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90-527: The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement that regulates water distribution among seven states in the Southwestern United States . The contract is about the area within the drainage basin of the Colorado River . The agreement, originally proposed by attorney Delph Carpenter , was signed at a meeting at Bishop's Lodge, near Santa Fe, New Mexico , by representatives of the seven states

180-474: A compact. Congress must explicitly approve any compact that would give a state power that is otherwise designated to the federal government . Treaties between the states, ratified under the Articles of Confederation during the period after American independence in 1776 until the current U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789, are grandfathered and treated as interstate compacts. This includes agreements like

270-549: A concussion. After a brief stop in Tombstone, the party continued on to Tucson, where Colter remained resting in his hotel room for several days, cancelling campaign stops. This left only three candidates to run in the Democratic primary: Osborn, Sutter and Colter. On September 10, early returns showed Sutter with a slight lead over Colter. With only 29 of 82 statewide precincts counted, Sutter had 772 votes to Colter's 755, with Osborn

360-476: A distant third with 71. However. by the time 79 precincts had tallied their votes, Colter had pulled into a commanding lead, with the three final precincts to be counted being small. Colter won the Democratic primary in September 1918, garnering 44% of the total votes, 14,539 to Sutter's 10,108 and Osborn's 8,390. In doing so, he won 12 of Arizona's then 14 counties. After his winning the nomination, his eligibility

450-513: A factor which has also delayed use or delivery of water to reservations. There are 30 federally recognized tribes in the Colorado River basin, 12 of which still struggle to get all of their water rights. The Navajo Nation has the largest water right in the Colorado River basin that is yet to be quantified. The Navajo sued in 2003 for their water rights; the Supreme Court decided in 2023 that

540-603: A large flock which grazed in Apache County during the summer months, and moved into Maricopa County, underneath the Roosevelt Dam during the winter months, where Colter had purchased extensive acreage to pasture his animals. The commissary he set up on the Colter Ranch was not only to serve the numerous ranch hands which worked his herds and flocks, but also served the surrounding ranches as well, becoming quite successful. By

630-544: A need to plan for shortages. Because of its lower priority, shortages should fall primarily upon the users of the Central Arizona Project , however the consequences for some Arizona farmers and urban sectors could be dire. If the federal government acts unilaterally to restrict other uses of water, they run the risk of litigation. For these and other reasons, river users are exploring voluntary measures address shortages. Some have called for amending or re-interpreting

720-414: A new multi-state governmental agency which is responsible for administering or improving some shared resource such as a seaport or public transportation infrastructure. Compacts may also be limited to a certain multi-state region, may be open to all states and insular areas, or may be open to subnational governments in other countries. Interstate compacts are distinct from, but may involve aspects of,

810-542: A share. In 1934, Arizona, unhappy with California's decision to dam and divert the river, called out the National Guard and even commissioned a two-boat "navy." The contentions over water sharing and the provisions of the Boulder Canyon Project Act were eventually settled in court through a series of four Arizona v. California Supreme Court decisions.The case lasted 11 years and cost over $ 5 million, requiring

900-497: A third, more-empowered type of interstate compact, in which persistent governance structures are tasked by member states with conducting designated services. Today, Virginia is a member of the most interstate compacts at 40, while Hawaii is a member of the fewest at 15. Fred Colter Fred Tuttle Colter was an Arizona rancher and farmer, as well as being the state senator for Apache County beginning with Arizona's second state legislature in 1915. Colter spent six terms in

990-567: A winter home. In 1910 he was elected as a vice-president of the Arizona Cattle Growers Association, becoming the first person to hold that post. In 1910, he was nominated as the Democratic delegate to the Constitutional Convention for developing the state constitution for the soon-to-be state of Arizona. He was one of the two youngest members of the convention. While serving on the Constitutional Convention, he

