only after consulting with NCMAC. Even so,

2618-574: The Democratic National Convention, where his name was placed in nomination by Archibald Cox , and Udall's speech received great applause from his supporters. During the Michigan primary Coleman Young , the mayor of Detroit, accused Udall of racism for belonging to the LDS church. At the time, it still prohibited blacks from serving in the church's priesthood (this was changed in 1978 by LDS Church President Spencer W. Kimball ). Udall had been

2695-449: The Democratic Party's gradual split over the war. On labor legislation, however, Udall was less liberal. Though he opposed right-to-work laws that undermined labor unions, his constituents very strongly supported them, so Udall did, too—particularly in a 1965 congressional vote that labor leaders held against him for years. On conservation and environmental protection , Udall's record was mixed—and extreme in both directions—though he

2772-501: The District of Columbia, Sections 8901 to 8909 further amended the Commemorative Works Act. Section 8902(a)(1) included "landscape features" in the definition of commemorative works. Section 8902(a)(2) expanded the range of organizations which could build memorials to any organization authorized by Congress (regardless of its nonprofit or for-profit status). Section 8903(b) now barred absolutely works commemorating lesser conflicts or units of

2849-629: The House by voice vote on May 5. A companion bill, S. 2522, was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator Malcolm Wallop ( R - Wyoming ) on June 5. The bill was assigned to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources , which favorably reported the bill with amendments on August 15. The bill passed the Senate, with additional amendments, by voice vote on September 10. The House made additional amendments of its own, and concurred with

2926-414: The Interior from issuing a construction permit for a commemorative work unless its site and design had been approved by the secretary or administrator, the Commission of Fine Arts, and the National Capital Planning Commission; unless the memorial planners could prove they had consulted knowledgeable individuals regarding historic preservation and "structural soundness and durability" about the memorial design;

3003-555: The Interior or GSA had that authority (which effectively forced memorial backers to coordinate with them to get a submission made). Congress also tightened the rules for approving a memorial. Section 8905(b) now required that the work be placed only in an area "relevant to the subject of the work"; that the new memorial not "interfere with, or encroach on, an existing commemorative work"; protect as much open space as possible and be compatible with existing public use; be constructed of durable materials; and contain landscaping compatible with

3080-496: The John F. Kennedy administration . Mo then won a special election for his brother's vacant seat by 2,000 votes, with 51% of the vote. He won the seat in his own right in 1962, and was reelected 13 more times. He faced only one other close race, in 1978, when he received 52 percent of the vote. He held the post until his resignation May 4, 1991. For his first term, Udall represented the entire state outside of Maricopa County . After

3157-652: The National Mall to The Ellipse ; and north to the White House. Area II consisted of those parts of the National Capital Area outside Area I. Section 3(a) of the Act barred establishment of a memorial anywhere within Area I or Area II without specific authorization by Congress. Section 4(a) of the Act formally established the National Capital Memorial Advisory Committee (NCMAC). This committee had been informally established earlier by

Commemorative Works Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-565: The Potomac River to Rock Creek ; Rock Creek north to 26th Street NW and L Street NW; south on 26th Street NW to I Street NW; roughly west from the intersection of I and 26th Streets NW to the National Park Service land on the D.C. shore of the Potomac River; south along the Potomac River to West Potomac Park (including the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ); east along

3311-771: The Reserve. The Reserve was designated generally as the National Mall from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial , and the cross-axis of the Mall from the White House to the Jefferson Memorial . Section 202 expressly prohibited new commemorative works or visitors' centers within the Reserve. A new map, numbered 869/86501 B and dated June 24, 2003, was created to depict the Reserve. Title II, Section 203(a) now explicitly required NCMC, CFA, NCPC, and other bodies with oversight over memorial siting to seek to locate commemorative works throughout

3388-582: The Senate bill by voice vote on September 29. The Senate concurred with the House-amended bill by voice vote on October 16. President Ronald Reagan signed the bill into law on November 14, 1986. The Commemorative Works Act established "significant procedural roadblocks" to the creation of new memorials. Section 2(c) of the Commemorative Works Act of 1986 defines a "commemorative work" as a garden, memorial, memorial grove, monument, sculpture, statue, or other structure or landscape feature designed to perpetuate

