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34-453: The Columbia Spectator was founded in 1877 by Frederick William Holls and H.G. Paine. Also serving on the paper's first editorial board was William Barclay Parsons . Several attempts at student journalism were made before the Spectator . The first student publication formed at Columbia was the short lived Philolexian Observer , founded in 1813. The Cap and Gown was founded in 1867 as both

68-477: A better book." Armstrong stated that he had submitted 52 corrections to Tyranny of the Weak to the publisher Cornell University Press and these would be included in the next printing of the book. The press confirmed this with a single tweet on January 11, 2017, saying "Charles Armstrong responds to critics, issues corrections to Tyranny of the Weak" and linking to Armstrong's blog post. However, Armstrong later deleted

102-829: A diploma in Korean language in 1986. He next spent a year in Northeast China teaching English at Jilin University and then went onto study for an M.Sc. at the London School of Economics in 1988. He earned his Ph.D. in Korean Studies at the University of Chicago in 1994 under Bruce Cumings , a noted historian of Korean Studies. Charles Armstrong is a specialist in the modern history of Korea and East Asia, and has written or edited numerous books on modern and contemporary Korea as well as

136-626: A multi-part formal investigation of Armstrong's research conduct and determined that he had committed plagiarism. It further announced that Armstrong would retire at the end of 2020. He left the university in June 2020. According to documents obtained by journalists Khadija Hussein and Karen Xia, Columbia's investigation concluded in January 2019 and its scope extended back to Armstrong's tenure file submitted in 2003. That tenure file included draft chapters of what would ultimately become Armstrong's book Tyranny of

170-554: A number of North Korea scholars ( Andrei Lankov , Balázs Szalontai , Brian Myers , Fyodor Tertitskiy and others) for deceptive scholarship. Szalontai asserted that many parts of the text closely resemble text in Szalontai's Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era and were supported by documents that either did not exist or were completely unrelated to the subject. Szalontai compiled a table of 76 problematic cases and later expanded

204-424: A professor of history at Columbia University. It also, in 2019, found that a number of professors accused or found guilty of sexual misconduct remained on campus, breaking news that English professor Michael Golston had been found guilty of sexually assaulting a student. Frederick William Holls George Frederick William Holls (July 1, 1857 – July 23, 1903) was an American lawyer, publicist, and Secretary of

238-399: A revised edition of the book. The new edition of the book appeared in the summer of 2017, without any formal announcement from the press. The new text contained few changes to the prose, but did feature changes to dozens of footnotes now citing Szalontai's Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era rather than archival documents. It also included two new sentences from Armstrong in the front matter of

272-480: A series of blogs, SpecBlogs. It was the third Ivy League paper to do this, after The Harvard Crimson 's Sports Blog (December 2005) and The Daily Pennsylvanian 's TheBuzz (January 2006). In September 2006, Spectator staff launched The Eye , a weekly magazine featuring investigative pieces and commentary on Columbia and New York City. The name of The Eye relates both to the fact that one "spectates" with it and urban theorist Jane Jacobs ' notion that "eyes on

306-493: A student newspaper and literary publication. It was renamed to the Acta Columbiana in 1873, and was absorbed by the Spectator in 1885, which also took its motto, A Studentibus Studentibusque . The Spectator was first published as a fortnightly. In 1898 it became a weekly, and a year later began to be published semi-weekly, before finally becoming a daily paper in 1902. In April 2014, Spectator announced it would become

340-573: The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . He died on July 23, 1903, at his home in Yonkers, New York at age 46. Charles K. Armstrong Charles King Armstrong (born February 11, 1962) is an American historian of North Korea . From 2005 to 2020, he worked as the Korea Foundation Professor of Korean Studies at Columbia University , spending his last year on sabbatical after

374-520: The AHA, has returned the Fairbank Prize." Columbia University made no statement at this time, but did announce on June 1 that Armstrong had been awarded a 2017 President's Global Innovation Fund Grant for work with Joseph Terwilliger on exchanges with North Korean physicians. The return of the prize prompted the head of Cornell University Press to state in early July 2017 that the press would imminently issue