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1080-518: Is allocated to Mexico, pursuant to the treaty relating to the use of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana rivers and of the Rio Grande , signed February 3, 1944, and its supplementary protocol signed November 14, 1944. Also, the lower basin can get an additional 1.1-million acre⋅ft/a (43 m/s) in surplus conditions. The 1922 Colorado River Compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among

1170-580: Is not required for agreements "which the United States can have no possible objection or have any interest in interfering with" (in addition to ruling that the words "agreement" and "compact" used in the Compact Clause are synonyms). Instead, the Court required explicit congressional consent for interstate compacts that are "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in

1260-475: The Central Arizona Project of the 1960s and 1970s. Colter, by the time he was 21 had created his own brand, the "Cross Bar". With his marriage to Duge in 1904, the homestead became known as the Colter Ranch. He brought an unknown number of his own cattle to the ranch, in addition to taking control of the 1100 head which were in Duge's herd, as well as over 800 he also managed for Elizabeth. By 1906 he had increased

1350-673: The Santa Fe Compact . He returned to Arizona and began a decades long fight to keep the lion's share of the water from the Colorado River for use in Arizona. In 1923, Colter founded the Arizona Highline Reclamation Association, the goal of which was to create a system of dams and reservoirs in the state, utilizing the waters of the Colorado. The concept also had the support of Colter's long-time political ally, Hunt, who had been re-elected as governor in 1922, defeating

1440-571: The Treaty of Beaufort , which set the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina in 1787, and is still in effect. Prior to 1922, most interstate compacts were either border agreements between states or advisory compacts, the latter of which are tasked with conducting joint studies to report back to the respective state legislatures. With the creation of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 1922, administrative compacts began to develop as

1530-754: The United States Bureau of Reclamation . Such projects included Hoover Dam and Lake Powell . The annual allotments in the Lower Basin were established in 1928 as part of the Boulder Canyon Project , while the annual allotments in the Upper Basin were established by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948. They are: In addition to this, 1.5 million acre-feet per year (59 cubic meters per second) of Colorado River water

1620-874: The United States Constitution provides that "No State shall, without the Consent of Congress ,... enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power,..." However, in a report released in October 2019 about the proposed National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , the Congressional Research Service (CRS) cited the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in Virginia v. Tennessee (1893)—reaffirmed in U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Commission (1978) and Cuyler v. Adams (1981)—that ruled that explicit congressional consent of interstate compacts

1710-532: The "Grand River". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major ongoing concerns since the 1920s was the expanding population, which increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of

1800-613: The 2019 Drought Contingency Plan. Since the development of the Colorado River Compact, California (and Arizona) have been using the surplus water that has been left over from other states. With increasing population growth in the Southwest, there was concern that this surplus will soon not exist for California use. In 2001, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt signed an interim agreement determining how water surplus from

1890-570: The Arizona Senate. He also led the fight on Arizona's behalf to maintain control over the water from the Colorado River, coining the slogan, "Save the Colorado for Arizona". He was a close ally of the state's first governor, George W. P. Hunt . Prior to his election to the state senate, Colter had served as the state's fair commissioner. Fred T. Colter was born on February 2, 1879, in Nutrioso, Arizona , to James G. and Rosalia ("Rosa") Colter. James

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1980-681: The Colorado River since 2007, will no longer be in effect. The post-2026 operating guidelines will then determine how Reclamation manages the river. On November 20, 2012, the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico signed an agreement termed "Minute 319," which updated the Law of the River to address how the 1,500,000 acre-feet (1.9 km) of Colorado River water that Mexico receives every year would be affected by surplus or drought conditions. Under surplus conditions (when

2070-525: The Colorado River would be allocated between the states and creating a 15-year period to allow California time to put conservation methods in place to reduce the state's water usage and dependence on Colorado River water. The Lower Basin has received a total of 10 million acre-feet of water above and beyond the Compact requirements since January 2000, but the levels of Lake Mead have been dropping. The steady depletion of water at Lake Mead due to over-allocation of

