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30-560: The Combined Scottish Universities was a three-member university constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1950 . It was created by merging the single-member constituencies of Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities and Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities . The constituency was not a physical area but was rather elected by the graduates of

60-566: A different colour background to the preceding cell and denotes an incumbent who defected or won a re-election for another party.     Independent Unionist     Sinn Féin     Ulster Unionist     Cumann na nGaedheal     Independent     Fianna Fáil     Ceann Comhairle     Independent     Fianna Fáil     Labour     Fine Gael     Human Dignity Alliance King James VI of Scotland , on ascending

90-485: A result. Percy Harris , who had been MP for Harborough since 1916, recorded that once the coupon had been allocated to his Conservative opponent it was interpreted as a personal reflection upon him by his constituents who assumed he must have done something wrong for the Liberal Prime Minister to be seen offering his open support to a rival. Most historians have since agreed that the coupon essentially sealed

120-533: A single constituency with two seats, as Combined English Universities . They were Birmingham , Bristol , Durham , Leeds , Liverpool , Manchester , and Sheffield . Reading was added in August 1928. The University of Wales also received one seat in 1918. 1918 also saw the introduction of the Single Transferable Vote for university constituencies. The Labour government in 1930 attempted to abolish

150-452: Is a constituency , used in elections to a legislature, that represents the members of one or more universities rather than residents of a geographical area. These may or may not involve plural voting , in which voters are eligible to vote in or as part of this entity and their home area's geographical constituency. When James VI inherited the English throne in 1603, the system was adopted by

180-608: Is defined geographically rather than by university; graduates of any approved Indian university may choose to register in the graduates' constituency of their place of residence instead of registering in the ordinary constituency. There are two university constituencies in Seanad Éireann , with graduates of the Dublin University and National University of Ireland entitled to elect three Senators each. Only graduates who are Irish citizens are entitled to vote in these elections. There

210-570: Is no residency requirement so those qualifying who are resident outside the State may vote. Elections are conducted under the single transferable vote and by postal ballot. The Parliament of Ireland that existed until 1801 included the university constituency of Dublin University . This was continued in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , and in 1918, the National University of Ireland

240-574: The English throne , brought to the English Parliament a practice which endured in the Scottish Parliament of allowing the universities to elect members. The king believed that the universities were often affected by the decisions of Parliament, and ought therefore to have representation in it. James gave the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford two seats each from 1603. On

270-788: The Parliament of England . The system was continued in the Parliament of Great Britain (from 1707 to 1800) and the United Kingdom Parliament , until 1950. It was also used in the Parliament of Ireland , in the Kingdom of Ireland , from 1613 to 1800, and in the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1936. Such constituencies have also existed in Japan and in some countries of the British Empire such as India . At present there are four instances in two countries of university constituencies: two in

300-511: The Parliament of Ireland since 1613, was allowed one member from 1801 and two from 1832. In 1868, three new one-member seats were created: University of London ; Glasgow and Aberdeen universities combined; and St Andrews and Edinburgh universities combined. In 1918, the Queen's University of Belfast and the National University of Ireland each received seats. Both these, as well as

330-468: The Parliament of Northern Ireland until it was abolished in 1968 (with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1969) by the Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (c. 20 (N.I.)). This was one of several measures by the then Northern Ireland Prime Minister Terence O'Neill to reform elements of the election franchise and deal with many long-standing civil rights grievances. The members for

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360-673: The Seanad Éireann (the upper—and in general less powerful—house of the legislature of the Republic of Ireland ) and two in the Senate of Rwanda . As shown, at Westminster (in the English then successor British parliaments) 4 seats were incepted in 1603 and the final total, 12, were abolished in 1950. The Northern Irish body was the last in the UK to abolish such seats: it abolished its four for Queens, Belfast in 1969. Six such seats continue in Seanad Éireann ,

390-521: The Coalition (although most were repudiated by the official Labour Party ) and some to members of the patriotic, working class party the National Democratic Party . As Margaret Cole 's memoir of the time makes clear, many competent and patriotic candidates who did not receive the coupon, including sitting Liberal and Labour MPs, found themselves categorised as somehow anti-war or pacifist as

420-675: The Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act 1936 and the Electoral (University Constituencies) Act 1936, which took effect on the dissolution of the Dáil in 1937. These two constituencies were recreated in Seanad Éireann under the Constitution of Ireland adopted in 1937, with the first Seanad election in 1938. In 1979, the Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland permitted a redistribution of

450-656: The Scottish Universities of St Andrews , Edinburgh , Glasgow and Aberdeen . The constituency returned three Members of Parliament to Westminster, elected by Single Transferable Vote . The by-elections used the first past the post voting system. This University constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 and abolished in 1950 by the Representation of the People Act 1948 . University constituency A university constituency

480-556: The University of Dublin, also received four seats in the devolved Stormont parliament and the Southern Ireland parliament respectively that were established in 1920 and first used in elections in 1921. Also in 1918, the Scottish universities switched to all electing three members jointly (see Combined Scottish Universities ). In 1918, all the other English universities (i.e. except for Cambridge, Oxford and London) were enfranchised as

