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67-688: The Columbia Police Department is made up of four bureaus: the Administrative Bureau, the Chief of Police and the Administrative Support, Operations Bureaus and Operations Support Bureaus. The Administrative Bureau is the smallest of the four bureaus and contains the Office of the Chief of Police, Deputy Chief of Police, the Armory, Public Relations Unit, Accreditation Manager, Neighborhood Services Officer,

134-800: A SWAT ( special weapons and tactics ) team is a generic term for a police tactical unit . SWAT units are generally trained, equipped, and deployed to resolve "high-risk situations", often those regular police units are not trained or equipped to handle, such as shootouts , standoffs , raids , hostage-takings , and terrorism . SWAT units are equipped with specialized weapons and equipment not normally issued to regular police units, such as automatic firearms , high-caliber sniper rifles , stun grenades , body armor , ballistic shields , night-vision devices , and armored vehicles , among others. SWAT units are often trained in special tactics such as close-quarters combat , door breaching , crisis negotiation , and de-escalation . The first SWAT units were formed in

201-466: A Police Review Board. The nine-member board was chosen by the city council. In January 2019, Officer Andria Hesse struck and killed a child while driving on a sidewalk near an elementary school. First charged with involuntary manslaughter, she pleaded guilty to careless and imprudent driving. In July 2021, she was sentenced to two years of supervised probation. SWAT In the United States ,

268-576: A baseline to author their own building codes, such as the Ontario Building Code (OBC) and fire codes, such as the Alberta Fire Code (AFC) , respectively, which must then, in turn, also be adopted by the municipalities, before they become local law, which is then locally enforced by the municipalities. Usually, the municipality passes a by-law to adopt the code, so the same book applies across that whole territory or Province, etc.. Alternatively,

335-404: A legal code serves the dual purpose of broadcasting a certain idea of public morality as well as technical fact, and disclosing the retribution that the society, via the enforcing body, will visit on those who offend that morality. As an example, penalties are imposed for constructing an unsafe building or engaging in actions that will negatively impact the safety of a building. The severity of

402-599: A long lag between the initial emergency and actual SWAT deployment on the ground. The problems of delayed police response at Columbine led to changes in police response, mainly rapid deployment of line officers to deal with an active shooter, rather than setting up a perimeter and waiting for SWAT to arrive. SWAT teams use equipment designed for a variety of specialist situations including close-quarters combat (CQC) in an urban environment. The particular pieces of equipment vary from unit to unit, but there are some consistent trends in what they wear and use. Much of their equipment

469-583: A municipality may elect to issue its own version, such as The City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada , which typically makes its own changes to the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC) , and then issues its own Vancouver Building By-law , rather than to simply adopt the BCBC, as all other municipalities in British Columbia do. Typically, volunteers gather in committees at the location of

536-484: A municipality. Whether authored or merely adopted by a municipality, it is typically, though not exclusively, enforced by the municipality , as the Authority Having Jurisdiction . A municipal code is usually a type of statutory instrument or delegated legislation . A municipal legal code is similar in concept, though different in nature, to " codes " enacted by sovereign government authorities, such as

603-645: A national government or a federal state or province within a federation . Locally enforceable codes include but are not limited to: Some national and regional governments may issue model codes, such as a model building code . Examples include the National Building Code of Canada , the National Fire Code of Canada and Germany 's MBO - Musterbauordnung . All three aforementioned examples are issued as guideline documents, which are then used by their Provinces and Bundesländer , respectively, as

670-624: A sergeant. The Operations Support Bureau is made up of the Criminal Investigations Division, Vice Narcotics & Organized Crime Unit, Traffic Unit and the Evidence Unit. The Evidence Unit is composed of civilian personnel supervised by a CPD Sergeant. The Vice Narcotics & Organized Crime Unit is composed of the uniformed detectives and personnel of the Street Crimes Unit. It is assigned to investigate activity involving

737-761: A shooter in the Winnetka neighborhood of Los Angeles led to the first line-of-duty death of a member of the LAPD's SWAT team in its 41 years of existence. Radley Balko , an analyst for the libertarian Cato Institute , argued in his book Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America that increased SWAT raids have made no-knock raids , and danger to innocents and suspects, far greater. Another study, Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments by Diane Cecilia Weber, also of

