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30-510: Chateau Ste. Michelle is a winery in Woodinville, Washington , United States, 20 miles (32 km) east of Seattle . It is the state's oldest winery and produces Chardonnay, Cabernet, Merlot, and Riesling, and has winemaking partnerships with two vintners: Col Solare is an alliance with Tuscany's Piero Antinori and Eroica Riesling is a partnership with the Mosel's Ernst Loosen. Chateau Ste. Michelle

60-406: A high wastewater output. To a lesser degree, wastewater is produced if boilers or water conditioning equipment is used. Fermentation in food processing In food processing , fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms — yeasts or bacteria —without an oxidizing agent being used in the reaction. Fermentation usually implies that

90-961: A purchase. While some associate wineries with large winemaking regions such as Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley in California, the Barossa Valley in Australia or the legendary wine regions of France ( Bordeaux , Burgundy , Champagne ) and Italy , wineries can be found nearly everywhere. The east coast of the United States also has winemaking regions like New York's Finger Lakes region, Aquidneck Island , RI and Long Island, NY and Cape May, NJ. Wineries do not have to be located adjacent to vineyards; grapes can be shipped anywhere. In addition, people make wine out of other fruits and plants (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine, passion fruit wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where

120-420: A small farm vineyard is a small wine producer or may not have its own vineyard , and instead sources its grape product from outside suppliers. The concept is similar to a microbrewery , in that small batches of product are made primarily for local consumption. The concept of the micro-winery is not as easily accepted as that of the microbrewery, however, as the general public has been conditioned to associate

150-460: A small winery. Previously, in the northern Zagros Mountains in Iran , jars over 7000 years old were discovered to contain tartaric acid crystals (a chemical marker of wine), providing evidence of winemaking in that region. Archaeological excavations in the southern Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli uncovered evidence of wine-making equipment (containers called qvevri ) dating back 8000 years. In 2017

180-468: A special permit to open a satellite store in a tourist area. New York's passing of the Farm Winery Act of 1976 set an example for other states to pass similar laws. Farm wineries usually operate at a smaller scale than commercial wineries. Farm wineries are a form of value added marketing, known as agritourism, for farmers who may otherwise struggle to show a profit. A micro-winery can either be at

210-452: A wider range of wines; as it is not tied to the grapes it grows. New York State provides a specific micro-winery license that requires the microwinery to purchase local ingredients. The urban winery is a recent phenomenon whereby a wine producer chooses to locate their winemaking facility in an urban setting within a city rather than in the traditional rural setting near the vineyards . With advances in technology and transportation, it

240-420: A winery as having a vineyard. A winery uses similar wine-making equipment as a major commercial winery, just on a smaller scale. Glass carboys and sanitary plastic pails are often seen in the facilities of a micro-winery. Typically, each batch of wine yields 23 Liters (6 US gallons). One of the primary differences of a micro-winery as compared to a typical winery is that a micro-winery is typically able to offer

270-615: Is 13,000-year-old residues of a beer, with the consistency of gruel, found in a cave near Haifa in Israel. Another early alcoholic drink, made from fruit, rice, and honey, dates from 7000 to 6600 BC, in the Neolithic Chinese village of Jiahu , and winemaking dates from ca. 6000 BC, in Georgia , in the Caucasus area. Seven-thousand-year-old jars containing the remains of wine, now on display at

300-496: Is an important factor to consider during the fermentation of foods. Failing to completely remove any microbes from equipment and storing vessels may result in the multiplication of harmful organisms within the ferment, potentially increasing the risks of food borne illnesses such as botulism. However, botulism in vegetable ferments is only possible when not properly canned. The production of off smells and discoloration may be indications that harmful bacteria may have been introduced to

330-549: Is exacerbated when a plastic container is used for this purpose instead of the old-fashioned, traditional method, a grass-lined hole, as the Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic. Research has found that fermented food contains a carcinogenic by-product, ethyl carbamate (urethane). "A 2009 review of the existing studies conducted across Asia concluded that regularly eating pickled vegetables roughly doubles

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360-402: Is not a problem for an urban winery to grow their grapes in a remote location and then transport them to the urban facility for crushing, fermentation and aging. Urban wineries have been opened in cities across the United States including San Francisco; Sacramento; Portland, Oregon; Seattle; Frederick, Maryland; New York; Cincinnati; San Diego; and Los Angeles to name a few. Wilridge Winery was

390-539: Is used to leaven bread. The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products. Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through lactic acid , alcohol, acetic acid , and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids , and vitamins; to eliminate antinutrients ; and to reduce cooking time and

420-590: The Pomerelle Wine Company. (For years, there was a large neon sign advertising NAWICO in Seattle's Wallingford neighborhood.) The French -style chateau is located on 118 acres (48 ha) of land with mature trees that once belonged to lumber baron Frederick Stimson, who used it as a hunting retreat and rural working farm called the Hollywood Farm . Chateau Ste. Michelle acquired the property in 1976; it

450-626: The University of Pennsylvania, were excavated in the Zagros Mountains in Iran . There is strong evidence that people were fermenting alcoholic drinks in Babylon ca. 3000 BC, ancient Egypt ca. 3150 BC, pre-Hispanic Mexico ca. 2000 BC, and Sudan ca. 1500 BC. The French chemist Louis Pasteur founded zymology , when in 1856 he connected yeast to fermentation. When studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast , Pasteur concluded that

480-660: The absence of living yeast cells . While studying this process in 1897, the German chemist and zymologist Eduard Buchner of Humboldt University of Berlin , Germany, found that sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture, by an enzyme complex secreted by yeast that he termed zymase . In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research and discovery of "cell-free fermentation". One year earlier, in 1906, ethanol fermentation studies led to

