Clear Grits were reformers in the Canada West district of the Province of United Canada , a British colony that is now the Province of Ontario , Canada. Their name is said to have been given by George Brown , who said that only those were wanted in the party who were "all sand and no dirt, clear grit all the way through".
115-505: Their support was concentrated among southwestern Canada West farmers, who were frustrated and disillusioned by the 1849 Reform government of Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine 's lack of democratic enthusiasm. The Clear Grits advocated universal male suffrage , representation by population , democratic institutions, reductions in government expenditure, abolition of the Clergy Reserves , voluntarism , and free trade with
230-683: A stroke . Rolph was born on 4 March 1793, in Thornbury, Gloucestershire . His father was Thomas Rolph, a surgeon from Grovesend . His mother was Frances Petty. Rolph was their fourth child and eldest surviving son. He was baptized at St. Mary's parish church. He moved to Cambridge in 1809 to study law and medicine at St John's College, Cambridge , then transferred to the Inner Temple , London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge , to study law in 1811. In 1812 he travelled to Upper Canada to join his parents, who had emigrated four years prior. The ship he
345-687: A bill, but the session ended before it could be enacted. Lount and Duncombe would be key organizers of the Rebellion of 1837. The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, when it was led by the more moderate reformer, William W. Baldwin. After the disastrous 1836 elections, it took the final form as the Toronto Political Union in October 1836, again with Baldwin as president. By March 1837, however,
460-563: A candidate because he believed he had reestablished his political career when he joined the executive council. He did not campaign in the constituency but was elected with the largest margin among Reform candidates, while David Duncombe was elected the other legislator from Norfolk. He was one of the few Reformers elected to the legislative assembly in that year and led the Reform party in Parliament. Rolph submitted objections to Head's tactics in
575-457: A challenge to colonial sovereignty. Later, struggling to avoid the charge of sedition, the reformers purposefully obscured their true aims of independence from Britain and focused on their grievances against the Family Compact; responsible government thus became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. The author of this pragmatic policy
690-514: A letter stating his sister was ill and claimed he was travelling to give her medical attention. The next day he arrived in Lewiston, New York . On 11 December, Head issued a proclamation and £500 (equivalent to £60,316 in 2023) reward for Rolph's arrest. Rolph was expelled from the Upper Canada legislature on 20 January 1838 for helping to plan the rebellion and replaced by William Salmon
805-611: A medical school called the Talbot Dispensary in St. Thomas. It closed after two years of operation. Rolph was discontent with the political clique that ruled Upper Canada called the Family Compact , which concentrated political power in the colony to a small group of conservative families. The group's political influence stalled government infrastructure, such as building roads throughout the colony, and made it difficult for those outside
920-652: A messenger to the rebels in Montgomery's Tavern calling for an end to the rebellion. Thomas David Morrison , another reformer who organized the rebellion, was arrested on 6 December by the Upper Canadian government. Rolph feared the government would also arrest him, so he fled for the United States that same day. Troops travelling towards Toronto stopped and questioned Rolph near the Credit River . Rolph showed them
1035-530: A prepared speech that outlined his account of the event. Upon the formation of the Morin-MacNab administration, Rolph's attendance in the legislature declined as he focused on his medical career. In 1854, the Toronto School of Medicine merged with Victoria College to become Victoria College's medical school. The medical staff at the school clashed with Rolph's autocratic leadership style, and opposed moving
1150-554: A religious institution and a political government deteriorated the former's religious integrity. Rolph kept this opinion when he returned to Canada, denouncing clergy reserves in the Canadian legislature in 1852. The Church of England controlled King's College, and Rolph wanted it turned into a secular institution. He opposed government funding for its medical faculty at the exclusion of others and advocated for institutions to train lawyers and doctors without government funding. If funding
1265-462: A researcher and public speaker but also accused him of lying and manipulating facts. Rolph used his reputation and political influence to control the governing councils of the Toronto hospitals and the medical licensing body of Upper Canada. As a politician, Rolph's contemporaries had conflicting views on his actions. James Lesslie and Jesse Ketchum wanted to commission a portrait of Rolph in 1837 as