2160-437: The Colorado River. The Compact did not address a number of issues, including Indian or Mexican water rights, or how evaporation would be shared among the basins. Later studies of flow found that the Compact apportioned more water than would be reliably delivered at the boundary between the two basins. The Compact allowed use of surplus flows by downstream states, but did not provide clear rules addressing shortages. The Compact

2250-418: The Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico. The agreement was promoted by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . The Colorado River is managed and operated under numerous compacts, federal laws, an international treaty, court decisions and decrees, contracts, and regulatory guidelines collectively known as "the Law of the River". The Compact divides the river basin into two areas,

2340-708: The Colorado with 2.8 million acre-feet to Arizona, 300,000 acre-feet to Nevada and 4.4 million acre-feet to California. It gave Congressional pre-approval to such allotments, and to sharing any surplus equally between California and Arizona.The specific state allotments in the Boulder Canyon Act were disputed by Arizona until the United States Supreme Court upheld the amount in the 1963 decision in Arizona v. California . Arizona took other steps as well to protect its water and keep California from gaining too large

2430-483: The Compact Clause. The CRS report stated that there were approximately 200 interstate compacts in effect in 2019. The timing for Congressional consent is not specified by the Constitution, so consent may be given either before or after the states have agreed to a particular compact. The consent may be explicit, but it may also be inferred from circumstances. Congress may also impose conditions as part of its approval of

2520-488: The Compact in light of its past deficiencies. The widespread dropping of reservoir levels in the region, in particular at Lake Powell , created by the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, has prompted calls for the reservoir to be permanently drained and decommissioned, or at least operated to fill only after Lake Mead levels are brought up. In December 2007, a set of interim guidelines on how to allocate Colorado River water in

2610-404: The Compact until two months after Colter's death in 1944. In 1944, Mexico and the U.S. negotiated a treaty granting Mexico the right to 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water. The 1928 Boulder Canyon Project Act provided a way for the nation to move ahead with construction of dams and diversions without the approval of Arizona. It invited the three lower basin states to divide the waters of

2700-422: The Compact was negotiated, the period used as the basis for "average" flow of the river (1905–1922) included periods of abnormally high precipitation. The book Science be Dammed finds that politicians and boosters repeatedly ignored engineering estimates of the 1920s that provided lower values of flow. Since 2000, dwindling Colorado River flows and consumption rates in excess of natural replenishment have provoked

2790-557: The Constitution is legislative, then "Congress must exercise it in conformity with the bicameralism and presentment requirements of Article I, Section VII ", and noting that the Republican River Compact was initially vetoed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942, the CRS report states that if an interstate compact requires explicit congressional approval, it must be approved by both houses of Congress and signed into law by

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2880-624: The Democratic nomination for governor at the meeting of the Arizona Cattlemen's Association in Nogales, Arizona . In June, Judge Fred Sutter officially entered the race, although he had been discussed as a possible contender since March. After Sutter's entrance into the race, Hunt officially threw his support behind Colter. In the midst of the race, Colter purchased a large home at the southwest corner of Central Avenue and McKinley Street in Phoenix, for

2970-728: The Democratic nomination. When the former governor, Hunt, announced that he had no intention on contending for the governorship in 1918, Sidney Osborn was a favorite for the nomination, representing the more conservative arm of the Democratic Party, and Colter established himself as the favorite of what some considered the radical part of the Democrats. While Hunt did not openly endorse him, most of his backers threw their support behind Colter. In late February, another prominent Arizona Democrat, Benjamin Baker "Billy" Moeur announced his candidacy for

3060-626: The Democratic primary for his re-election to the state senate in 1916, and he was re-elected in November 1916 to a second term in the Senate. During the 1916 election, Colter was credited for being responsible for Wilson carrying the state by 13,000 votes. In mid-1917, Colter made known his intentions to run for the governorship on the Democratic ticket in 1918. In declaring his intention to run, Colter said: "It has never occurred to me until recently that I could further assist in bringing about better results in