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804-509: A shootout, as happened in Austin with Charles Whitman . After the LAPD's establishment of its own SWAT team, many law enforcement agencies in United States established their own specialized units under various names. Gates explained in his autobiography Chief: My Life in the LAPD that he neither developed SWAT tactics nor the associated and often distinctive equipment; but that he supported

871-623: A single dedicated SWAT vehicle. By illustration, the LAPD's website shows that in 2003, their SWAT units were activated 255 times for 133 SWAT calls and 122 times to serve high-risk warrants. The NYPD 's Emergency Service Unit is one of the few police special-response units that operate autonomously 24 hours a day. However, this unit also provides a wide range of services in addition to SWAT functions, including search and rescue, and car accident vehicle extrication, normally handled by fire departments or other agencies. The need to summon widely dispersed personnel, then equip and brief them, makes for

938-406: A small select group of volunteer officers. This first SWAT unit initially consisted of fifteen teams of four men each, making a total staff of sixty. These officers were given special status and benefits, and were required to attend special monthly training sessions. The unit also served as a security unit for police facilities during civil unrest. The LAPD SWAT units were organized as "D Platoon" in

1005-518: A strike that would last over five years from 1965 to 1970. Though the strike never turned violent, the Delano Police Department responded by forming ad-hoc SWAT-type units involving crowd and riot control, sniper skills, and surveillance. Television news stations and print media carried live and delayed reportage of these events across the United States. Personnel from the LAPD, having seen these broadcasts, contacted Delano and inquired about

1072-594: A threat to public safety which would otherwise exceed the capabilities of traditional law enforcement first responders and/or investigative units. According to the Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement , the term "SWAT" was used as an acronym for the "Special Weapons and Tactics" established as a 100-man specialized unit in 1964 by the Philadelphia Police Department in response to an alarming increase in bank robberies . The purpose of this unit

1139-452: A variety of headgear such as M1 helmets , motorcycle helmets , bump helmets , or even soft patrol caps . Modern SWAT units use helmets similar to those issued by the U.S. military, such as the PASGT helmet or Future Assault Shell Technology helmet , though they may also use riot helmets or soft headgear such as caps . Balaclavas and goggles are often used to protect the face and protect

1206-525: A victim advocate, and two assistant prosecuting attorneys. The DOVE Unit investigates domestic violence incidents in Columbia and Boone County. The Traffic Unit is composed of accident investigators, motorcycle officers and the DWI Enforcement Unit. The DWI Unit consists of two officers. The units' two Chevrolet Tahoes are each equipped with Alco-Sensor IV breath test instruments . Formerly known as

1273-518: Is a rational use of available police resources. Other defenders of SWAT deployments state that police have every reason to minimize risks to themselves during raids. By 2005, the number of yearly SWAT deployments in the United States had increased to 50,000, most often to serve drug-related warrants in private homes. According to a study by the ACLU , just under 80% of SWAT deployments were used to serve arrest warrants. Officers have cited safety as

1340-530: Is a response to real or perceived moral panics associated with fear of crime and terrorism. Banks writes that SWAT team employment of military veterans has influenced their tactics and perspective. Countering the view that post-9/11 SWAT policing represents the militarization of police forces, scholar den Heyer writes that SWAT policing is part of a natural progression towards police professionalization. Den Heyer also argues that while SWAT teams continue to be deployed to execute large numbers of drug warrants, this

1407-622: Is also responsible for investigating fires within the city of Columbia and oversees the department's Forensic Evidence Team. The Forensic Evidence Team is made up of volunteer members who receive specialized training in evidence collection. The Domestic Violence Enforcement Unit (DOVE) began operating at the Columbia Police Department on February 2, 1998. The DOVE Unit was funded through the Stop Violence Against Women grant, and it has units composed of three investigators,

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1474-444: Is controversial, and it has been alleged that police armored vehicles escalate situations that could otherwise be resolved peacefully. Some smaller police departments and sheriff's departments also acquire armored vehicles despite few incidents occurring in their jurisdictions that would necessitate their use. Legal code (municipal) A legal code is a body of law written by a local, non-sovereign government authority, such as

1541-493: Is divided into three sectors (north, central and south) and is patrolled by approximately 70 officers assigned to four shifts. The Patrol Division is commanded by a captain, who is assisted by three Patrol Lieutenants who serve as shift commanders. Each of the four shifts is under the direct supervision of sergeants. Two canine teams are also assigned to the Patrol Division. The Downtown Unit is staffed by five officers and led by

