The Columbia Historic District is a neighborhood in Cedarburg, Wisconsin , that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . At the time the district was listed on the register, its contributing properties included 128 historic homes, one church, and eighty-seven historic outbuildings, including garages and barns, all constructed between 1844 and 1938. The district also contained several dozen buildings that do not contribute to the historic district, including modern homes from the post-war era as well as modern garages and other additions to historic properties.
27-630: In 1842, a family of Old Lutheran German immigrants named Groth settled in the Cedarburg area and constructed a cabin on the eastern bank of Cedar Creek . Although the Groth cabin not longer exists, it was the first building in the area of the Columbia Historic District. Between 1843 and 1846, Dr. Frederick A. Luening built the Columbia Mill on Cedar Creek as well as a dam to power his gristmill. It
54-503: A confessional Lutheran counter-reaction called Neo-Lutheranism . Upon Frederick William's death in 1840, persecution of the Old Lutherans eased substantially. However, Old Lutherans continued to find themselves marginalized, especially the clergy who did not have many of the same rights and support accorded to clergy of the Union church. Old Lutherans formed several synods (e.g. in 1841
81-668: A group from Prussia of about 1000 Old Lutherans. They were from Erfurt , Magdeburg and the surrounding area, led by J. A. A. Grabau . They emigrated to the United States in summer 1839. Grabau and his friends founded the "Synod of Lutherans immigrated from Prussia", afterward known as the Buffalo Synod . Thousands of other Old Lutherans settled in the Midwest and Upper Midwest of the United States during this period. In addition to Old Lutherans there were also Neo-Lutheran immigrants from
108-464: A number of Lutheran pastors and congregations continued to use the old liturgical agenda and sacramental rites of the Lutheran church. Becoming aware of this defiance, officials sought out those who acted against the decree. Pastors who were caught were suspended from their ministry. If suspended pastors were caught acting in a pastoral role, they were imprisoned. Among the leaders of the Old Lutherans
135-624: A second wave of Prussian immigrants arrived, led by Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche . His group settled in Lobethal and Bethanien . The Lutherans in South Australia established the Killalpaninna Mission (Bethesda) Station at Cooper's Creek . Johann Flierl , the pioneer missionary of German New Guinea , served there for seven years (1878–1885). When he left for Kaiser-Wilhelmsland in 1885, his cousin, also named Johann Flierl, replaced him at
162-462: A vernacular Queen Anne Revival style, though some turn-of-the-century homes blend characteristics of the Queen Anne Revival and American Craftsman styles. The district's houses are particularly characterized by decorative soffits and string courses on the houses' front gables , in line with the lintels of the second-story windows. The Highland Avenue Bridge is also located adjacent to
189-614: Is still the location of the St Martin's Lutheran Church. In the 1870s other Lutheran migrants arrived in New Zealand including large numbers from Scandinavia who settled in the Wairarapa, Manawatu and Hawkes Bay regions. Norsewood and Dannevirke owe their origins to these settlers. Numerous waves of Old Lutherans immigrated to the United States as well during this time period. Among them was
216-865: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia , seated in Breslau, officially recognised on 23 July 1845), which through various mergers eventually resulted in the present-day Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (SELK). By 1835 many dissenting Old Lutheran groups were looking to emigration as a means to finding religious freedom. Some groups emigrated to Australia and the United States in the years leading up to 1841. The first Lutherans to come to Australia in any significant number were immigrants from Prussia , who arrived in South Australia in 1838 with Pastor August Kavel . These immigrants created three settlements at Klemzig , Hahndorf , and Glen Osmond . In 1841,
243-625: The Lord's Supper using the new agenda. Rather than having the unifying effect that Frederick William desired, the decree created a great deal of dissent among Lutheran congregations. In a compromise with dissenters, who had now earned the name "Old Lutherans", in 1834 Frederick William issued a decree which stated that Union would only be in the areas of governance and liturgy, but the respective congregations could retain their confessional identities. In addition to this, dissenters were forbidden from organizing sectarian groups. In defiance of this decree,
270-500: The 19th and early 20th centuries. The oldest homes were built on large lots in a vernacular style of locally quarried limestone. As time went on, the large lots were subdivided to accommodate the families of Cedarburg's mill workers and other factory workers settled in the area. Other buildings in the district include the limestone Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, constructed in 1891; the Gleitzmann Cooperage , constructed in
297-492: The Columbia Mill, which the Weber family continued until sometime after 1965, when the mill was demolished, although the dam and millrace remain intact. The district's dominant architectural styles are Queen Anne Revival , bungalow , Colonial Revival , and English Cottage, although some houses do not have enough detail to be considered to have a distinct style. Queen Anne Revival buildings account for 23% of contributing properties to
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#1732859161872324-746: The German Kingdom of Saxony , where there was no evangelical union. Lutheran pastor Martin Stephan and nearly 1100 other Saxon Lutherans left for the United States in November 1838, eventually settling in and around St. Louis, Missouri in the Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39 . These were the predecessors to the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod . or critical Public Works Administration Too Many Requests If you report this error to
351-560: The Lutheran and Reformed congregations. To accomplish this, a commission to prepare a common agenda was formed. After more than 20 years of effort, a common liturgical agenda was finally published in 1821. The agenda was not well received by many Lutherans, as it was seen to compromise in the wording of the Words of Institution , to the point where the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist