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408-704: The Cold War. The book received positive reviews, particularly because it appeared to draw from so many foreign archives and materials in multiple languages including Russian, Chinese, German, and Korean. The book was the 2014 winner of the John K. Fairbank Prize , given to the best book in East Asian History by the American Historical Association . Beginning in September 2016, the book was severely criticized by

442-569: The Turkeyshoots process with an interview. The results of the process, including the new managing board, are announced in mid-December, the weekend before finals. In 2005, Spec started printing La Página, a weekly flyer in Spanish with translations of some of the week's English content most relevant to neighborhood readers. It folded within the year. The next year, in February 2006, the paper launched

476-403: The Turkeyshoots process. The Corporate Board of Spectator followed an internal policy to investigate the claims, which was not made public to staffers. Following the Turkeyshoots season, the majority of the newspaper's Sports section resigned in protest. In 2018 and 2019, work by journalists at the paper played an important role in uncovering the plagiarism scandal around Charles K. Armstrong ,

510-447: The U.S. National Archives, and was a step forward for efforts to understand North Korea more at the local level and beyond more conventional Cold War or Korean War-centered approaches. He has published articles in peer-reviewed journals on such subjects as Kim Il Sung's Manchurian guerrilla heritage, the "cultural Cold War" in Korea, and assessments of North Korean studies as a whole. He

544-740: The United States delegation to the Hague Peace Conference and was one of the American delegates to the Committee on Arbitration, which led to the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration . He was a delegate to the 1894 New York State Constitutional Convention . Holls was married to Caroline M. Sayles, daughter of Pawtucket, Rhode Island mayor Frederick Clark Sayles , who was a descendent of Thomas Olney and Roger Williams , founders of

578-641: The United States delegation to the Hague Peace Conference . Holls was born in Zelienople, Pennsylvania , on July 1, 1857. His father, George Charles Holls, was a German immigrant and Lutheran minister from Darmstadt who settled in Ohio in 1851 and served as the founding director of the Wartburg Orphanage , the first Lutheran orphanage in the United States. He graduated from Columbia College in 1878 and Columbia Law School in 1880. At Columbia, he co-founded

612-600: The Weak. According to Balázs Szalontai, who obtained a copy of the investigation's draft report in 2018, the investigation found evidence in the tenure file that Armstrong had plagiarized Szalontai's dissertation. A partial copy of an earlier draft of Columbia's investigation report was made public by the Retraction Watch website on September 20, 2019. A female student enrolled in Armstrong's 2014 Global Scholars summer course accused Armstrong of rape in 2020. According to

646-471: The basics of writing an article and publish their first articles. Each November and December, students run for positions at the paper, a process that takes nearly a month. They begin by shadowing , or sitting with the current editors or associate editors and learning the editing process. Next they write proposals for their desired position. The students then take editing tests created by their department editor that test them on fundamentals. Finally, they complete

680-647: The citations, including plagiarism and source fabrication . He was investigated by Columbia in 2020 relating to rape accusations from a student, where he was found guilty of " harassment " and violating school policy prohibiting sexual relations of professors with students. He left Columbia in June 2020. Armstrong earned his B.A. in Chinese Studies (having transferred from East Asian studies during his first year) at Yale University in 1984, and continued his studies for two years at Yonsei University in Seoul, earning

714-441: The efforts by Andrei Lankov and other scholars to methodically check Armstrong's suspicious sources. In February 2020, Armstrong's 2005 article: " 'Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–62", published in the journal Cold War History , was retracted for plagiarism from Szalontai's book. On September 10, 2019, Columbia University released a letter to faculty explaining that it had concluded

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748-537: The first Ivy League newspaper to cut its daily print for a weekly distribution to focus on digital content and increase revenue. The plan was approved shortly thereafter by the Board of Trustees, passing 7 to 4. John R. MacArthur , one of the members of the board, resigned in protest of the decision, but the paper did see the expected revenue increase. Spectator is published by Spectator Publishing Company Inc, an independent 501(c)(3) corporation. Spectator Publishing Company

