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102-477: From 1836 to 1837, Francis Cornwall Sherman constructed the hotel at the northwest corner of Randolph Street as the "City Hotel". It was three stories tall. It was renamed the Sherman House in 1844 after Sherman remodeled it, with two stories added to it. In 1839, Sherman retired from managing the hotel, handing over management to the firm of James Williamson and A.H. Squier. The next year, Williamson retired from

204-411: A 10x57 large foot concrete relif sculpture entitled The Form Makers: 1836–1969 by Nehemia Azaz was added to the lobby of the hotel. In either the 1971 or 1972, a decision was made to strip the building to its steel frame and reconstruct it as a modern building with a glass curtain wall , transforming the building into an apparel mart named the "Sherman Fashion Plaza". A new 28-floor hotel structure

306-469: A 10–8 majority. However, Democratic alderman Peter Shimp declared himself a "War Democrat", effectively caucusing with the Republicans (as opposed to the " copperhead " Democratic majority). Presuming Solomon's absence, Shimp's newly-declared allegiance gave the council an effective 9–9 split with Sherman remaining the tie-breaker. On March 23, 1863, the council held its first meeting with a quorum in months

408-555: A chorus, Orpheus in the Underworld . It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques. Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to

510-604: A consistency of urban planning that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the tribunal de commerce de Paris , and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance. Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate

612-764: A map of the Bois de Boulogne on the wall of his office. Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon ;III parks. Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the academic style cultivated in the Académie des Beaux-Arts . His favorite artists included Alexandre Cabanel , Ernest Meissonier , Jean-Léon Gérôme , and William-Adolphe Bouguereau who received important commissions. Ingres near

714-536: A mason, his early studies were under François Rude . Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo , Donatello and Verrocchio . Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in

816-685: A member of the Democratic Party . Sherman was born September 18, 1805, in Newtown, Connecticut . He married Electa Towbridge of Danbury, Connecticut . Sherman arrived in Chicago on April 7, 1834. He built a small boardinghouse , and used those profits to buy a stagecoach , establishing a stage line from Chicago to Galena , Joliet , Peoria , and other towns in Illinois. In 1835, he began to work in brick manufacturing and construction. In July 1835, he

918-585: A mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with mansard roofs and/or low, square-based domes. The style quickly spread and evolved as Baroque Revival architecture throughout Europe and across the Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in

1020-502: A new State of Illinois office building on the site occupied by the structure of former hotel. In 1980, the building was demolished to be replaced by the State of Illinois Center (since renamed the James R. Thompson Center ). While the majority of the building had been vacant after the hotel's closure, prior to shortly before the building's demolition, street level businesses continued to operate out of

1122-520: A new theater, the Bouffes-Parisiens , which opened in 1855 with a work called Ba-ta-clan , a Chinese-style Musical . Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by Rossini , Mozart , and Pergolesi . In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and

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1224-512: A park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire. The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had

1326-429: A single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or pantomime , or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one café-concert owner, who hired

1428-544: A terrorist bomb in 1858; the Théâtre Lyrique ; and Les Italiens , where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included Charles Gounod , Hector Berlioz , Félicien David , and Gabriel Fauré . While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention. Charles Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho , in 1851 at

1530-431: A two-story portico . To the right of the main entrance was the building's ladies' entrance. The building was 161 feet long along Randolph Street and 181 feet long along Clark Street. The building had an open court in its center, and rose six stories. There was a western section of the building along Couch Place that rose seven stories. The building was designed in modern Italian style. Journalist James W. Sheahan wrote that

1632-568: Is a 19th-century addition to the building. Another characteristic of the Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the Gare du Nord railway station by Jacques Ignace Hittorff , the Church of Saint Augustine by Victor Baltard , and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of Les Halles and

1734-624: The Democratic nominee and defeating Whig nominee Isaac R. Gavin. While the Wig Party had been national dominant in the recent 1840 national election , the party was discordant by March 1841 and ran a poor campaign in Chicago which aided the election of Democrats to eight of the Chicago Common Council's twelve seats. Sherman was sworn in on March 4, 1841. At the time, Chicago had a population of only 5,000. Because of his party's majority in

1836-696: The Folies Concertantes on the Boulevard du Temple , the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city. A new composer, Jacques Offenbach , soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique , then the conductor of the orchestra for the Comédie-Française , composing music performed between

1938-460: The French Revolution , or were threatened with destruction by the growth of cities. This program was largely carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris , begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored

2040-659: The Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art , the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards. The Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in

2142-545: The Legion of Honour to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer. The term Impressionist was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles. Claude Monet exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife Camille Doncieux , at the Paris Salon of 1866. A major decorative painter whose career