1608-424: Is indistinguishable from that supplied to the military, not least because much of it is military surplus . SWAT personnel wear similar uniforms to those worn by military personnel. Traditional SWAT uniforms are usually solid tones of dark blue, black, grey, tan, or olive green, though uniforms with military camouflage have become popular with some SWAT units since the 2000s. Early SWAT units were equipped with

1675-736: Is made up of civilian staff who are responsible for filling police reports with local courts. This unit is responsible for filing Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data to the Federal Bureau of Investigation each year. The Operations Bureau is composed of the Patrol Division, Downtown Unit, K-9 Unit and the Community Service Aides. Uniformed officers in this division enforce state statutes, local ordinances and traffic laws, as well as many other activities. Community Service Aides (CSAs) are non-sworn civilian personnel who respond to minor accidents and conduct traffic control . The City of Columbia

1742-804: Is tasked with following up on citations for conditions that are observed to not be up to city code (roof deterioration, peeling paint, debris on property, etc.). Members of the N.R.T. include the following city agencies: the Environmental Health division of the Health Department, the Protective Inspection division of the Public Works Department, the Police Department and the Department of Public Communications. Created in 1976,

1809-489: Is the fire sprinkler lobby , which favours active fire protection , whereas members of the passive fire protection trades, for instance the International Firestop Council would argue the merits of its members' work. Stakeholders also include insurance companies, who stand to gain by keeping the operating risks of buildings low, whereas a real-estate developer may seek to keep costs low . Generally,

1876-689: Is under this bureau as well. The Training and Recruitment Unit, in conjunction with the Columbia City Human Resources Department, is responsible for all new hires to the CPD. The unit also supervises the Field Training program, a program for recruiting officer training. The TRU is headquartered at the Columbia Police Regional Training Center, located just south of the city along US Highway 63 . The Records Unit

1943-545: The DEA . The money resulted in the creation of many narcotics task forces, and SWAT teams became an important part of these forces. In 1972, paramilitary police units launched a few hundred drug raids annually within the United States. In the early 1980s, SWAT drug raid numbers increased to 3000 annually, and by 1996, 30,000 raids annually. During the 1990s, according to The Capital Times in Madison, Wisconsin , weapons donations from

2010-581: The Department of Defense greatly bolstered the number of SWAT teams and the extent of their operations. The paper reported that the military transferred nearly 100,000 pieces of military equipment to Wisconsin police departments in the 1990s. Criminal justice professors Peter Kraska and Victor Kappeler, in their study Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units , surveyed police departments nationwide and found that their deployment of paramilitary units had grown tenfold between

2077-552: The "SWAT" acronym to be "Special Weapons Attack Team" but this was not accepted by deputy chief Edward M. Davis who instead approved Special Weapons and Tactics. The LAPD promoted what became known as SWAT teams for a variety of reasons. After the racially-charged Watts riots in Los Angeles in August 1965, the LAPD began considering tactics it could use when faced with urban unrest, rioting, or widespread violence. Daryl Gates, who led

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2144-636: The 1960s to handle riot control and violent confrontations with criminals. The number and usage of SWAT units increased in the 1980s during the War on Drugs and the 1990s following incidents such as the North Hollywood shootout and Columbine High School massacre , with further increases in the 2000s for counterterrorism interests in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In the United States by 2005, SWAT teams were deployed 50,000 times every year, almost 80% of

2211-694: The Budget and Financial Management Specialist, and the Legal Advisor. The Deputy Chief is responsible for the three bureau commanders. The Administrative Support Bureau includes the Internal Affairs Unit, Training and Recruitment Unit and Records Unit, as well as the building and vehicle (fleet) maintenance personnel. The Internal Affairs Unit consists of a sergeant and an officer; it became operational in February 2008. The SWAT and Crisis Negotiation Team (CNT)

2278-624: The Cato Institute, raised concern about the increasing use of SWAT teams for ordinary policing tasks. The relative infrequency of SWAT call-outs means these expensively trained and equipped officers cannot be left to sit around, waiting for an emergency. In many departments the officers are normally deployed to regular duties, but are available for SWAT calls via pagers, mobile phones, or radio transceivers. Even in larger police agencies, SWAT personnel will normally be seen in crime suppression roles—specialized and more dangerous than regular patrol, but

