Misplaced Pages

#77922

72-452: It was the first educational institution established by American Universalists. It was an institute of so-called religious "liberals". According to its original constitution, "Students shall in no case be persuaded by an officer or teacher to attend meetings of any denomination, and no minister of any denomination shall have the liberty to perform the service of worship within this Institute." Parents did not want their children obligated to attend

144-725: A bachelor's degree . There are also seminaries for older adults who are well out of school, such as the Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary in Massachusetts, and for other more specialized purposes. All seminaries are run either by religious orders or by dioceses or other similar structures. Often a seminary will train both that particular order's or diocese's priests and the priests of other orders or dioceses that select that particular seminary for its priests. For instance, Saint John's Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts trains priests for many of

216-431: A trustee . Oneida and Whitestown Anti-Slavery Societies were soon formed, declaring that slavery was not just an evil, it was a crime and a sin. Green accepted the job on two conditions: that he be allowed to preach "immediatism", the immediate emancipation of slaves, and that it be allowed to admit African-American students. These were agreed to. Prior to Green, there had not been any Black students at Oneida; so far as

288-470: A Presbyterian minister in Whitesboro with Harriet Lavinia (Gold) Frost his wife — daughter of Thomas Ruggles Gold , — who was the primary partner in setting up the institute, bringing her considerable wealth to the enterprise. They raised $ 20,000, a significant part of which was from the philanthropist and abolitionist brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan ; Arthur had helped various "western" institutions, to

360-538: A basement), with a base 96 by 52 feet, built of gray stone. It cost $ 9,300 to build (equivalent to $ 266,096 in 2023) and was the largest building in Clinton. A separate wooden building for classes for women, who boarded with families, was two stories tall, and 40 by 25 feet. During the first year there were 108 students. The school was placed under the visitation of the Regents of nearby Hamilton College in 1836. By 1838 it had

432-412: A body "for the purpose of providing a literary [non-religious] seminary for the public instruction and education of youth." No record survives explaining why Clinton was chosen, but the school's 1878 catalog offered this explanation: "[the] climate is agreeable and healthful; the citizens are intelligent, moral, and hospitable, and are deeply interested in the intellectual culture of the young. The village

504-497: A certain reputation of singularity which could not fail to be in many ways disastrous." Finally, the treating of black and white students equally, and its "iconoclastic zeal for the overthrow of social institutions and interests", led to "much popular odium". According to Bigelow, this was a factor in fundraiser Frost's departure. "Oneida was the seed of Lane Theological Seminary [ c. 1830], Western Reserve University [1826], Oberlin [1833] and Knox College [1837]." Through

576-513: A college degree, usually a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Philosophy , and terminating in a higher degree, such as a Master of Arts in Theology or a Master of Divinity . The pastoral dimension helps to develop pastoral familiarity with situations such as bedside manner , marriage, and life in the parish. For Catholic seminarians, seminary formation can be divided into four distinct stages of formation. The Dallas Theological Seminary (DTS)

648-542: A debate on colonization led to the formation of a colonization and an anti-slavery society. Student dissatisfaction led to a mass walk-out in 1832, with about 24 students leaving for Lane, then Oberlin. Gale soon desired to be replaced; he went to Illinois, where he began Galesburg, Illinois , and the Knox Manual Labor College, which in 1857 became Knox College . Gale left the institute with "fiscal problems", saddled with "numerous financial obligations". It

720-512: A factory, a funeral home, and some residences. Green's policy was to accept any qualified student that applied. As a result, student Grinnell described the student body as "a motley company", consisting of: emancipators' boys from Cuba; mulattoes; a Spanish student [from Minorca ]; an Indian named Kunkapot; black men who had served as sailors, or as city hackmen [drivers], also the purest Africans escaped from slavery; sons of American radicals; Bible students scanning Hebrew verse with ease, in

792-428: A letter seeking funds gives the "Course of Study" as "Greek, Hebrew, arithmetic, bookkeeping, algebra, anatomy, physiology, geometry, natural philosophy [studying nature, forerunner of science], natural theology , evidences of Christianity , political economy , science of government , exercises in declamation and composition." For admittance to the school, Green stated: It is expected of those who would enjoy

SECTION 10

#1732852210078

864-420: A library of 1,000 volumes. The Ladies' Department was located 0.8 miles (1.25 km) away from the men's department, at Chestnut and William Streets, "pleasantly situated at the head of one of the main streets of the village, commanding a view of the whole street and West Park Row, in fact overlooking the entire village." The Ladies' Department had eight pianos. Both male and female students had free access to