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2244-455: The Tremont House . The hotel attracted high-profile theatre actors to reside in it, including Joseph Jefferson and Maurice Barrymore . The hotel came to be the Chicago headquarters of the Democratic Party . In 1904, Joseph Beifeld became owner of the hotel. For the twenty years prior to that, the hotel had been run by J. Irving Pierce, who had been proceeded by three generations of

2346-497: The flèche , or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the French Revolution , in a slightly different style, and added gargoyles which had not originally been present to the façade. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle , and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of

2448-544: The 1862 city elections, Republicans controlled city government in Chicago, holding both the mayoralty and a majority of seats on the Common Council. The Republican Party had enjoyed great recent success in Chicago elections. However, this changed in the 1862 elections. In March 1862, the Democratic-majority Illinois General Assembly passed a redistricting of council wards that gerrymandered

2550-631: The 1950s and 1960s, however, the demolition of the adjacent Ashland Block skyscraper (and its replacement with a Greyhound Lines bus terminal), the demolition of the Garrick Theatre/Schiller Building , and the land clearance taking place to make way for the Chicago Civic Center (now named the Richard J. Daley Center ) greatly diminished the liveliness of this district. In the 1950s, the hotel's reputation began to decline. In 1969,

2652-627: The Chapelle des Anges at the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris . They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple". Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot began his career with study at the École des Beaux-Arts as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto

2754-597: The Cook County Democratic Party moved its headquarters to the third floor of the Morrison Hotel . In 1920, the building's decorative mansard roof was demolished and an additional six floors were added to the building, bringing it to seventeen stories. On April 12, 1924, the AM radio station WLS began broadcasting from a studio in the hotel. A 23-floor annex was constructed in 1925. Ernie Byfield , one of

2856-582: The Democratic bloc of the City Council, being opposed by the Republican bloc led by Charles C. P. Holden . Despite there being a slight Democratic majority (a 10 Democrat-10 Republican split, with Sherman able to cast tie-breaking votes), the city council was deadlocked in 1862 and early 1863. The deadlock became more severe when Holden led Republicans in refusing to attend meetings, thereby denying quorum . This

2958-623: The Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry." Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the Salon des Refusés , was held in another part of

3060-534: The Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Antoine-Louis Barye over the central arch, which was removed during the Third Republic . Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by

3162-623: The Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the Prussian Army captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris". During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the Opéra Garnier , Paris had three major opera houses: The Salle Le Pelletier , where the Emperor barely escaped

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3264-561: The Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze. Second Empire is an architectural style most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the Second French Empire . As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired

3366-501: The Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as Édouard Manet 's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and James McNeill Whistler 's Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl . The journalist Émile Zola reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of

3468-502: The Republican nominee Thomas Barbour Bryan . This election was the city's first election to a newly extended term of two years. He was elected, in part, thanks to the new Irish-American and German-American population from Bridgeport and Holstein. Sherman lost re-election in 1865 , in a race that was won by Republican John Blake Rice after the race heavily turned in the Republican Party's favor with sentiments shifting following

3570-467: The Sea, and Scuttlebutt Lounge, for years, were famed institutions. The College Inn was a popular venue for musicians to perform. The hotel, for years, anchored a vibrant district of the city full of popular theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It attracted many celebrities. It was also a popular gathering place for politicians who worked at nearby Chicago City Hall . It hosted events, such as the 1938 NFL draft . In

3672-593: The Second Empire was Church of Saint Augustine (1860–71) by Victor Baltard , the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of Les Halles . While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns. Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style. Marseille Cathedral , constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a Byzantine Revival style from 1852 to 1896, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu . Napoleon III's many projects included

3774-434: The Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , French religious architecture broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church

3876-460: The Sherman family in operating the hotel. The hotel was home to the famous College Inn restaurant . In September 1909, the hotel closed to be replaced with a new structure. Constructed from 1910 to 1911, and designed by Holabird and Roche , the new 757-room Sherman House Hotel retained the establishment's status of being one the nicest hotels in the city from the time it opened, until the 1950s. It

3978-573: The acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy, Pepito , for the Théâtre des Variétés . He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the first Paris Universal Exposition , which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the Champs-Élysées and put on his musicals to full houses. He then opened up

4080-482: The assassination of Republican president Abraham Lincoln days earlier. After thte assasination, Sherman had all but formally withdrawn his candidacy. Sherman's second mayoralty ended on May 3, 1865, when he was succeeded in office by Rice. Sherman would later try again to win a fourth term as mayor in the 1867 Chicago mayoral election , running once again as the Democratic nominee, once again losing to Rice. Sherman died at his home in Chicago on November 7, 1870. He