2345-620: The Crisis Negotiation Team, originally called the Hostage Negotiation Team, is tasked with responding to hostage or emotionally distressed subject events. In 1998, the H.N.T. changed their name to Crisis Negotiation Team. Once a negotiation is underway, one team handles the communication, the second team provides intelligence and the third supports them both. On July 7, 2009, the Columbia City Council voted to create

2412-427: The LAPD response to the riots, would later write that police at the time did not face a single mob, but rather "people attacking from all directions". New York University professor Christian Parenti has written that SWAT teams were originally conceived of as an "urban counterinsurgency bulwark". Another reason for the creation of SWAT teams was the fear of lone or barricaded gunmen who might outperform police in

2479-569: The Metro division. Early police powers and tactics used by SWAT teams were aided by legislation passed in 1967-8 with the help of Republican House representative Donald Santarelli . The legislation was promoted within the context of fears over the civil rights movement , race riots , the Black Panther Party , and the emerging War on Drugs . The first significant deployment of the LAPD SWAT

2546-467: The SLA; no police were wounded, but the six SLA members died in the conflict, which ended when the house caught fire and burned to the ground. By the time of the SLA shootout, SWAT teams had reorganized into six 10-man teams, each team being divided further into two five-man units, called elements. An element consisted of an element leader, two assaulters, a scout, and a rear-guard. The normal complement of weapons

2613-625: The SWAT first entered the school. As noted in an article in the Christian Science Monitor , "Instead of being taught to wait for the SWAT team to arrive, street officers are receiving the training and weaponry to take immediate action during incidents that clearly involve suspects' use of deadly force." The article further reported that street officers were increasingly being armed with rifles, and issued heavy body armor and ballistic helmets, items traditionally associated with SWAT units. The idea

2680-595: The Special Tactics and Response Team (STAR), the Columbia SWAT Team was created in 1976 after a need was determined for a specialized team trained in tactics beyond ordinary police response. The SWAT Team is divided into three sub-units: Arrest Team, Rescue Team and Sniper Team. The Neighborhood Response Team (N.R.T.) was created in 1999. These concerns of residents in the area include illegal drug activity, trash, abandoned vehicles and dilapidated housing. The N.R.T.

2747-525: The afternoon of May 17, 1974, elements of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a group of heavily armed left-wing guerrillas , barricaded themselves in a residence on East 54th Street at Compton Avenue in Los Angeles. Coverage of the siege was broadcast to millions via television and radio and featured in the world press for days afterwards. SWAT teams engaged in a several-hour gun battle with

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2814-648: The early 1980s and late 1990s. The Columbine High School massacre in Colorado on April 20, 1999 was another seminal event in SWAT tactics and police response. As perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were shooting students and staff inside the school, officers did not intervene in the shooting, but instead set a perimeter as they were trained to do. By the time they did enter the school, 12 people were killed and Harris and Klebold had committed suicide. They were also heavily criticized for not saving teacher Dave Sanders, who had died from blood loss , three hours after

2881-601: The fight against drugs. Reagan subsequently declared drugs to be a threat to U.S. national security. In 1988 the Reagan administration encouraged Congress to create the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Program. The program modified existing federal aid structures to local police, making it easier to transfer money and equipment to fight the War on Drugs. Police forces also received increased assistance from

2948-468: The first few minutes of the incident. In some situations, this dictates the need to rapidly assess the situation and act quickly in order to save lives." According to criminal justice professor Cyndi Banks, the War on Terror , like the War on Drugs, became the context of a significant expansion of SWAT policing. Whereas some have attributed this expansion to "mission creep" and the militarization of police , other scholars argue that increased SWAT policing

3015-491: The following: For predictability, a legal code usually includes a body of prior decisions or precedent , which with the law itself constitutes what is called a jurisprudence . A jurist is an individual who makes judgements that are incorporated into the jurisprudence, either as cases or as laws themselves. To speed cases along and ensure uniform representation, many legal codes require a defendant or plaintiff to be represented by an attorney at law , whose responsibility