936-467: A literary institution [non-religious school] of our own, which should be free from the intermeddling and control of the Orthodox sects, where we could send our sons and daughters for an education without their being insulted and kept under the perpetual surveillance of our religious opponents, and where our young men could receive a suitable education, preparatory to the ministry of reconciliation." Efforts by

1008-458: A part of the national life; while others are still on debatable ground. There was a heavy brain at its head; and there were great men back of it. After a search, the trustees settled on abolitionist firebrand Beriah Green , who started in 1833, and "for whom Gale had nothing but scorn". The school was dominated by Green's personality and was known as "President Green's school". Green "revamped Oneida's curriculum by giving greater attention to

1080-563: A pilot project. Theodore Weld , who would become the leader of the students, was among them, as was evangelist and future Oberlin president Charles Grandison Finney . Enrollment soon grew to 100, and by 1830, 500 applicants were turned away for lack of space. It was chartered in 1829 as the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry. Through Frost, it was "intimately connected" with the Presbyterian church of Whitesboro. Oneida

1152-512: A result, "Green and his school [were left] with fewer and fewer friends"; he could no longer turn to churches for funding. The Oneida Institute ceased operations in 1843. One factor was the New York Anti-Slavery Society 's failure to pay the institute $ 2000 for the printing costs of their paper Friend of Man , but even if it had, there was no way to make the institute financially viable. According to Dana Bigelow, "Green left

1224-405: A student of Gale prior to Oneida, and Gale sought at Oneida to train students "as emissaries of the new revivalism". "The result was a large crop of crusaders and reformers, who were later turned loose to fulminate against drink, slavery, Sabbath breaking, [and] irreligion, some of whom became famous in their proseletyzing fields." Gale "lacked the qualities of a leader". In the summer of 1833

1296-510: Is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians ) in scripture and theology , generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy , in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry . The English word is taken from Latin : seminarium , translated as 'seed-bed', an image taken from the Council of Trent document Cum adolescentium aetas , 'Since

1368-584: Is an evangelical theological seminary in Dallas, Texas . It is known for popularizing the theological system of dispensationalism . DTS has campuses in Dallas, Houston , and Washington, D.C. , as well as extension sites in Atlanta , Austin , San Antonio , Nashville , Northwest Arkansas , Europe, and Guatemala , and a multilingual online education program. DTS is the largest non-denominational seminary accredited by

1440-686: Is but a short walk from the Institute." In 1839, a call for funds to retire debt stated that 1,000 youth of both sexes had been taught by the Institute. In 1845, after much discussion within the Universalist Church about establishing a seminary in the state of New York, Reverend Thomas J. Sawyer —a leading proponent of such an establishment—took charge of the Clinton Liberal Institute. He set aside two hours per day to lecture on theology to any students who wanted to attend, at no cost to

1512-415: Is exceptionally free from the vices and temptations that abound in most towns and cities. The general quiet of the place and its prevailing intellectual and moral tone are highly favorable to study and the development of true character." The original building of the Institute, located on eight acres at the southeast corner of Utica and Mulberry Streets, where male students boarded, was four stories tall (plus

SECTION 20

#1732852210078

1584-494: Is known, none had applied. In 1833, allowing African-American students into educational institutions alongside whites was controversial at best, and aroused bitter, even violent opposition. (Even schools for black students only could be the object of violence. ) While there had been one African-American graduate each from Amherst , Bowdoin , and Middlebury , these were exceptional cases. The Noyes Academy in New Hampshire

1656-537: Is specified as "Agent, Oneida Institute". By 1835 Frost had left Whitesboro for a pulpit in Elmira (which he helped make an Underground Railroad center ). His replacement, David Ogden, was not an abolitionist. This led to a withdrawal from the Whitesboro Presbyterian Church of "seventy-one communicant members, including most of the elders", to form a new Congregational church under Green's direction. As

1728-789: The Code of Canon Law . Seminaries are overseen by regional conferences of bishops . In the United States, the governing document is Program of Priestly Formation: in the United States of America (6th Ed.) , published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2022. Seminaries in the Catholic Church are divided into minor seminaries for teenagers and major seminaries for adults, including both college seminaries, sometimes also known as minor seminaries, for undergraduate students and post-graduate seminaries for those who already have