4182-658: The building's storefronts until they were ordered by a Circuit Court judge to vacate so that demolition could begin on the structure. Due to its location at a busy area of the Chicago Loop , it was decided to dismantle the building floor by floor, as opposed to imploding it. A number of other neighboring structures were also demolished in order to make room for the new state office building. Francis Cornwall Sherman Francis Cornwall Sherman (September 18, 1805 – November 7, 1870) served as Mayor of Chicago , Illinois , for three terms (1841–1842, 1862–1865) as

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4284-518: The building. The owners had taken a loan from the Teamster Local 710 pension fund in 1974, and the pension fund began legal proceedings in January 1976 to attempt to foreclose the building's ownership after they failed to repay the loan. In November 1978, Mayor Michael Bilandic , as part of a broader $ 7.4 billion five-year public works plan that was planned to reshape much of the city, proposed building

4386-500: The center of the city, Napoleon's Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially iron frames , allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry. Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during

4488-564: The cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns, the façade was eclectic. Henri Labrouste (1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the National Library , Richelieu site (1854–1875). The Second Empire also saw

4590-592: The city council, the small size of the city, and the lack of contentious issues arising: Sherman's first mayoralty was uncontroversial.. His first mayoralty ended on March 7, 1842, when he was succeeded by Whig Benjamin Wright Raymond . After leaving office as mayor, Sherman held various other elected offices. He was City Treasurer of Chicago from 1842 through 1843. He then served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1844 through 1850. During this time,

4692-574: The city government shift from Democratic to Republican control. With Democrats holding half of the council's seats and Sherman able to cast tie-breaking votes, Democrats became the majority party on the council. In November 1862, Sherman unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives , losing the Illinois 1st congressional district race to Republican Isaac N. Arnold . Sherman and alderman John Comiskey had control over leading

4794-470: The city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new tribunal de commerce (1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by Théodore Ballu ; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall

4896-451: The city's first Director of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations; Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps , the city's first gardener-in-chief; Eugène Belgrand , a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and Gabriel Davioud , the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos, follies , fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture. Over

4998-482: The city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city. Verdi signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with Eugène Scribe . The result

5100-617: The completion of the Louvre Palace , which adjoined his own residence in the Tuileries Palace . The Nouveau Louvre project was led by architect Hector Lefuel between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the Pavillon de Flore ; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux . Lefuel's grands guichets of

5202-577: The completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the Nouveau Louvre project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the Louvre Palace , the famed stained glass windows and structure of the Sainte-Chapelle were restored by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical. During

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5304-486: The contentious 1856 Chicago mayoral election as an anti-Nebraska Democrat. He lost to pro-Nebraska Democrat Thomas Dyer . Sherman rebuilt and re-opened the Sherman House Hotel in 1861, making it one of the grand hotels of Chicago. Sherman was again elected mayor in the 1862 Chicago mayoral election , defeating Republican nominee Charles N. Holden . Sherman was sworn in as mayor on May 5, 1862. Before

5406-519: The council's election map to the Democratic Party's advantage. Democrats also won the mayoralty. At the city Republican convention held before 1862 mayoral election , Charles N. Holden defeated John Wentworth (a popular former mayor and congressman) to secure the Republican mayoral nomination. Many angered supporters of Wentworth spited the Republican Party by instead voting for Sherman, aiding in his election. The low-turnout 1862 city elections saw

5508-448: The course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from

5610-434: The end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting. During the Second Empire, the Paris Salon was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the Palais de l'Industrie , a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris Exposition Universelle (1855) . The Salon granted medals based around

5712-462: The enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire monumental buildings usually remained eclectic, a revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of The Crystal Palace in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use cast iron frames and walls of glass in their buildings. The most dramatic use of iron and glass

5814-408: The firm, and William Rickards acquired his interest. Proprietorship of the hotel remained in the possession of Rickards and Squier until 1851, when they sold their proprietorship to the firm of Brown & Tuttle. In 1854, the firm became Tuttle & Patmor when A. H. Patmor acquired Brown's share in that firm. In 1858, proprietorship was acquired by Martin Hodge and Hiram Longly. At the same site as

5916-420: The first hotel, Francis Cornwall Sherman built a new structure, breaking ground on May 1, 1860, and opening the new structure to guests on July 1, 1861. The structure was designed by William W. Boyington . It became one of the city's grand hotels, alongside the Tremont House . The front of the building was made of Athens marble on the levels above it storefronts. Its primary entrance was along Clark street, with