3150-510: The Mexican delta was underway.  As a result of these concerns and others, the 1923 Arizona legislature refused to ratify the Compact. A 1927 effort among the lower basin states to agree how to share shortages and surplus failed. Arizona feared that during times of shortage, she would have to release stored water from the Gila River system to Mexico. Led by Fred Colter , the state refused to sign

3240-598: The Mexican government to restore some flows to the delta. The amount of water allocated via the Compact was based on an expectation that the river's average flow was 16,400,000 acre-feet (20.2 km) per year (641 m³/s). Subsequent tree ring studies, however, have concluded that the long-term average water flow of the Colorado is significantly less. Estimates have included 13,200,000 acre-feet (16.3 km) per year (516 m³/s), 13,500,000 acre-feet (16.7 km) per year (528 m/s), and 14,300,000 acre-feet (17.6 km) per year (559 m/s). Many analysts have concluded that when

3330-505: The National Committeeman for the Democratic Party from Arizona, becoming only the second person to have ever held that post, having succeeded Reese Ling, who he beat in a contentious vote by the Democratic central committee. Colter was the head of Arizona's contingent of six delegates, which included George Babbitt and James S. Douglas . The state's Democratic party pledged their support to Woodrow Wilson . Colter ran unopposed in

3420-521: The President in order to become law. In Cuyler v. Adams , the Court held that congressional approval of interstate compacts makes them federal laws . The CRS report cites the Court's opinions in Virginia v. Tennessee and Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors (1985) as stating that any agreement between two or more states that "cover[s] all stipulations affecting the conduct or claims of

3510-579: The States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States"—meaning where the vertical balance of power between the federal government and state governments is altered in favor of state governments, while the report references U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Commission as stating that the "pertinent inquiry [with respect to the Compact Clause] is one of potential, rather than actual, impact on federal supremacy" in noting that

3600-404: The Upper Basin division (comprising Colorado , New Mexico , Utah and Wyoming ) and the Lower Basin division ( Nevada , Arizona and California ). The Compact requires the Upper Basin states not to deplete the flow of the river below 75,000,000 acre-feet (93 km) during any period of ten consecutive years. Based on rainfall patterns observed in the years before the treaty's signing in 1922,

3690-523: The Water Authority have worked assiduously on water conservation to support their region's growing population. Overuse from Lake Mead is not the only issue. There has been a megadrought in the Southwestern US ongoing from 2000. Climate change will likely decrease the river's flow (from its mid-20th century average) by 20 percent by 2050. A more recent study estimated that rising temperatures reduced

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3780-491: The World (IWW), which might have been due to Hunt's support for the organization. The general election, on November 5, was hotly contested and incredibly close. Two days after the election, both sides were still declaring victory. As counting continued, Campbell pulled into a slight lead of approximately 150 votes by November 9; a lead which had widened to 338 by November 13, although Colter refused to concede. With Campbell holding

3870-556: The age of 25, he married the forty year-old Sarah Dugan Phelps, known as "Duge". Duge had inherited her father's ranch, the Phelps Ranch, which was renamed after the marriage to Colter Ranch . The two left on a honeymoon trip, from which they returned in early December. He served on the board of supervisors for Apache County from 1904 through 1912, along with Joseph Udall . A few months later, he purchased four lots of land on Central Avenue in Phoenix, on which he planned to build

3960-408: The agreement. Colter coined the phrase, "Save the Colorado for Arizona", and he was the main reason that Arizona refused to sign the agreement as long as he was alive. He was compared as Arizona's counterpart to California's William Mulholland , as well as comparisons to Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson for his stance on Arizonians' rights to the water. Colter dedicated most of his efforts of

4050-426: The amount specified in the Compact was assumed to allow a roughly equal division of water between the two regions. The states within each basin were required to divide their 7.5 million acre-feet per year (293 cubic meters per second) share allotment among themselves. The Compact enabled the widespread irrigation of the Southwest, as well as the subsequent development of state and federal water works projects under