1800-468: The Association of Theological Schools . DTS was founded as "Evangelical Theological College" in 1924 by Rollin T. Chafer and his brother, Lewis Sperry Chafer , who taught the first class of thirteen students, and William Henry Griffith Thomas , who was to have been the school's first theology professor but died before the first classes began. Their vision was a school where expository Bible preaching

1872-553: The Lane Theological Seminary . All of them were white. For a list, taken from History of Oneida County, 1667—1878 by Everets and Farriss, see [1] . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Wilson, J. G. ; Fiske, J. , eds. (1887). "Green, Beriah"  . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York: D. Appleton. Seminary A seminary , school of theology , theological college , or divinity school

1944-544: The Universalist Church to establish a non-denominational and non-sectarian school to train ministers, in the State of New York, began in 1831. The intent of these efforts was to create a school "not only for general purposes of science and literature, but with a particular view of furnishing with an education young men designed for the ministry of reconciliation", due to the perception that other Christian schools that dominated

2016-632: The Astronomical Observatory at Hamilton College . According to the school's 1844 Catalogue, "Students will also have the privilege of attending free of charge the Scientific Lectures delivered at Hamilton College, which will comprise a complete course in Chemistry, Philosophy [physics], Geology, and Astronomy. This is an advantage which few schools of this description can enjoy, since the College

2088-654: The Holy See. Only some Catholic universities may bestow these degrees; these are called ecclesiastical or pontifical universities . The only pontifical seminary outside of Italy is the Pontifical College Josephinum , in Columbus, Ohio . As outlined by the Ratio , Catholic seminary formation is composed of four major components, or dimensions: human, spiritual, intellectual and pastoral. The human dimension focuses on

2160-464: The Institute established a military academy (with both male and female cadets) as part of the school, adding "Military Academy" to the school name, and had an armory for the storage of artillery equipment. All of the Institute's buildings at the Fort Plain location were destroyed in a fire on March 25, 1900. The Institute's remaining resources were then transferred to Canton, New York , and merged with

2232-767: The United States was founded in Andover, Massachusetts , in 1807 as the Andover Theological Seminary and was affiliated with the Congregationalist Church . After two mergers and a number of relocations, Andover is now part of the Yale Divinity School , in New Haven, Connecticut . General guidelines for seminary formation are set out in the governing document as of 2016 is Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Sacerdotalis , 1992's Pastores dabo vobis , and

Clinton Liberal Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-755: The Vatican. For instance, the Pontifical North American College , which trains priests from the United States and elsewhere, is supported by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . These colleges usually award degrees to seminarians and priests pursuing further education and specializing in specific fields such as Scripture , hagiography , moral theology , or Canon Law , among countless others. In addition to civil degrees, these pontifical seminaries confer ecclesiastical degrees ( Baccalaureate of Sacred Theology , Licentiate of Sacred Theology , and Doctorate of Sacred Theology ), which are backed by

2376-532: The Whitestown Seminary it is also a predecessor of Bates College (1855). A graduate, William G. Allen , became the second African-American professor in the country at nearby New-York Central College , which also admitted African-American students and was also short-lived. Theodore Dwight Weld , who had studied at Oneida from 1827 to 1830, was dissatisfied with Gale's leadership. He led a 1833 exodus of "Oneida boys...disenchanted with Gale's leadership and

2448-466: The Whitestown Seminary was the school of H. H. Kellogg, in Clinton . Elizabeth, "lady principal", daughter of Robert Everett, two of whose brothers attended the Oneida Institute, married John Jay Butler . According to Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography , in 1845 Green founded a Manual Labor School in Whitesboro. The school buildings are no longer standing, and the campus land has been reused for

2520-524: The advantages offered at the Oneida Institute, that they furnish trustworthy testimonials of good mental and moral character, be competent to teach a common English school, and able to recite the Greek Grammar, and profess the design of pursuing our course of study fully. These advantages we do not confine to those who may expect ultimately to enter the ministry. The curriculum was in line with Green's goal of training abolitionist activists, which he believed

2592-537: The age of adolescence' which called for the first modern seminaries. In the United States, the term is currently used for graduate-level theological institutions, but historically it was used for high schools . The establishment of seminaries in modern times resulted from Roman Catholic reforms of the Counter-Reformation after the Council of Trent . These Tridentine seminaries placed great emphasis on spiritual formation and personal discipline as well as