782-406: The newspaper's advertising, finances, software development, and alumni relations, are headed by the publisher. Spectator also runs The Eye which is a magazine focused on publishing long-form feature articles and essays. The paper is currently run by the 147th managing board. First-time writers at Columbia begin their time at the paper with a 3 to 4 month trainee semester, during which they learn

816-545: The post and his entire blog. In June 2017, Armstrong returned the John King Fairbank Prize to the American Historical Association in response to critical queries made by the association. In its press release, the association stated that they had "identified a set of citations that did not meet professional standards" and that "Dr. Armstrong has corrected the citation errors and, out of respect for

850-464: The street" help keep neighborhoods safe. In March 2010, Spec launched a new blog, Spectrum, which is updated several times a day with breaking news, columns, and features. In January 2018, Spec launched a branded content studio, Spectator Brand Studios. It was the second Ivy League paper to do this, after the Harvard Crimson. Spectator has been criticized publicly by staff members over

884-555: The student newspaper, Columbia Daily Spectator , and served as first editor. After being admitted to the New York bar , Holls represented the German government in important matters and started his own law practice named Holls, Wagner & Burghard, building his clientele among those of German descent. Holls was active in Republican Party affairs. He was also appointed Secretary of

918-404: The table to include 90 of such cases. Soon after the allegations were made public, Armstrong responded to NK News that he "did not comment on any specific issues critics have raised with the book". On December 30, 2016, Armstrong directly addressed the issues raised by the critics, stating: "For those who find the book flawed, inaccurate or insufficiently researched, the answer is simple: write

952-406: The text: "I would like to add a special note of thanks to Dr. Balázs Szalontai, whose pioneering research was insufficiently acknowledged in the prior printing of this book and who pointed out to me numerous attribution errors in chapters 2 and 3. I apologize for my previous oversights and gratefully acknowledge Dr. Szalontai's assistance in correcting these errors." A short review of the controversy

986-455: The university's determination that he had committed extensive plagiarism. Armstrong's works dealt with revolutions , cultures of socialism , architectural history , and diplomatic history in the contexts of East Asia and modern Korea , with a focus on North Korea. His 2013 book, Tyranny of the Weak , won the John K. Fairbank Prize , but he returned it in 2017 after the American Historical Association asked him to account for issues with

1020-507: The wider East Asia region (including Vietnam and Japan) and the Cold War. He joined the Columbia faculty in 1996 and before leaving in 2020, taught courses on Korean history, U.S.-East Asian relations, the Vietnam War , and approaches to international and global history. His book The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 , published in 2003, was based largely on captured North Korean documents in

1054-401: The years for obscuring its election procedures. On October 16, 2009, Ryan Bubinski, then the online editor of Spec , shut down the website in protest of a constitutional violation. The website was restored on the 18th, and Bubinski left the staff of the newspaper. The lack of a constitution brought renewed protests in 2018 when concerns over potential prior misconduct of a staffer surfaced during

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1088-701: Was a visiting professor in 2008 at the Graduate School of International Studies at Seoul National University , has given keynote lectures at major Asian studies conferences, and is a regular fixture in US media coverage of the Korean peninsula, including documentary film and television. In 2013, Charles Armstrong's book Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992 was published by Cornell University Press. The book sought to reassess North Korean foreign policy in

1122-707: Was formed in 1962 and has been independent of Columbia University since then. The president of the Spectator Publishing Company also serves as the editor in chief of the Columbia Daily Spectator . Spectator ' s writing departments, each headed by one or two editors, include university news, city news, sports, arts and culture, opinion, and lifestyle. The other non-writing departments, also headed by their own respective editors, include photography, illustrations, graphics, audio, video, and copy. The Business & Innovations departments, which oversee

1156-609: Was published in a collective blog Retraction Watch . It was also covered by South Korean media, Chinese media, and the New York Post. In an extensive interview in December 2019, Szalontai revealed that Armstrong had not worked in any Russian archives at all, and said "some of the East German sources [in Tyranny of the Weak ] are fake, some are not fake," and further discussed some of

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