4140-437: The base allocation of 1,500,000 acre-feet (1.9 km) per year, annual deliveries will be reduced by 50,000 acre-feet (0.062 km) if the surface elevation of Lake Mead is between 1,075 feet (328 m) and 1,050 feet (320 m) above mean sea level; reduced by 70,000 acre-feet (0.086 km) acre-feet if the elevation is 1,050 feet (320 m) to 1,025 feet (312 m); and reduced by 125,000 acre-feet (0.154 km) if

4230-413: The democratic situation by running for State office but, as I have had so many personal requests and letters from all over the state from people who think I am the logical man to get the party together, to counteract the immense Republican machine, I have decided to run for the governorship of the state." While he was seen as a strong candidate, it was not that there weren't several strong opponents vying for

4320-449: The elder Colter was part of a group of 27 male settlers who held off an attack of approximately 300 Apaches , while the infant Colter was held by his mother in a storeroom. The settlers were rescued when U.S. Cavalry troops arrived. As a young man, he worked as a cowboy and rancher, even becoming the champion steer roper in Apache County. Colter worked as ranch hand and straw boss in the late 1890s and early 1900s. On November 11, 1904, at

4410-509: The end of 1917 the Colter Ranch, also known as the Cross Bar Ranch, after his brand, had grown into one of the largest in the state of Arizona. In 1919, Colter issued first mortgage bonds for $ 250,000, using 16,135 acres of his ranch as collateral, including 7,500 acres which were cultivated and irrigated, in order to pay off debts he had accumulated during his campaign for the governorship, as well as to provide him with extra funds to use on

4500-503: The event of shortages was signed by the Secretary of the Interior. The guidelines extend through 2026, and, "acknowledging the potential for impacts due to climate change and increased hydrologic variability," interim guidelines provide "the opportunity to gain valuable operating experience for the management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead, particularly for low reservoir conditions...whether during

4590-456: The federal and state governments have long delayed actions to meet those obligations.  It was not until 1963 that Arizona v. California established how Indian water rights should be quantified. In 2001, Arizona's Supreme Court rejected the standard set in Arizona v. California for yet a different method. In negotiations, Arizona has established other conditions that tribes find reprehensible,

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4680-460: The federal government cannot be forced to act in a timely way to quantify or settle their claims to the river. The Colorado River Indian Tribes have one of the largest and oldest rights to the flow of the Colorado River.   By volunteering to leave part of their nearly 720,000-acre-foot allocation in Lake Mead, they forestalled deeper cutbacks for others along the Colorado River system under

4770-481: The flows is called the "structural deficit". According to Thomas McCann, former Deputy Manager for the Central Arizona Project, the deficit is caused by 1) avoiding any allocation of evaporation costs to the Lower Basin states, and 2) meeting Mexican Treaty obligations by taking water out of Lake Mead storage rather than out of Arizona and California's allocations. Continued structural deficit at Lake Mead puts

4860-507: The following: Several interstate compacts may establish multi-state agencies in order to coordinate policy between, or perform tasks on behalf of, member states. Such agencies may take the form of commissions, with at least one representative from a member state. Alternatively, member states to a compact may opt for cooperation with a single independent non-profit organization which carries out designated tasks without government funding. The Compact Clause ( Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 ) of

4950-421: The herd to over 12,000 animals. Two years later, he had developed four reservoirs in the area: Colter, Mexican Hay Lake, Pool Corral, and Hog Wallow. He had also purchased another 3,500 acres extending the homestead's range, as well as up on the mesa to grow alfalfa feed. Mexican Hay Lake is still a popular fishing spot to this day. By the end of 1915 it was reported that several gold mining ventures to which he

5040-649: The interim period or thereafter." The agreement specifies three levels of shortage conditions, depending on the level of Lake Mead : A Drought Contingency Plan signed by seven Western states in 2019 used voluntary cutbacks to forestall federal reductions in use of the Colorado River amid a 19-year drought. In May 2023, the states agreed to further reduce allocations temporarily. In June 2023, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation began preparing an Environmental Impact Statement for further modifications of dam operations at Hoover and Glen Canyon to respond to deepening drought conditions. The Bureau of Reclamation must decide how to manage