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#17328378879921380-538: A reward for his service, while Jonas Jones said he possessed a "vile and democratic heart". He could contemplate multiple perspectives on an issue and easily persuaded others to agree with his perspective. In his book on the Upper Canada Rebellion, John Charles Dent praised Rolph's actions and criticized William Lyon Mackenzie's leadership. Mackenzie's sons-in-law Charles Lindsey and John King published critiques of Dent's book that disputed Rolph's influence in
1495-467: A shorter period, so that at the end of fifteen years, the original pool of notes would provide compound interest; the profits from this compound interest would be sufficient, after expenses, to pay off the provincial debt at the end of fifteen years. The petitions were referred first to a select committee of the House of Assembly composed of Samuel Lount , Charles Duncombe , and Thomas D. Morrison ; they drafted
1610-511: A similar republican impetus. They should all be viewed in the context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic revolutions that took their inspiration from the republicanism of the American Revolution . The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by Thomas David Morrison while William Lyon Mackenzie was in England. Although inspired by British examples,
1725-436: A teaching institution. He was appointed to a medical board upon York's 1831 cholera outbreak. The board appointed Rolph as chairman of a committee to find a place to house patients with serious cases of the disease. In 1832, he opened the only medical school (at his home on Lot Street (now Queen) and Terauley (Bay Street) and located in an area where new Toronto City Hall resides) operating in Upper Canada at that time. At
1840-795: A truce. Rolph fled to the US after the rebellion and focused on practising and teaching medicine. The Canadian government granted him amnesty and he returned to Canada in 1843, later creating a new medical institution called the Rolph School in Toronto. In 1851 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and focused on his political career; upon the formation of the Morin-MacNab administration three years later, Rolph's priority returned to running his school. He retired as dean of his medical school in 1870 and died later that year after suffering
1955-493: The 2nd Norfolk militia . Rolph was sent by Thomas Talbot , the colonel in charge of the militia, to York to ask for aide from the Upper Canadian government after Americans destroyed most of the mills west of Burlington . Rolph remained employed with the militia after the war, possibly because his family needed the wages to sustain themselves. The deputy inspector of accounts, a British government administrator, accused Rolph of accepting claims from officers who did not provide
2070-754: The Colonial Advocate . The membership of the NUWC was later integrated into the London Working Men's Association , an organization established in London in 1836, that led the Chartist movement. The founders were William Lovett , Francis Place and Henry Hetherington . They were associated with Owenite socialism and the movement for general education . They published a People's Charter on 8 May 1838 calling for universal suffrage. The London Working Men's Association
2185-578: The French Revolution of 1789–1799, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , and Spanish America (1810–1825) were all inspired by the same republican ideals. Even Great Britain's Chartists sought the same democratic goals. The Canadian rebels believed that the right of citizens to participate in the political process through the election of representatives was
2300-690: The Ontario Liberal Party and Liberal Party of Canada . The "Clear Grits" was one of a long series of farmer-based radical reform movements. Later examples were the United Farmers and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation , the direct ancestor of the modern New Democratic Party . Reform Party (pre-Confederation) The Reform movement in Upper Canada was a political movement in British North America in
2415-766: The Owenite London Radical Reform Organization; the Toronto Institute was formed by a member of the London Mechanics' Institute in 1831. The three legs of the developing Reform movement were thus the political union, the Children of Peace and the Mechanics Institute; the Tories referred to it as the "Holy Alliance Hay Loft" in the market buildings. In January 1835, shortly after the elections,
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#17328378879922530-720: The Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. The Children of Peace immediately formed a branch of the Canadian Alliance Society in January 1835, and elected Samuel Hughes its president. This branch met every two weeks during the parliamentary session to discuss the bills before the assembly. One of their more interesting proposals
2645-717: The Patriote movement in Lower Canada sent a letter stating they were starting the Lower Canada Rebellion and encouraged the Upper Canadian reformers to begin the Upper Canada Rebellion . Mackenzie spoke with Rolph to convince him to support an armed rebellion and suggested that he would become president of the State of Upper Canada upon the rebellion's success. Rolph agreed to the rebellion under three conditions: that there