3082-1310: The identities of team members. Ballistic vests , sometimes including rigid plate inserts, are standard-issue. These vests are labelled with "POLICE", "SHERIFF", "SWAT", or similar, to allow for easy identification. SWAT units are equipped with special weapons that are not normally used by regular police units, typically military firearms such as assault rifles , submachine guns , riot shotguns , sniper rifles , riot control agents , smoke grenades , stun grenades , and stinger grenades . Though these armaments make SWAT teams resemble military infantry squads , they are still law enforcement units tasked with arrest , and are thus often also equipped with less-lethal weapons such as tasers , pepper spray , pepperballs , baton rounds , bean bag rounds , and rubber bullets to incapacitate suspects. Many SWAT units also have access to specialized equipment such as ballistic shields , entry tools , battering rams , armored vehicles , thermal and night-vision devices , fiberscope cameras , and motion detectors . Canine units may also be incorporated within SWAT teams, or may be used on an ad hoc basis. SWAT units often employ SWAT vehicles, also called "armored rescue vehicles" (ARV), for insertion, maneuvering, and during operations such as

3149-498: The illegal selling, buying and possession of dangerous drugs and narcotics. The Street Crimes Unit, formed in 2008, is composed of four officers supervised by a sergeant. The Criminal Investigation Division (CID) is led by two sergeants and headed by a lieutenant and has detectives who are assigned to investigate crimes along with major felony property crimes. In addition, CID has two specialized units that conduct investigations involving juveniles and domestic violence (DOVE). The CID

3216-473: The issuing authority to write and edit the code. Volunteers in both codes and standards writing are generally considered to be stakeholders . The governing body is generally intended to ensure that no one type of stakeholder dominates in order to be able to produce a more balanced and legally defensible final document. General principles of law and philosophy prevailing in the region may also have an influence. Example legal codes that rely heavily on precedent and

3283-438: The jurists themselves. In construction, precedents may include experience gained through fire losses and structural collapse. Lessons learned can be incorporated into revised codes or updates to prevent further losses. If a legal system is not controlled by a single institution, the legal code typically includes ways to balance the power of different participants (sometimes known as checks and balances ). These measures can reduce

3350-405: The main reason for use of SWAT teams, stating that SWAT units would frequently be called if there were a possibility a suspect might be armed. For instance, in 2006, only two police officers were killed in the arrest of 2 million drug suspects, a low casualty rate possibly stemming from the military equipment and tactics used in the raids. On February 7, 2008, a siege and subsequent firefight with

3417-449: The officers would not be carrying their distinctive armor and weapons. Since officers have to be on call-out most of the day, they may be assigned to regular patrol duties. To decrease response times to situations that require a SWAT team, it is now a common practice to place SWAT equipment and weaponry in secured lockers in the trunks of specialized police cruisers instead of forcing officers to travel to gather their equipment or only use

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3484-522: The opinions of prior jurists include English common law and U.S. Constitutional Law . By contrast most implementations of Islamic shariah . Napoleonic Code , Chinese law and German law , emphasize very specific philosophical principles rooted in Islam , French, Chinese, and German philosophy respectively – the role of precedent and prior jurists is much reduced and that of current judges enhanced – thus these can be seen as an ethical code which applies to

3551-455: The potential for one group of participants to develop a monopoly over the legal system. For example, in a representative democracy , it may be required that elected officials make or vote on any changes to the law. Apart from the foregoing, industry organisations tend to engage in attempts to influence the code writing process through participating in meetings of task committees and groups and providing evidence to make their cases. An example

3618-627: The program. One officer then obtained permission to observe the Delano Police Department's special weapons and tactics units in action, and afterwards, he took what he had learned back to Los Angeles, where his knowledge was used and expanded on to form the LAPD's own first SWAT unit. John Nelson was the officer who conceived the idea to form a specially trained and equipped unit in the LAPD, intended to respond to and manage critical situations involving shootings while minimizing police casualties. Inspector Gates approved this idea, and he formed

3685-455: The punishment is intended to be commensurate with the severity of the offence. Since there are different types of codes, with differing levels of public safety impact, the severity of consequences and punishment varies. Violating the noise control code inside an apartment may just annoy the neighbours. Building and fire code violations, however, can affect anyone inside and even surrounding a building. Perpetrators include, but are not limited to

3752-473: The report, the Department cites four trends which prompted the development of SWAT. These included riots such as the Watts riots , which in the 1960s forced the LAPD and other police departments into tactical situations for which they were ill-prepared; the emergence of snipers as a challenge to civil order; political assassinations; and the threat of urban guerrilla warfare by militant groups. "The unpredictability of