6018-482: The heart of the city; his Paris city architect, Gabriel Davioud , designed the polychrome Fontaine Saint-Michel (officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new Boulevard Saint-Michel . Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the Place du Châtelet , as well as the ornamental fence of Parc Monceau and the kiosks and temples of the Bois de Boulogne , Bois de Vincennes , and other Paris parks. The expansion of

6120-433: The hotel's owners, built a two-story, four-bedroom residence atop the hotel's roof, with plans of living there himself. However, he never lived there, as there proved to be tremendous demand by politicians and famous actors to stay in this apartment. The first people to stay in that apartment were President Calvin Coolidge and First Lady Grace Coolidge . The hotel's venues, such as the College Inn, Panther Room, Well of

6222-503: The hotel's public spaces, including its Grand Hall, parlors, and reception rooms, "are not surpassed in size or general convenience by any similar hotel apartments in the country." The hotel was lost in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. Before the fire, the hotel was operated by George W. Gage . Following the fire, the hotel operation briefly relocated to the former Gault House at Madison Street and Clinton Street, until they could build their new structure. While operating at this site, it

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6324-409: The inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long and Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps . The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of operas bouffes , then operettas . Hervé opened his own theater,

6426-467: The interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes . Another example was the Mairie , or city hall, of the 1st arrondissement of Paris , built in 1855–1861 in a neo-Gothic style by the architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1792–1867). The Industrial Revolution was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and

6528-401: The laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting. The government of Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres

6630-411: The medieval walls of the Cité de Carcassonne and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de Carcassonne, rather than a tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases

6732-449: The national government's leadership in the war. Sherman vetoed a number of the "patriotic resolutions". Sherman appointed a committee that recommended a new city charter which extended the terms of the mayor, treasurer, collector, city attorney, clerk of police court from one to two years, and also added the communities of Bridgeport and Hostein to the city's boundaries. Sherman was re-elected mayor in 1863 , very narrowly defeating

6834-409: The orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of Tannhäuser on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the Jockey Club , an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances,

6936-486: The other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style. The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the Opéra Garnier and the new additions to the Louvre . His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in Valenciennes , Nord , son of

7038-456: The reading room of the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard. A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was polychromy , an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble, malachite , onyx , porphyry , mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble ebony . The façade of

7140-406: The same building or interior. The interior of the Opéra Garnier by Charles Garnier combined architectural elements of the French Renaissance , Palladian architecture , and French Baroque , and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of the Louvre Palace by Hector Lefuel is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it

7242-403: The streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture La Danse for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures. A young new sculptor, Auguste Rodin , attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but

7344-538: The style was Alfred B. Mullett , buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe. The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was eclecticism , drawing liberally from the Gothic style , Renaissance style , and the styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI . The combination was derided by Émile Zola as "the opulent bastard child of all

7446-462: The styles". The best example was the Opéra Garnier , begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was Charles Garnier (1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress Eugénie what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of

7548-579: The traditional hierarchy of genres , and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls. The Paris Salon was directed by the Count Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who

7650-557: The upholstery or ornamented with copper, shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as bamboo , papier-mâché , and rattan , were used for the first time in European furniture, along with polychrome wood, and wood painted with black lacquer . The upholstered pouffe , or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons ( Le confident ) or three people ( Le indiscret ). The crapaud (or toad) armchair

7752-423: The urging of his friend, the singer Pauline Viardot ; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until Faust , derived from Goethe , which premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of

7854-534: The work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone. Georges Bizet wrote his first opera, Les pêcheurs de perles , for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It

7956-468: The works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc. Napoleon III named Georges-Eugène Haussmann his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of Hyde Park in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team: Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand ,

8058-541: Was Les vêpres siciliennes . Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer ; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He

8160-469: Was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire. While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III. Gustave Courbet (1819–1872)

8262-485: Was a delegate to the 1847 Illinois constitutional convention . In 1850, Sherman retired from his brickmaking venture in order to focus himself on public service and developing the properties that he owned. He expanded his hotel, adding two floors atop its existing three, and renaming it the "Sherman House". Sherman served Chairman of the Cook County Board of Commissioners from 1851 through 1853. Sherman ran in

8364-566: Was a modern hotel housed in a twelve-story skyscraper of steel and masonry construction. It was constructed in the Second Empire style . The hotel contained a new College Inn. This would be a very popular site for big band music performances. As with the previous hotel, the new hotel was the Chicago headquarters of the Democratic Party, housing the formal headquarters of the Cook County Democratic Party . However, in 1932,