510-593: The adoption of the modern Constitution of India . Nevertheless, today the President of India has the authority to appoint not more than twelve scientists, artists, or other persons who have special knowledge in similar fields, to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house in the Parliament of India . Currently, the upper houses of the state legislatures in the six states that have them have graduates' constituencies, that elect one-twelfth of their members. Each graduates' constituency

540-465: The fate of those Liberals who were not fortunate enough to receive the Coalition's backing. Those Liberals that Lloyd George chose to abandon were left defenceless against Coalition candidates, who had a full claim on the spirit of national unity and patriotism that characterised Britain's war weary mood following the end of hostilities. The election result was catastrophic for these Asquithian Independent Liberals , who retained only 13% of their seats in

570-623: The figures recorded in Trevor Wilson's book The Downfall of the Liberal Party , 159 Liberal candidates received the coupon. A few of these were Independent Liberals , supporters of Asquith. Of those Liberals receiving the coupon 136 were elected, whereas only 29 who did not receive the coupon were returned to Parliament. In addition to the Liberal and Conservative candidates who received the coupon, some letters were also sent to Labour supporters of

600-506: The formal Union (1707), Scottish universities lost their representatives as none were appointed to the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster ). The voters were the graduates of the university, whether they were resident or not; they could vote for the university seats in addition to any other vote that they might have . After the Act of Union 1800 with Ireland , the University of Dublin ( Trinity College ), which had elected two MPs to

630-481: The ground that it is unacceptable that possession of a degree should confer greater electoral rights than those available to other voters. An example of this view can be found in the Green Party submission on Seanad reform in 2004. The Socialist Party also stands for the abolition of these constituencies. Coalition Liberal The name "coupon" was coined by Liberal leader H. H. Asquith , disparagingly using

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660-667: The jargon of rationing with which people were familiar in the context of wartime shortages. The letters all contained the same simple text: Dear ... We have much pleasure in recognizing you as the Coalition Candidate for (name of constituency). We have every hope that the Electors will return you as their Representative in Parliament to support the government in the great task which lies before it. Yours truly, D. Lloyd George A. Bonar Law Some coalition candidates included

690-861: The preceding cell and denotes an incumbent who defected or won a re-election for another party.     Conservative     Irish Unionist     Liberal     Liberal Unionist Some of these seats were filled through STV.    Christian Pacifist     Coalition Liberal (1918–22) / National Liberal (1922–23)     Conservative     Independent     Independent Conservative     Independent Liberal     Independent Progressive     Independent Unionist     Labour     Liberal     National Government     National Labour     National Liberal (1931–68)     Sinn Féin     Ulster Unionist A cell marked → has

720-523: The seats whilst Labour prime minister and many now felt the seats were being used to provide a failed politician with a seat he could not find elsewhere. The humorist and law reform activist A. P. Herbert sat as an independent member for Oxford University from 1935 to 1950. He described the counting of the votes at the 1935 election in a chapter entitled ' P.R.': Or, Standing for Oxford in his 1936 book Mild and Bitter . India had university constituencies before independence, but these were abolished with

750-401: The six university seats between graduates of these named universities and any other institutes of higher education in the state. This was in anticipation of a possible dissolution of the National University of Ireland , but this did not in fact occur, and no change was made to the electorate of these constituencies. Some politicians have called for university representation to be abolished, on

780-519: The university constituencies but was defeated in the House of Commons . Although the members for the university constituencies were usually Conservatives , in the later years independent candidates began to win many of the seats. The Labour government finally abolished the university constituencies via the Representation of the People Act 1948 , with effect from the dissolution of Parliament in 1950, along with all other examples of plural voting . The Queen's University, Belfast constituency survived in

810-527: The university constituencies include many notable statesmen: William Pitt the Younger and Lord Palmerston both served as MPs for Cambridge University, and Robert Peel and William Ewart Gladstone each served as MP for Oxford University for portions of their careers. In his last years Ramsay MacDonald was MP for Combined Scottish Universities after losing his previous seat in the 1935 general election . Many criticised this, as he had previously sought to abolish

840-551: The upper chamber of the Oireachtas (legislature of the Republic of Ireland ). They are the sole directly elected members of the Seanad, with the remainder of the seats being elected by a combination of members of Oireachtas, incoming TDs and outgoing Senators, and local councillors, along with 11 members appointed by the Taoiseach . A cell marked → has a different colour background to

870-475: The wording of the letter in their election addresses . Following confidential negotiations between Lloyd George's coalition Chief Whip , Freddie Guest , and George Younger , chairman of the Conservative Party, over the summer of 1918, it was agreed that 150 Liberals were to be offered the support of the prime minister and the leader of the Conservative Party at the next general election. According to

900-528: Was also given representation there. When the Irish Free State seceded from the UK in 1922, its new lower house of parliament, the Free State Dáil , had three seats each for the two university constituencies. However, under the Electoral Act 1923 voters registered in a university constituency were not permitted to also vote in a geographical one. Both university constituencies were ultimately abolished by

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