2760-466: The Toronto, Simcoe and Huron Railway , then using Toronto city funding to bail out the railway, thus making £10,000 in profit. Reformers encouraged Rolph to resign from Hincks's cabinet and assume leadership of the party. Initially, Rolph supported Hincks to avoid fracturing the Reform party, but withdrew his support in 1854, causing the collapse of the government and an election. In the 1854 election, Rolph
2875-610: The United States . Clear Grits from Upper Canada shared many ideas with Thomas Jefferson . The Clear Grit platform was first laid out at a convention held at Markham in March 1850, which included the following planks: Initially led by Peter Perry , they later came under the leadership of Toronto newspaper editor George Brown , and in 1857 joined with the Reform Party , which was a loose alliance of liberal-minded reformers that became
2990-609: The "Father of Medical Education in Upper Canada". The Act for the Better Management of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum bill that he proposed was part of a wider trend to transfer control of asylums away from ordinary members of society and towards medical professionals. However, his disputes with other medical schools and factions caused public trust of medical professionals and their ability to regulate themselves to decrease. His contemporaries highlighted his abilities as
3105-499: The "Friends of Religious Liberty" composed of William Lyon Mackenzie , Jesse Ketchum , Egerton Ryerson , Joseph Shepard and nineteen others, chaired by William Warren Baldwin (who was one of only 3 Anglicans) circulated a petition against an " Established Church " in the province. It gained 10,000 signatures by the time it was sent to the British Parliament in March 1831. The petition gained little due to direct intervention by
3220-485: The British Chartist and Mechanics Institute movements. Organized collective reform activity began with Robert Fleming Gourlay (pronounced "gore-lay"). Gourlay was a well-connected Scottish emigrant who arrived in 1817, hoping to encourage "assisted emigration" of the poor from Britain. He solicited information on the colony through township questionnaires, and soon became a critic of government mismanagement. When
3335-625: The British Reform Movement and organized Political Unions under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie . The British Political Unions had successfully petitioned for the Great Reform Act of 1832 that eliminated much political corruption in the English Parliamentary system. Those who adopted these new forms of public mobilization for democratic reform in Upper Canada were inspired by the more radical Owenite Socialists who led
3450-529: The British Reform Movement. During the late 1820s, large scale, national petitioning campaigns were organized through a new form of organization, the "Political Union". One of the first and largest was the Birmingham Political Union founded in 1830. Its stated aim was to campaign for electoral reform of the House of Commons , "to be achieved by a general political union of the lower and middle classes of
3565-525: The Canadian provincial legislature. During this trip he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons . The British government accepted his petition, and he returned to York in September with guidance on what to include in the legislation to fulfil his request. Rolph proposed a resolution that declared all Americans in Upper Canada to be citizens, legislation that extended citizenship to more Americans than
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3680-411: The Children of Peace in 1832. A province wide "loan office" had been discussed in the colony for more than a decade. This provincially sponsored bank would loan farmers small sums of £ 1 or £2 against the security of their farms. The petition called for the establishment of a loan office in each district associated with the registry office; these offices would issue "provincial loan notes" equal to twice
3795-514: The Church of England. By mid-1831, the leaders of the reform faction in the House of Assembly such as Rolph and the Baldwins were discouraged and withdrew from politics. At this point, William Lyon Mackenzie organized a "General Committee on the State of the Province" which organized the first truly provincial petitioning campaign to protest a whole series of ills. Although 10,000 signatures were obtained
3910-543: The Colonial Office had intended. Tories delayed passage of the bill until instructions from the Colonial Office arrived and then changed the legislation to support the Office's preferred stipulations, including that Americans had to register with the government before citizenship would be conferred onto them. The amended legislation passed without Rolph's support. Rolph was re-elected to the legislative assembly in 1828. At
4025-539: The Convention of Delegates, the reformers also built their own meeting place, which they proposed to call "Shepard's Hall" in honour of Joseph Shepard, one of the political union organizers. The reformers built the hall because their open public electoral meetings were under attack from the Orange Order . Shepard's Hall was to move several times; it began in a converted court house, moved to Mackenzie's old newspaper office in
4140-774: The General Convention of the Industrious Classes met in May 1839, their Charter petition was rejected by Parliament. This rejection led to the Newport Uprising of 1839 in Wales, suppressed by Sir Francis Bond Head 's cousin, Sir Edmund Walker Head . Rather than view each rebellion in isolation, the Newport Rising (1839), the two Canadian Rebellions (1837–38) and the subsequent American Patriot War (1838–39) can be seen to share