510-427: The action of microorganisms is desired. The science of fermentation is known as zymology or zymurgy. The term "fermentation" sometimes refers specifically to the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol , producing alcoholic drinks such as wine , beer , and cider . However, similar processes take place in the leavening of bread (CO 2 produced by yeast activity), and in the preservation of sour foods with

540-1294: The associated use of fuel. Cheonggukjang , doenjang , fermented bean curd , miso , natto , soy sauce , stinky tofu , tempeh , oncom, soybean paste, Beijing mung bean milk, kinama, iru , thua nao Amazake , beer , bread , choujiu , gamju , injera , kvass , makgeolli , murri , ogi , rejuvelac , sake , sikhye , sourdough , sowans , rice wine , malt whisky , grain whisky , idli , dosa , Bangla (drink) vodka , boza , and chicha , among others. Kimchi , mixed pickle , sauerkraut , Indian pickle , gundruk , tursu Wine , vinegar , cider , perry , brandy , atchara , nata de coco , burong mangga , asinan , pickling , vişinată , chocolate , rakı , aragh sagi , chacha , tempoyak Mead , metheglin , tej Some kinds of cheese also, kefir , kumis (mare milk), shubat (camel milk), ayran , cultured milk products such as quark , filmjölk , crème fraîche , smetana , skyr , and yogurt Bagoong , faseekh , fish sauce , Garum , Hákarl , jeotgal , ngapi , padaek , pla ra , prahok , rakfisk , shrimp paste , surströmming , shidal Chorizo , salami , sucuk , pepperoni , nem chua, som moo , saucisson , fermented sausage Pu-erh tea , Kombucha , Lahpet , Goishicha Sterilization

570-796: The city government. Chateau Ste. Michelle produces over 600,000 cases of Riesling wine per year. The winery owns several estate vineyards in Eastern Washington including the Canoe Ridge vineyard in the Horse Heaven Hills AVA , the Cold Creek vineyard and Indian Wells vineyards in the Columbia Valley AVA . With the 2022 harvest, Chateau Ste. Michelle moved its white wine production from Woodinville to its facilities in eastern Washington to reduce freight trips and use of diesel fuel. On

600-456: The company moved its wine production out of the Woodinville property, which it briefly put up for sale in 2022 before cancelling plans. In 2024, Chateau Ste. Michelle proposed a redevelopment of its Woodinville property that would include 90 single-family homes , a hotel, a new music venue, and stores. The redevelopment would require a revised zoning designation, which remains industrial use, from

630-540: The early discovery of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ). Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon dioxide . All three products have found human uses. The production of alcohol is made use of when fruit juices are converted to wine , when grains are made into beer , and when foods rich in starch, such as potatoes , are fermented and then distilled to make spirits such as gin and vodka . The production of carbon dioxide

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660-405: The fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force, called " ferments ", within the yeast cells. The "ferments" were thought to function only within living organisms. Pasteur wrote that "Alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells." Nevertheless, it was known that yeast extracts can ferment sugar even in

690-501: The first urban winery in Seattle. Winery wastewater is primarily generated during the cleaning of winemaking equipment and facilities. The quantity and quality of wastewater shows seasonal variations. Wastewater handling involves collection, possible treatment, then disposal and/or reuse. Peak wastewater generation occurs during the "crush", in other words, when grapes are actively being processed into juice for fermentation. This process requires large amounts of clean water and results in

720-446: The food. Alaska has witnessed a steady increase of cases of botulism since 1985. It has more cases of botulism than any other state in the United States of America. This is caused by the traditional Alaska Native practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish heads, walrus , sea lion , and whale flippers, beaver tails, seal oil, and birds, to ferment for an extended period of time before being consumed. The risk

750-508: The grounds of the winery is an amphitheater where outdoor concerts are performed in the summer. Winery The earliest known evidence of winemaking at a relatively large scale, if not evidence of actual wineries, has been found in the Middle East . In 2011 a team of archaeologists discovered a 6000 year old wine press in a cave in the Areni region of Armenia , and identified the site as

780-454: The other substances are grown. For example, a winery in Hawaii produces pineapple wine. A class of winery license known as the farm winery allows farms to produce and sell wines on site. Farm wineries differ from commercial wineries in that the fruit which is the source of the wine is usually produced on the farm, and the final product is also sold on the farm. States such as New York have given

810-456: The production of lactic acid , such as in sauerkraut and yogurt . Other widely consumed fermented foods include vinegar , olives , and cheese . More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey, dairy products, and fish. Natural fermentation predates human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation

840-557: The remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi , Georgia . Wineries typically employ winemakers to produce various wines from grapes by following the winemaking process. This process involves the fermentation of fruit, as well as blending and aging of the juice. The grapes may be from vineyards owned by the winery or may be brought in from other locations. Many wineries also give tours and have cellar doors or tasting rooms where customers can taste wines before they make

870-528: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Over the years, many Washington winemakers have gotten their start working for Chateau Ste. Michelle, these include Kay Simon of Chinook Wines, which she co-founded with her husband Clay Mackey who also worked as a vineyard manager for Chateau Ste. Michelle. Ste. Michelle Wine Estates was sold to Sycamore Partners , a private equity firm, in 2021 for $ 1.2 billion. Under their new ownership,

900-627: Was selected as Wine Enthusiast magazine's 2004 American Winery of the Year. It was owned by Altria (formerly known as Phillip Morris), and then sold to the private equity firm Sycamore Partners in 2021. Chateau Ste. Michelle is the oldest winery in Washington state. It was founded as the American Wine Company , a 1954 merger of the National Wine Company (NAWICO), founded in 1934, and

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