8466-522: Was along Randolph Street. The building had a courtyard, and featured fireproof vaults . The building was constructed from grey sandstone quarried from a newly opened quarry in Kankakee , Illinois. The building was 115 feet tall. It contained 300 luxurious rooms, including suites . The hotel was one of the city's "big four" post-fire hotels, the other three being the Grand Pacific , Palmer House , and

8568-415: Was assembled in order to select election judges for the city's 1863 elections. Solomon attended, which surprised many as he had not announced beforehand that he attended to attend. Combined with the vote of Shimp, this gave the Republican bloc an effective majority at the meeting. The council passed a number of measures, including "patriotic resolutions" introduced by Holden that indicated the city's support of

8670-582: Was buried at Graceland Cemetery . Sherman and his wife Electa had seven children together. Sherman's son, Francis Trowbridge Sherman , was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War . Second Empire style Second Empire style , also known as the Napoleon ;III style , is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire . It

8772-487: Was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier ,

8874-793: Was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris with the Apotheosis of Napoleon , the Emperor's uncle. The painting was destroyed in 1871 when the building was set afire by the Paris Commune . Napoleon III named Ingres a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur . In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction. Eugène Delacroix also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for

8976-475: Was done in hopes of preventing Democrats from taking votes that Republicans feared might undercut the Union Army's effort in the American Civil War . As a result, no meetings were able to be held between December 22, 1862, and March 23, 1863. The death of a Republican alderman and the absence of Republican alderman Edward Solomon (who was away fighting in the war) increased the Democratic majority on paper to

9078-510: Was elected a village trustee, holding his seat for a year. In 1837, he opened the City Hotel, a hotel that would be later renamed the Sherman House . Also in 1837, after Chicago incorporated as a city, Sherman was elected an alderman from the 2nd Ward on the newly created Chicago Common Council , and held this seat for one year. Sherman was elected mayor of Chicago in 1841 , running as

9180-417: Was in the new central market of Paris, Les Halles (1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by Victor Baltard (1805–1874) and Félix Callet (1792–1854). Jacques Ignace Hittorff also made extensive use of iron and glass in the interior of the new Gare du Nord train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly neoclassical , decorated with classical statues representing

9282-436: Was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of Realist painters led by Gustave Courbet . In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by Édouard Manet , Camille Pissarro , and Johan Jongkind . The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to

9384-716: Was launched under Napoleon III was Puvis de Chavannes . He became known in the Paris in the Belle Époque for his murals in the Paris Panthéon , the Sorbonne and the Hôtel de Ville, Paris . Edgar Degas (1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the École des Beaux-Arts and travelled to Italy to study the Renaissance painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the Café Guerbois , where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and

9486-487: Was located next to the Gothic church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois . Between the two structures, the architect Théodore Ballu constructed a Gothic bell tower (1862), to link the two buildings. New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to

9588-537: Was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair. The French Renaissance and the Henry II style were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons, cartouches , mascarons , and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble ebony . Another popular influence

9690-404: Was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until Carmen in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance. Carmen went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time. The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The café-concert or café-concert was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from

9792-475: Was persuaded to return to stage Don Carlos , commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together". Napoleon III intervened personally to have Richard Wagner come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed

9894-421: Was planned to be built adjacent to it. At the time this decision was made, the hotel was still operated by Ernie Byfield. The hotel was closed in 1973, fixtures were stripped from it, contents were sold, and the building subsequently sat vacant for roughly seven or eight years. The renovation never materialized, as ownership had been unsuccessful in receiving financing for the partial demolition and reconstruction of

9996-444: Was referred to as the "Little Sherman House". The hotel was rebuilt again. From 1872 to 1873, the hotel's third structure was constructed at the same site as the previous hotels. The third hotel, as with the second, was designed by William W. Boyington. The building was 160 feet long along Randolph Street and 181 feet long along Clark Street. As with the previous building, the entrance was located along Clark Street. The ladies' entrance

10098-595: Was rejected each time. Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the operetta , was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of Jacques Offenbach . It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and vaudeville , which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as Hervé . The works of Hervé included Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or

10200-666: Was the Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde , begun by Franz Christian Gau in 1841 and finished by Théodore Ballu in 1857. During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the Eglise Saint-Laurent , a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65), Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Louis-Adrien Lusson (1854–55), and Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville by Jean-Baptiste Lassus (1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during

10302-530: Was the Louis XVI style , or French neoclassicism , which was preferred by the Empress Eugénie . Her rooms at the Tuileries Palace and other palaces were decorated in this style. The Napoleon III style is inseparable from renovation of Paris under Georges-Eugène Haussmann , the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design,

10404-490: Was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the Academy of Fine Arts , and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving

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