5130-415: The last time, unsuccessfully, in the Democratic primary for the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1920, Colter began a long effort to control the waters of the Colorado River. He began an effort to put construct a series of dams from southern Utah all the way down to Yuma, Arizona . The dams would store water, which would be used to reclaim over 6,000,000 acres of arid land through irrigation. The proposal

5220-459: The last two decades of his life to establishing the highline canal, committing not only his time, but the large fortune he had accumulated during the 1900s and 1910s. While ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the Santa Fe Compact from being signed by Arizona, the work of Colter, and his vision of a system of dams and canals to irrigate the arid regions of Arizona, would later form the basis for

5310-452: The man who had defeated Colter in the 1918 governorship race, Campbell. Early in 1924, Colter announced that he would be challenging incumbent Carl Hayden for his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hayden was a proponent of the Santa Fe Compact, and this was seen as an internal struggle within the Democratic party in Arizona. However, for reasons unknown, Colter later withdraw from the race, although Hayden did tone down his support for

5400-492: The mortgage on his properties to $ 450,000 through a bond issuance. With his return to Arizona politics in 1922, Colter once again began splitting his time between Phoenix and his ranch in Round Valley. However, downward turns in the price of grain and beef left him in a sinking financial position. By 1924, creditors had already begun to foreclose on pieces of his large holdings. Combined with his continued financial commitment to

5490-471: The most valuable and reliable. In practice, many tribes cannot use the Colorado River water that flows through their lands.  Delays in quantifying water rights have meant that tribal water has been used by others for decades. The Compact mentions tribal water rights in Article VII: "Nothing in this compact shall be construed as affecting the obligations of the United States of America to Indian Tribes" but

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5580-514: The natural ecosystem. Dams and diversions have also caused the Colorado River Delta , located in Mexico, to deteriorate significantly. Once a lush and green area, a vast ecosystem has nearly disappeared. It was originally estimated to have 17 million acre-feet a year, but prior to the drought, flows have often been less than a third of that. A coalition of U.S.-based organizations is working with

5670-487: The parties", prohibits members from "modify[ing] or repeal[ing] [the agreement] unilaterally", and requires "'reciprocation' of mutual obligations" constitutes an interstate compact. Additionally, the CRS report cites the Court's opinion in Northeast Bancorp as suggesting that a requirement of a new interstate governmental entity is a sufficient condition for an agreement to qualify as being an interstate compact under

5760-771: The potential erosion of an enumerated power of the United States Congress by an interstate compact can arguably require explicit congressional approval. The CRS report cites the Supreme Court's rulings in Florida v. Georgia (1855) and in Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado (2018) as recognizing that explicit congressional consent is also required for interstate compacts that alter the horizontal balance of power amongst state governments. Citing Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc. (1991) as stating that if an enumerated power under

5850-448: The race, asking his supporters to throw their support behind Osborn. Shortly thereafter, also in August, Cobb also withdrew from the race. In late August, on his way to a campaign stop, the car in which Colter was traveling struck a steer on the road between Bisbee and Tombstone. The car was traveling at 40-mile per hour, and Colter was thrown from the vehicle, resulting in severe bruising and

5940-548: The ranch. At the time the acreage was appraised at $ 640,000. In October 1919, Colter sold a five-year lease for oil and gas exploration and development on his patented lands in the Holbrook oil fields in Apache County. Leaving his brother Bert to oversee his ranching concerns, Colter moved to Los Angeles in 1920, to bolster his weakening financial position, he founded the Northern Arizona Land Company, and increased

6030-551: The reliability of the Lower Basin's water and hydroelectric power at risk if lake levels should drop too low. Nevada, with the smallest water allocation in the lower river basin, became concerned that the decline in Lake Mead levels would jeopardize the water intake for the Las Vegas area. In 2008 Southern Nevada Water Authority began constructing a new water intake at a lower level in Lake Mead. General Manager Pat Mulroy said she did not support water reallocation. Instead, Las Vegas and