2664-607: The country, the Lane Rebels , began at Oneida. A contingent of about 24, with an acknowledged leader ( Theodore Dwight Weld ), left Oneida for Lane and then, more publicly, soon left Lane for Oberlin. Oneida's first president, Gale, founded Knox Manual Labor Institute, later Knox College , in Galesburg, Illinois . Oneida hired its second president, Beriah Green , from Oberlin's competitor in northeast Ohio, Western Reserve College . All of these institutions and people are very much linked to

2736-525: The explosively emerging topic of the abolition of slavery . The institute opened in May 1827 with 2 instructors, Gale and Pelatiah Rawson (sometimes spelled Peletiah), the latter a Hamilton College graduate and engineer that had worked on the just-completed Erie Canal . There were initially 20 students, including most of the 7 that had been working in exchange for instruction on Gale's farm in Western, New York ,

2808-557: The extent of tens of thousands of dollars, "but his favorite among them was Oneida Institute". (In the early 19th century, Utica was western, the gateway to western New York.) With this they bought 115 acres of land and began construction of the buildings. The institute occupied "more than 100 acres (40 ha) bordered by Main Street and the Mohawk River and by Ellis and Ablett Avenues in Whitesboro village." The first student movement in

2880-461: The first in New York State. 34 students formed a colonization society; colonization was not in favor of full emancipation, and thought the best place for free blacks was "back to Africa", e.g. Liberia . In his inaugural address, Green called for "immediate, unconditional, and uncompensated emancipation". Compensated emancipation meant that owners of released slaves would be compensated for

2952-535: The institute was in debt. American abolitionists, including Gerrit Smith , pledged $ 65,000 (equivalent to $ 1,860,000 in 2023) towards the support of the institute, although because of the Panic of 1837 not all were able to fulfill their pledges. The Panic left the institute $ 9,000 in debt. In 1839 Green and the other faculty published in The Colored American an appeal for donations. Before 1840, there

Clinton Liberal Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-473: The institution a wreck". He identifies the causes of its failure as three: first, the manual labor scheme; "unskilled labor was found to be unprofitable". (The $ 1000 mentioned above, received from crops, did not cover the costs of their production.) Second, replacing the classics with the Bible: "this did much to disconnect the institution with the general theory and habit of culture in the country and to stamp it with

3096-607: The lack of regular theological courses"; they rafted down the French and Allegheny rivers to Cincinnati, and constituted 24 of the 40 members of the Lane Seminary 's original student body. To satisfy debts its facilities were sold to the Free Will Baptists , who created the Whitestown Seminary in 1844. A condition of the sale was that the new seminary admit students of "all colors". Several Oneida Institute students enrolled. It

3168-549: The loss of their "property", as they were, in part, when the District of Columbia's slaves were emancipated in 1862 . In this environment Oneida admitted African-American students, the first college in the country to admit them without restrictions. According to alumnus Alexander Crummell , there was "perfect equality" between the black and white students. There were generally 10–14 "colored students". In 1840, "including Indian blood", there were 20. When Green became president,

3240-639: The original buildings (the stone of the main building was later used in the construction of Carnegie Hall, on the Hamilton College campus, which opened in 1904). Fort Plain, New York is in Montgomery County . Still named the Clinton Liberal Institute, it occupied in Fort Plain the facilities of the former Fort Plain Female Seminary and Collegiate Institute. In 1887, it had a William Cullen Bryant Literary Society. In 1892, it had thirty pianos. In 1891,

3312-565: The other dioceses in New England which are suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston . Either way, a man who seeks to enter a seminary to become a priest must be sponsored by either a diocese or by a religious order. Often a diocese might be attached to or affiliated with a larger Catholic college or university so that the larger college and its faculty provides more general education in history or theology while

3384-505: The place of Latin odes; enthusiasts, plowboys and printers; also real students of elegant tastes, captured by the genius of President Green. Listed in bold are students who were at the Noyes Institute before it was destroyed, in August 1835. No Black students from Oneida enrolled at Lane. Listed in bold are those students who, under the influence of Theodore D. Weld , left Oneida for

3456-566: The seed of Lane Seminary , Western Reserve College , Oberlin and Knox colleges." The Oneida Institute was located near Utica , in the village of Whitesboro , town of Whitestown , Oneida County, New York . It was founded in 1827 by George Washington Gale as the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry . His former teacher (in the Addison County Grammar School, Middlebury, Vermont , 1807–1808) John Frost, now