3465-634: The Senate. It was referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, which favorably reported it on April 5, 1994. It passed the Senate on a voice vote on April 12. The House voted 378-to-0 to accept the amendment Senate bill on August 16, 1994. President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on August 26. Several memorials were close to losing their congressional authorization in 1994. The backers of these memorials convinced Congress that they were close to raising enough funds to build their commemorative works and obtain final design approval. In Section 1 of

3542-531: The United States . An individual or the last surviving member of a group to be commemorated had to have died at least 25 years ago for a memorial to be erected. Other commemorative works—those not commemorating a war, branch of the armed forces, individual, or group—were permissible in Area II only if they were "a subject of lasting historical significance." Section 8(a) barred the District of Columbia or Department of

3619-399: The affirmative determination had to be approved by Congress within 150 days, or it was considered disapproved. Section 6(b) of the Commemorative Works Act established the criteria a commemorative work had to meet to be erected in Area II. Section 6(b)(1) governed military commemorative works. It barred memorials for "lesser" conflicts and those commemorating only a unit of the armed forces of

3696-554: The amendments, Congress extended the authorization for the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial , National Peace Garden, and Women in Military Service for America Memorial from seven years to 10 years. Section 2(a) of the amendment made minor revisions to the commemorative works encompassed by the CWA. Commemorative works now included plaques and inscriptions, and memorial sponsors had to be either

3773-413: The armed forces. Because the National Capital Memorial Advisory Committee was a creation of the Department of the Interior, it could be dissolved by the department at will, which would leave the CWA without an enforcing body. To rectify this, Section 8904 established a new National Capital Memorial Commission. It had the same membership, chair, and authority as its predecessor. Part D also made changes to

3850-425: The authorization of a memorial if these conditions were met. Title II, Section 203(f) made it clear, however, that the 10 percent trust fund contribution must also be made (in addition to having 75 percent of construction funds) for a construction permit to issue. Title II, Section 204 made adjustments to the approval criteria. It barred construction of any museum in either Area I or East Potomac Park , and authorized

3927-486: The bill by voice vote the same day. The bill was passed to the Senate, and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. It was reported favorably on November 12, and approved by the Senate in a voice vote on November 27. President George H. W. Bush signed it into law on December 11, 1991 ( Pub. L.   102–216 ). Public Law 102-216 lengthened the term of memorial authorization to seven years from five years. In 1994, Congress enacted amendments to

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4004-438: The deadline. Memorial backers were also now required to show that they had considered alternative sites and alternative designs for their memorial as well. Section 2(e)(2) established a new section of the CWA. It allowed the Secretary of the Interior or the Administrator of the General Services Administration (GSA) to suspend the fundraising for or construction of a commemorative work if the fundraising efforts misrepresented what

4081-502: The effects of the disease worsened. He died in 1998. His son, Mark Udall , represented Colorado in the United States Senate from 2009 to 2015, and his nephew Tom Udall served as a United States Senator from New Mexico from 2009 to 2021. Both also served multiple terms in the U.S. House of Representatives . Udall was born in 1922 in St. Johns, Arizona , one of six children ( New York Times says three sons, two daughters) of Louisa (née Lee) and Levi Stewart Udall . His father

4158-489: The energy industry. An important exception was his defense of planned dam-and-reservoir projects in Arizona that threatened to inundate key wilderness areas, including a hydroelectric dam that threatened to flood some of the Grand Canyon . Hostile campaigning by the nation's leading conservation organization, the Sierra Club , led to Udall's bitter fight with them, and the eventual loss of their tax-exempt status, which some have blamed on Udall's complaints about them to

4235-417: The entire National Capital Area (not just Area I or areas adjacent to it). Title II, Section 203(c) also changed what works could qualify for placement in Area I and Area II. Works commemorating lesser conflicts were no longer outright barred. Now a commemorative work could memorialize a lesser conflict so long as it did not solely do so. Title II, Section 203(c)(3) relaxed slightly the standard for issuing