6120-478: The river's flow by around 10% between 2000 and 2021. When the Colorado River Compact was signed in 1922, no allocation of water was reserved for environmental functions. Using and reusing the river water, as well as frequent damming, results in an unfavorable environment for native fish species. Dams block fish passage, reduce flood peaks alter natural sediment transported to flood plains and deltas, and change water temperatures – all negatively impacting

6210-408: The role of governor led to a proposal to alter the existing verbiage in the law, so that it allowed existing lawmakers to vote on pay issues of offices they run for in the future, but not for offices which were created by their legislature. However, the rule would not be altered until 1922. Despite earlier reports about his intention to run again for governor, by September 1919 Colter announced that he

6300-597: The slight lead, the results were set to become official on Monday, November 18. However, on the 19th the count was still continuing in Maricopa County. Finally, on November 23 it was announced that Colter had conceded the race to Campbell. While Colter won 9 of the state's 14 counties, he lost by a large margin in Maricopa. The final tally was Campbell 25,927 and Colter 25,588, with the third party socialist candidate, George D. Smith garnering 444 votes. Smith's number of votes

6390-504: The state. It would team up with the AAA. Later in 1914, Colter was elected to the first of six terms to the Arizona Senate. His election to the state senate necessitated his resignation as State Fair Commissioner in January 1915, prior to beginning his term as senator. By early 1915, Colter was already considered a strong contender to be the successor to Governor Hunt. In 1916, he was elected to be

6480-455: The states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river. In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement, also known as the Santa Fe Compact, was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed by the delegates who negotiated the agreement. The agreement

6570-509: The sum of $ 20,000. On July 20, 1918, the last day to do so, Colter officially entered the gubernatorial race when he filed his petition with the Arizona Secretary of State. On the final day, Lamar Cobb added his name to the list of Democratic primary candidates, bringing the total to five. In mid-August, in an effort to consolidate the conservative arm of the Democratic party in an attempt to thwart Colter's candidacy, Moeur withdrew from

6660-438: The surface elevation is below 1,025 feet (312 m). Interstate compact Most early interstate compacts resolved boundary disputes, but since the early 20th century, compacts have increasingly been used as a tool of state cooperation and mutual recognition on infrastructure, services and professional licensing, often to ease administrative barriers and reduce costs and litigation. In some cases, an agreement will create

6750-487: The surface elevation of Lake Mead is above 1,145 feet (349 m) relative to mean sea level) the annual flow to Mexico will increase by 40,000 acre-feet (0.049 km). In cases where the surface elevation of Lake Mead is higher than that, the extra deliveries to Mexico progressively increase, reaching a maximum of an additional 200,000 acre-feet (0.25 km) per year. Minute 319 also specifies that deliveries to Mexico will be reduced under drought conditions. Starting from

6840-518: The system after 2026, when the current operating guidelines expire. In March 2024, Reclamation received five proposals for post-2026 guidelines. By December 2024, Reclamation will publish its draft for the post-2026 guidelines and request comments from the public. Around December 2025, Reclamation may publish its final version of the post-2026 guidelines. On January 1 2027, the Interim Guidelines and Drought Contingency Plan, which have jointly managed

6930-411: The way for the Central Arizona Project , authorized by Congress in 1968. The 1908 Supreme Court decision Winters v. United States recognized a federal obligation to ensure water for tribal homelands. Under prior appropriation, these federally reserved rights date to when the reservations were established. In theory, the early priority dates of tribal water rights should mean that these rights are among

7020-460: The work of over 50 lawyers. Arizona v. California found, for the first time, that Congress had the power to allocate water to the states and had done so through the Boulder Canyon Act, for the lower states (which are California, Nevada, and Arizona). While the Court ultimately ruled in favor of Arizona, it agreed with California's interpretation of how it should receive surplus water supplies.The 1963 court decision ended many years of dispute, clearing