3528-476: The seminarian's ability to relate to others, show etiquette, and care for himself (in what he eats, frequency of exercise, healthcare, etc.). The spiritual dimension aids the seminarian in becoming more responsive to God and forming a habit of prayer throughout the day. It also emphasizes the importance of the Sacraments and liturgy . The intellectual dimension consists of academic classes, usually beginning with

3600-774: The seminary focuses on topics specific to the needs of future priests, such as training in canon law , the sacraments , and preaching , or specific to the particular order or diocese. For instance the Theological College in Washington, D.C. , is part of The Catholic University of America . Further, in Rome there are several seminaries which educate seminarians or already ordained priests and bishops and which are maintained by orders or dioceses from outside of Italy. Many countries have their own pontifical seminary in Italy, usually very close to

3672-574: The services of the sponsoring church, as for example students at the Houghton Seminary, in Clinton, were required to attend Presbyterian services. This provision was later rescinded and in 1841 a resolution of the Board of Trustees urged that "students be affectionately entreated to attend public worship." Both male and female students studied at the Institute, but separately, with different teachers and in different buildings. The Clinton Liberal Institute

SECTION 50

#1732852210078

3744-567: The southern United States. The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance . In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries. In some countries, the term seminary is also used for secular schools of higher education that train teachers; in the nineteenth century, many female seminaries were established in

3816-540: The state were "hostile to the doctrine" of Universalism. To this end, the Clinton Liberal Institute was established in Clinton, New York, and the first students were admitted in November 1831. On April 29, 1834, the New York State Legislature passed a bill entitled "A N A CT to incorporate the Clinton liberal institute", formally allowing a group of eighteen trustees to create "The Clinton Liberal Institute" as

3888-497: The students. He continued to offer this additional instruction until the fall of 1853, by which time efforts were underway to open a Universalist seminary elsewhere in New York. Sawyer prepared a total of 37 students to enter the ministry during this period. According to Cunningham, in his History of Oneida County, "This institution had somewhat of a checkered career, and finally, in 1879, was removed to Fort Plain." The checkered career

3960-465: The study of ethics or moral philosophy than was the case during Gale's tenure, or indeed at most American colleges in the 1830s." He replaced the study of Latin and classical Greek with Hebrew and New Testament Greek . In 1836 (another source says 1838), in the "juvenile department", William Whipple Warren studied arithmetic, English grammar, geography, and " the Greek of Matthew's gospel" . In 1843,

4032-470: The study, first of philosophy as a base, and, then, as the final crown, theology. The oldest Catholic seminary in the United States is St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore founded in 1791. In the United States, Protestant institutions also widely adopted the term 'seminary' for independent graduate schools (separate from a university) to train their ministers. The oldest such Protestant seminary in

4104-402: The theological school of St. Lawrence University . Oneida Institute The Oneida Institute ( / oʊ ˈ n aɪ d ə / oh- NYE -də ) was a short-lived (1827–1843) but highly influential school that was a national leader in the emerging abolitionist movement. It was the most radical school in the country, the first at which black men were just as welcome as whites. "Oneida was

4176-399: The townspeople that director Prudence Crandall was forced to close it out of concern for the students' safety. New-York Central College was forced to close in part because of local hostility to education of African Americans, and even more so to African-American professors. A month before Green's arrival in August 1832, 35 students formed an antislavery society on immediatist principles,

4248-533: Was also trying to make education more affordable. "Students worked on the farm, or in the carpenter, trunk and harness-making shops"; a printing shop was added later. The first year, floods destroyed the crops, but the second year, students produced fifty cords of wood, thirty barrels of cider, seven hundred bushels of corn, four hundred of potatoes, one hundred of oats, twenty-five of beans, thirty tons of hay, and eighty bushels of onions—the whole valued at $ 1000 [equivalent to $ 28,613 in 2023]. "Religious fervor

4320-635: Was an average of 100 students. After incurring the large debt ( Charles Stuart called it "embarrassments"), "in 1841 the instructors relinquished nearly all of their salaries", and enrollment was cut to 25; the following year, 50–75. Just before closure, counting the president there were four professors, "and an able financier". The school's transformation into a "hotbed of abolition" was not well received by authorities. Milton Sernett called it, under Green, "far too radical for its time". "[T]he education societies withdrew their aid from its students, because its course of study substituted Hebrew for Latin, and it