378-519: The Old Lutherans led many to emigrate to Australia , Canada , and the United States , resulting in the creation of significant Lutheran denominations in those countries. The legacy of Old Lutherans also survives in the Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church in modern Germany. In 1799 King Frederick William III of Prussia issued a decree for a new common liturgical Agenda (service book) to be published, for use in both
405-621: The historic district and bungalows account for 10%. Many houses are of vernacular construction, making use of locally quarried Lannon stone , Cream City brick , and Wisconsin timber. Some of the district's oldest homes are vernacular Greek Revival and Italianate structures from the 1860s, including the Gleitzmann Cooperage and the 1869 home of Ernst Hilgen, co-owner of the Columbia Mill and son of one of Cedarburg's founding millers. Other 19th century structures include wood-frame houses and cream brick houses. Many wooden structures are in
432-485: The historic district, over the Columbia Mill's dam. Designed by local engineer Charles S. Whitney, the single-span arch bridge was constructed of in 1939 by the Public Works Administration , a New Deal program. The bridge's concrete structure is clad with a medieval revival stone facade, and pillars on the four abutment corners, are each crowned by a metal lantern. While not a contributing property to
459-649: The historic district, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation identified it in 1986 as a structure worthy of historic preservation. Old Lutherans Bible Translators Theologians Old Lutherans were German Lutherans in the Kingdom of Prussia , especially in the Province of Silesia , who refused to join the Prussian Union of churches in the 1830s and 1840s. Prussia's king, Frederick William III ,
486-416: The mid-1860s to manufacture flour barrels for the local gristmills; and the Columbia Mill's now-demolished factory store, constructed in 1874 and destroyed in a fire in 1876. While the Columbia Mill was a major employer in the community's early history, and could produce eighty barrels of flour per day in the 19th century the business was frequently sold from one entrepreneur to another. Between 1851 and 1900,
513-516: The mill changed hands nine times, including being auctioned at sheriff's sales in 1851 and 1880. In the 1890s, production shifted from flour to animal feed, and in 1926 the Cedarburg Wire and Nail Factory—located east of the mill and the historic district—purchased the mill solely to use its dam for water power. During the Great Depression, Gerhard and Elmer Weber began operating a feed mill in
540-895: The mission. There have been five waves of migration into the Lutheran Church in New Zealand: In January 1843, just three years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi , the first Lutheran missionaries arrived in Otago . They found that the Wesleyan and Anglican Mission Societies were already well established in New Zealand. They therefore took up the suggestion that they move to the Chatham Islands where they arrived on 20 February of that year. As someone said, they had "...faith in their souls and next to nothing in their pockets." In June of
567-573: The same year, 1843, a shipload of German migrants arrived in Nelson. They settled in what is now Upper Moutere and built a church. There is still a thriving Lutheran congregation worshipping on this site. In the 1860s a number of German people arrived in the Rangitikei . They convinced others from German speaking communities in South Australia to join them. Most initially settled along Pukepapa Road in Marton, which
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#1732859161872594-599: Was Johann Gottfried Scheibel (1783–1843). Scheibel was a professor of theology in Breslau from 1818 until 1830 when he was suspended from his post for his dissenting views. Scheibel came to prominence as a leader of the Old Lutherans in the dissent against the Prussian Union. He spoke, preached and wrote against the Union, which consequently resulted in suspension from his post as theological professor. Undaunted, Scheibel continued in his dissent as he moved to new cities. He
621-482: Was at Dresden in 1832 where he was ordered to leave that same year. He moved to Hermsdorf , where likewise he was asked to leave in 1836, then on to Glauchau and Nuremberg . He died at Nuremberg about the time that he was being restored to his post as professor at Breslau. After Scheibel, Eduard Huschke became the leader of Old Lutherans. Other famous Old Lutherans included Henrik Steffens , H. E. F. Guericke , Kahnis and Rudolf Rocholl . Union also caused
648-423: Was cut to facilitate transportation between the community's center and the Columbia Mill, and houses began to spring up along the road. The neighborhood was primarily a residential area. While some wealthier Cedarburg merchants built several large houses along Columbia Road close to downtown Cedarburg, most of the houses along Columbia Road and the surrounding streets were occupied by German working-class families in
675-532: Was determined to unify the Protestant churches, homogenize their liturgy, organization, and architecture. In a series of proclamations over several years the Church of the Prussian Union was formed, bringing together a group that was majority Lutheran and minority Reformed. As a result, the government of Prussia had full control over church affairs, with the king recognized as the leading bishop. Attempted suppression of
702-421: Was not proclaimed. The Protestant congregations were directed in 1822 to use only the newly formulated agenda for worship. This met with strong objections and non-compliance from Lutheran pastors around Prussia. The liturgical agenda was subsequently modified to appease many of the objections of the dissenting Lutherans, and in 1830 Frederick William ordered all Protestant congregations in Prussia to celebrate
729-531: Was the first mill on Cedar Creek, and its dam flooded nearby properties, causing a dispute with neighboring settlers. Luening had to tear down the original structure and move his mill further east. In 1844, Frederick Hilgen and William Schroeder built the Cedarburg Mill on the western bank of Cedar Creek, directly west of the present-day historic district. Cedarburg's town center grew along Washington Avenue , closer to Hilgen and Schroeder's mill, so Columbia Road
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