3819-476: The report. The report states on page 109, "The purpose of SWAT is to provide protection, support, security, firepower, and rescue to police operations in high personal risk situations where specialized tactics are necessary to minimize casualties." In 1981 U.S. Congress passed the Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act, giving police access to military intelligence, infrastructure, and weaponry in

3886-850: The rescue of personnel and civilians who may be in danger of receiving fire from suspects if extracted through other methods. Common armored SWAT vehicles include the Lenco BearCat , Lenco BEAR, BAE Caiman , Cadillac Gage Ranger , Cadillac Gage Commando , and similar vehicles. Some departments use decommissioned, disarmed military vehicles acquired from the Law Enforcement Support Office . Alternatively, SWAT teams may use unmarked police cars to respond faster, provide better mobility when splitting up, or avoid detection. Police aircraft , commonly helicopters , are used to provide aerial reconnaissance or insertion via rappelling or fast-roping . The use of armored vehicles by SWAT teams

3953-399: The sniper and his anticipation of normal police response increase the chances of death or injury to officers. To commit conventionally trained officers to a confrontation with a guerrilla-trained militant group would likely result in a high number of casualties among the officers and the escape of the guerrillas." To deal with these under conditions of urban violence, the LAPD formed SWAT, notes

4020-737: The time to serve search warrants , most often for narcotics . By 2015, the number of annual SWAT deployments had increased to nearly 80,000 times a year. Despite their heightened involvement in high-risk scenarios, research on their use of force has shown varied results. A study by professor Jimmy J. Williams and professor David Westall found that there wasn't a significant difference in the frequency of use of force between SWAT and non-SWAT officers when responding to similar situations. The United States National Tactical Officers Association's definition of SWAT is: SWAT : A designated law enforcement team whose members are recruited, selected, trained, equipped and assigned to resolve critical incidents involving

4087-577: The underlying concept, tried to empower his people to develop it, and generally lent them moral support. SWAT-type operations were conducted north of Los Angeles in the farming community of Delano, California on the border between Kern and Tulare Counties in the San Joaquin Valley . At the time, the United Farm Workers union led by César Chavez was staging numerous protests in Delano in

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4154-429: Was a significant change to have police armed with semi-automatic rifles. The encounter with the heavily armed Symbionese Liberation Army, however, sparked a trend towards SWAT teams being issued body armor and automatic weapons of various types. A report issued by the LAPD after the SLA shootout offers one of the few firsthand accounts by the department regarding SWAT history, operations, and organization. On page 100 of

4221-402: Was a sniper rifle (a .243 -caliber bolt-action , based on the ordnance expended by officers at the shootout), two .223 -caliber semi-automatic rifles, and two shotguns. SWAT officers also carried their service revolvers in shoulder holsters. Standard gear included a first aid kit , gloves, and a military gas mask . At a time when officers were usually issued six-shot revolvers and shotguns, it

4288-399: Was never actually used. The Panthers eventually surrendered, with four Panthers and four officers being injured. All six arrested Panthers were acquitted of the most serious charges brought against them, including conspiracy to murder police officers, because it was ruled that they acted in self-defense. By 1974, there was a general acceptance of SWAT as a police resource in Los Angeles. On

4355-525: Was on December 9, 1969, when an attempt by the LAPD to serve arrest warrants against the Black Panthers led to a four-hour standoff at their Los Angeles headquarters at 41st and Central, during which over 5,000 rounds were exchanged between police and the Panthers. During the shootout, Daryl Gates called the Department of Defense , requesting and receiving permission to use a grenade launcher ; however, it

4422-431: Was to react quickly and decisively to bank robberies while they were in progress, using a large number of specially trained officers who had a great amount of firepower at their disposal. The tactic worked and was used to resolve other types of incidents involving heavily armed criminals. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Special Weapons and Tactics was established in 1967. LAPD inspector Daryl Gates envisioned

4489-497: Was to train and equip street officers to make a rapid response to so-called active shooter situations. In these situations, it was no longer acceptable to simply set up a perimeter and wait for SWAT. As an example, in the policy and procedure manual of the Minneapolis Police Department , it is stated, "MPD personnel shall remain cognizant of the fact that in many active shooter incidents, innocent lives are lost within

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