4312-449: The eye because his family lacked the money to get him prompt treatment. Udall wore a glass eye for the rest of his life, and he later indicated that the loss of his eye influenced both his personality and his politics. He described his early rural/small-town life in the desert as harsh and primitive, in a town where "everybody worked." Noting they had "no tractors," he added, "we had horses and plows." While in high school, despite

4389-645: The eye exam. After he was medically cleared, another potential enlistee complained that he had been medically rejected for flat feet, while Udall had passed with one eye. The examiners retested Udall under closer scrutiny, and he was rejected. Later, medical standards changed and Udall served in the Army. He joined the Army Air Forces as a private in 1942 and later received his commission as an officer. He commanded an all-black squadron for two years in Louisiana , an experience of which Udall later said, "That really shaped my life," because he had "fought their fights with them... over local discrimination." Udall later served in

4466-462: The first congressman in the 20th century to challenge a sitting Speaker of the House for his seat. He challenged Rep. John McCormack , in 1968. Though defeated, Udall tried again two years later, against House Majority Leader , Hale Boggs ; he lost again but shook the foundations of the House seniority system. This was eventually reformed, largely as a result of the revolt begun by Udall. Like any freshman congressman, Udall struggled to adapt to

4543-468: The funds were being raised for, or if the fundraising effort implied it was an official effort of the United States government. Annual reports regarding fundraising were now required to be submitted either to Interior or GSA. On August 21, 2002, Congress enacted a law entitled "Codifying Title 40, United States Code—Public Buildings, Property, and Works" (Public Law 107–217). Subtitle II-Public Buildings and Works, Part D-Public Buildings, Grounds, and Parks in

4620-481: The keynote speech at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, which was a typically witty Udall speech. He considered running for president again in 1984, but he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1979 and his illness kept him on the sidelines. At the convention that summer, Udall introduced his former opponent, President Carter. In 1992, the US Congress founded the Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation . It

4697-418: The local climate. Section 8906(b)(1) now required that the 10 percent trust fund be turned over to the Treasury before a construction permit could be issued. Congress enacted the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Visitor Center Authorization (Public Law 108–126) on November 17, 2003. Unlike subsequent memorial nonprofits, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Foundation (VVMF) continued to operate and solicit funds long after

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4774-402: The lost eye, Udall was a star athlete in basketball, and in football as quarterback leading an undefeated team. He also marched in the school band, wrote a political column for the school paper, and took the lead in the school play. Udall attempted to enlist in the Army Air Forces during World War II , and almost succeeded by covering his glass eye each time he was told to alternate during

4851-422: The memorial's builder had design and construction contracts signed; and the memorial's builder had sufficient funds in hand to complete construction. Section 8(b) also required memorial builders to collect an amount equal to 10 percent of the total cost of construction. This amount was to be turned over to the United States Treasury , which would hold them in trust as a perpetual operations and maintenance fund for

4928-441: The memorial. Section 10(b) provided that the authorization for a memorial would expire at the end of five years, unless a construction permit had been issued by the Department of the Interior or the General Services Administration or Congress had expressly enacted legislation authorizing an extension of the deadline. Section 10(e) exempted any memorial authorized before the 99th Congress from the five-year deadline. Section 10(c) of

5005-401: The memory of a person, group, or event. Section 2(e) established specific zones within the National Capital Region to which various rules established by the Act would apply. Working with the General Services Administration and the National Park Service , Congress had on May 1, 1986, created a map (number 869/86501) of these areas, which it named Area I and Area II. Area I roughly encompassed

5082-535: The natural resource industries. In 1973, Udall was named "Legislator of the Year" by the National Wildlife Federation . However, in 1974, his Land Use Bill was defeated—some environmentalists blaming Udall's inability to work the bill effectively on the floor of the House. From the beginning of his work on the Interior committee in 1961, Udall had been interested in limiting the controversial practice of strip mining , blamed for massive destruction of wilderness and extensive environmental damage, particularly across