7110-634: Was a partner were beginning to bear fruit. These included two placer strikes on or near the White River in Tulare County . Ironically, one of the mining projects, that in which he partnered with John Marshall along the White River, was halted when local ranchers and farmers protested the plan to use the water from the river other than during flood stage. In addition to his large cattle herds, Colter also had extensive sheep flocks as well. By 1916, he held

7200-404: Was controversial at the time. During the Compact negotiations, Governor-elect Hunt laid out his determination to protect Arizona's rights to irrigate her lands and obtain a portion of the electrical power revenue that would be generated by future dams.  There was also fear that the surplus water would be usurped by Mexico, as treaty rights had not yet been defined and agricultural development of

7290-486: Was elected to the 11th Arizona State Legislature in 1932, this time as a representative in the house, from Apache County. In 1940, he had his last successful campaign, elected to the Arizona House of Representatives, representing Maricopa County from 1941 to 1942. That same election saw his brother Bert elected to the state senate seat from Apache County, which Fred had occupied in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1942, he ran for

7380-464: Was hospitalized in Phoenix on October 25. Supporters of Colter approached Sutter to request he write a public letter endorsing Colter. Sutter agreed, but with the provision that the letter also include his feelings towards Hunt, which were not favorable. Colter's supporters withdrew their request. A main point of the opposition to Colter's candidacy was lack of denouncing the Industrial Workers of

7470-432: Was larger than the number of votes by which Campbell won the election. Following his defeat, Colter went back into resting, recuperating from the flu he had come down with in late October. In February 1919 Colter floated the idea of his running again for the governorship of Arizona in 1920, one of several prominent men to throw their hat into the ring. The controversy surrounding Colter's potential eligibility for assuming

7560-627: Was made chairman of the committee on constitutional amendments. In this position he fathered a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage, which did not make it into the constitution. Governor Hunt appointed Colter to be the State Fair commissioner in February 1914, and in April 1914, Colter was one of the founding members of the Arizona Automobile Association, the first automotive group in

7650-451: Was once again elected to the state senate, for his third term representing Apache County in Arizona's sixth state legislature. He was considered as one of three front-runners for the speakership of the senate. He would be re-elected in November 1924, for his fourth term, representing Apache County in Arizona's seventh state legislature . In 1926 he was re-elected for a fifth term representing Apache County in Arizona's 8th Legislature . He

7740-564: Was one of the original settlers of Apache County, Arizona, originally from Nova Scotia . James met and married Rosa in Springerville, Arizona , in 1877. Colter, Arizona, now abandoned, was founded and named after the elder Colter in 1872. Colter's family gave up their Arizona homestead due to hostilities with the Indians, after which they moved near Alma, New Mexico . While in New Mexico in 1881,

7830-514: Was out of politics. Said statement appearing in documents which were released in relation to a bond issuance of $ 250,000 which Colter was preparing to pay off debts he had accumulated during the campaign. However, even after this announcement, he was still considered as a potential candidate. In 1920, he did not seek to remain as the Democratic National Committeeman, and was succeeded by W. L. Barnum. In November 1922, Colter

7920-414: Was questioned due to his involvement in the state legislature in raising the salary of the office of the governor during the prior year. Attempts were made to influence Colter and the state Democratic committee to have Colter withdraw from the race, however those attempts were thwarted. In late October it was announced that Colter had come down with the flu . He had to curtail his campaign activities and

8010-491: Was subject to the ratification of the seven states. Six states ratified the agreement by the end of January 1923. Arizona did not sign until 1944. The Compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin. Prior to the Compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as

8100-541: Was supposed to pay for itself through the sale of the power generated by the dams. In December 1921, the Arizona Fish and Game was formed, with Colter serving on its executive committee. In 1922, under doctor's orders, Colter booked an around-the-world cruise to recover his health. The itinerary of the trip included Hawaii, the Philippines, China, Japan, India and the mid-East. The trip was postponed when Colter learned of

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