4392-408: Was an heroic age — an age in which principles of truth were striving for recognition in the lives of those bold enough to be right, rather than popular. Among the few institutions that dared to risk their success upon the carrying out of ideas hostile in their time, was the Oneida Institute, at Whitesboro, New York. It was the hot-bed of radicalism as it existed at that day. Many of its ideas have become

SECTION 60

#1732852210078

4464-555: Was called an Institute, not an Academy, College, or Theological School. And the charges that have been sung among the pro-slavery influences of church and state around it, on the 'nigger school' cannot well be numbered." According to Sernett, the Presbyterian Education Society and the American Education Society "struck Oneida Institute from its list of approved schools" in 1834. Another source says this

4536-729: Was consolidated in 1845 with the Clinton Seminary. Whitestown Seminary merged with the Cobb Divinity School to form the Free Will Baptist Bible School , which moved to the New Hampton Institute in 1854 before moving to Bates College in 1870 and eventually merging with the school's religion department. However, the Whitestown Seminary in Whitestown was publishing a catalog as late as 1878. A predecessor of

4608-483: Was destroyed in 1835 after it admitted African-American students; farmers with ninety yoke of oxen dragged the academy building to a corner of the Common, leaving it "shattered, mutilated, inwardly beyond reparation almost." Four of its students then enrolled at Oneida. The city of New Haven in 1831 unexpectedly and decisively prevented the setting up of "a new college for the instruction of colored youth", of which there

4680-781: Was in 1839. In 1836, the New York Senate passed a resolution "directing the Committee on Literature [schools] to inquire into the propriety of denying the Oneida Institute all participation in the Benefits of the Literature Fund." This was because it was "regarded as the hot-bed of sedition, [and] that Beriah Green, the principal, had been active and successful in propagating the doctrines of abolitionism." The Legislature took no action after more than 150 people met to protest and to demand academic freedom . During 1833–1834 Frost's employment

4752-493: Was kept at a white heat. Studies were interrupted to hold protracted revival meetings." Gale replaced the study of Latin and Classical Greek with Hebrew and Biblical Greek. This change, especially regarding Latin, was vigorously opposed by the Presbyterian Presbytery, with financial consequences. According to a modern scholar, studying at Oneida at this time "required substantial emotional stability." The charismatic, influential Christian revivalist Charles Finney had been

4824-432: Was none in United States. (See Simeon Jocelyn .) In New York, the American Colonization Society would not allow even a lecture series for blacks on history. The Canterbury Female Boarding School , in Canterbury, Connecticut , was forced to close after it admitted one African-American girl in 1832, and the school for "young ladies and little misses of color" which replaced it was met with such escalating violence from

4896-498: Was taught simply, and under Chafers' leadership, DTS pioneered one of the first four-year degrees in theology, the Master of Theology (Th.M.). The present location of the school was purchased in 1926 and Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) program was started in 1927. Chafer remained president until his death in 1952. The seminary had a considerable influence in the fundamentalist movement by training students who established various Bible Colleges and independent fundamentalist churches in

4968-500: Was the first and leading American example of the manual labor college , which Gale thought he had originated, although there were earlier examples, and Weld had proposed a manual labor program unsuccessfully to Hamilton College . Gale's goal was to supplement study with the physical and spiritual or psychological benefits of exercise; for the time this was an innovative and informed position. By "unit[ing] classical education with agricultural, horticultural, and mechanical labor," Gale

5040-426: Was the initial educational venture of the Universalist denomination in America. The need for a Universalist school, and the precedent set by the Oneida Institute , was set forth in an article in the April 30, 1831, issue of Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate . According to its author, the article was "setting forth the importance to our cause, and strongly urging the necessity upon Universalists, of establishing

5112-399: Was the institute's precarious financial status, which threatened its survival: "through a long period the life of the school was an incessant struggle with floating debts and inadequate resources.... Repeatedly—almost periodically during its first years and not rarely later—it encountered financial storms that seemed certain to overwhelm it." The move to Fort Plain reflected the deterioration of

5184-404: Was what Christianity mandated. Abolitionism was a "sacred vocation". The institute under Green was "an abolition college", "a hotbed of anti-slavery activity," "abolitionist to the core, more so than any other American college." As put in a hostile letter to the editor of 1837, "young men are taught to despise the arrangements of society." National abolitionist leader Gerrit Smith was made

#77922