5159-424: The office during his first term; but in his second term, he responded to the experience by organizing a school for other incoming freshmen congressman, to teach them the complex and subtle ways of the House of Representatives, and how to navigate the Washington bureaucracy. To aid this effort, Udall wrote a 1966 guidebook, The Job of a Congressman. Udall co-sponsored the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and

5236-406: The private citizens on the National Park Foundation Board. The secretary is a member of the United States Cabinet and reports to the president of the United States . The function of the U.S. Department of the Interior is different from that of the interior minister designated in many other countries. As the policies and activities of the Department of the Interior and many of its agencies have

5313-399: The procedures by which memorials would be considered. Now it was mandatory under Section 8905(a)(1) for a memorial's backers to consult with the National Capital Memorial Commission (NCMC) regarding alternative sites and designs. No longer could memorial backers submit their proposed sites and designs directly to the CFA or the NCPC. Now, according to Section 8905(a)(2), only the Department of

5390-412: The small margins, Carter got the headlines and a further boost to his momentum, and pulled away from Udall and the other candidates. Udall finished second in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, South Dakota, and Ohio primaries, and won the caucuses in his home state of Arizona, while running even with Carter in the New Mexico caucuses. Udall finished a distant second to Carter at

5467-405: The time he returned from military service. While in college, as he read philosophy and history, Udall abandoned his Mormon faith. In particular, he rejected the cultural view among some Church members of the time that black people were "cursed." In 1949 Udall, with his brother, Stewart, started the law firm of Udall & Udall in Tucson, Arizona , practicing law in Tucson until 1961. Udall

5544-587: The title of his autobiography in the 1980s. He once said that his physical stature and one eye kept him from ever having a date in high school, and led to his use of self-deprecating humor to survive. Known for his humor, his irreverent and casual style (particularly his colorful western wear and cowboy boots), and his ethics, Udall was summarized by leading political journalist James M. Perry as "funny, smart, down-to-earth, honest, sassy, patient." Despite being raised Mormon , his spiritual views changed during his later years. He ceased being active in church by

5621-531: Was a key factor in its success. The first major campaign-finance reform legislation since 1925, it required candidates to file campaign finance reports. (President Richard Nixon ran afoul of these requirements in actions related to the Watergate scandal ). Udall also co-sponsored the 1974 Campaign Reform Act , which was signed by President Ford. He fought for financial disclosure legislation, and disclosed his own finances and tax returns. Reforming civil service and

5698-599: Was a lawyer who served as Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court from 1946 to 1960. His mother was a writer keenly interested in Indian life and culture. His father preached the importance of responsible people entering public service. Udall and his siblings attended local schools in St. Johns. At age six in 1928, his right eye was cut by a friend's pocket knife while the friend and he were trying to cut some string; he lost

5775-787: Was elected as the Pima County chief deputy attorney (1950–1952) and county attorney (1953–1954). In 1954, he failed in a bid to be nominated for a Superior Court judgeship. He taught labor law at the University of Arizona law school (1955, 1956). In 1961 he became vice-president of the Arizona Bar Association . Udall co-founded the Bank of Tucson , and the Catalina Savings and Loan Association , and in 1960 became president of Tucson's YMCA . Throughout his early life, Udall dreamed of public office, but—under pressure from his wife—deferred

5852-506: Was not the only problems. The memorials were increasingly large, and often included extensive exhibits that threatened to turn memorials into miniature museums. On March 11, 1986, Representative Mo Udall ( D - Arizona ) introduced H.R. 4378, the Commemorative Works Act of 1986, in the United States House of Representatives . The bill was favorably reported by the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs on April 23, and passed

5929-606: Was projected the winner, exclaiming "Oh, how sweet it is". But Carter eventually won in Wisconsin. Some newspapers proclaimed Udall the winner because of his lead late the night before. They had been wrong before, in the 1948 presidential election , in which the headlines of the Chicago Tribune erroneously proclaimed " Dewey Defeats Truman ." Carter won in Wisconsin by 1%, no more than 7,500 votes. He won 37% to Udall's 36%, gaining one more convention delegate than Udall. Despite

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