4255-628: The Great Reform Act of 1832 led to a more protracted campaign for universal suffrage (known as Chartism ) by the radical political unions. The London-based, Owenite inspired National Union of the Working Classes was founded in 1831 by former members of the Metropolitan Political Union. They organized a constitutional convention at Coldbath-Fields to challenge the British parliament in the spring of 1833. They called for adult male suffrage,
4370-485: The House of Assembly they had begun in Hope to all four Ridings of York, and to establish a "General Convention of Delegates" from each riding in which to establish a common political platform. This convention could then become the core of a "permanent convention" or political party – an innovation not yet seen in Upper Canada. The organization of this convention was a model for the "Constitutional Convention" Mackenzie organized for
4485-475: The Medical Board. He continued to teach various topics at the medical school and hire other faculty members. In 1868, Rolph was appointed to the medical staff of the newly reopened Toronto General Hospital . He clashed with other board members from the Toronto School of Medicine. To end the conflict, the hospital stopped all clinical lectures on their property. Rolph suffered a minor stroke in 1861 and lost
4600-478: The Old Court House where the convention was held. David Willson was the main speaker before the convention and "he addressed the meeting with great force and effect". The convention nominated 4 Reform candidates, all of whom were ultimately successful in the election. The convention stopped short, however, of establishing a political party. Instead, they formed yet another Political Union. As they were organizing
4715-516: The Parliament of the Province of Canada passed the Rebellion Losses Bill , which compensated citizens who had lost property during the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions. Citizens in Toronto opposed to the bill rioted. They believed it would financially compensate participants in the rebellions and blamed Reformers, including Rolph, for its passage. Rolph's family hid while rioters threw rocks through
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4830-488: The Patriots failed to invade Upper Canada, Mackenzie wrote an article in his newspaper accusing Rolph of sabotaging the Upper Canada Rebellion. Rolph wrote a rebuttal and attempted to publish it in a periodical called The United States Magazine and Democratic Review . The publisher rejected Rolph's submission, citing concerns that a reader would need background knowledge of the rebellion to understand Rolph's story. This rebuttal
4945-406: The Patriots invaded and occupied Navy Island , Rolph joined a committee to visit the island and speak with Van Rensselaer on 26 December. The committee concluded Patriot forces, consisting of American members of Hunters' Lodges , were disorganized and Rolph rejected Mackenzie's appointment to be the Patriots' treasurer. He distanced himself from the Patriots to focus on his medical career. When
5060-484: The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, which transferred various decision-making powers from the board of directors to the medical superintendent. It became law in 1853. Rolph convinced Hincks to withdraw government financing of the University of Toronto's medical faculty. Rolph resented the centralization of education in the province and wanted to reduce funding to rival medical schools. Hincks was accused of buying debentures for
5175-459: The Rebellion of 1837, where many of the same delegates were to attend. The Convention was held on 27 February 1834 with delegates from all four of the York ridings. The week before, Mackenzie published Willson's call for a "standing convention" (political party). The day of the convention, the Children of Peace led a "Grand Procession" with their choir and band (the first civilian band in the province) to
5290-424: The Reform movement, with the historian John Muggeridge calling him an "advanced reformer". During the 1830s, more radical members of the Reform movement such as William Lyon Mackenzie were frustrated with Rolph's more moderate views. In defending his position, Rolph stated that he agreed with the Reform movement's principles and questioned the benefits of the more radical opinions of some of their members. Thus, Rolph
5405-465: The Toronto School of Medicine. To alleviate these concerns, Rolph and other doctors from his school were appointed to the board. Rolph was appointed president of a sub-committee to improve the effectiveness of the board. Many of Rolph's and his allies' suggestions, such as petitioning the legislature to incorporate the medical profession in Upper Canada, and barring teachers from examining their students for their medical license, were not adopted. In 1849,
5520-555: The Upper Canada Central Political Union was more radical than most reform organizations of the period. The goals proposed by Thomas Morrison at the York election hustings in late 1832 mirrored those of the Metropolitan Political Union, and the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes. The Union's objects began with the usual invocation of Upper Canada having been "singularly blessed with a Constitution
5635-585: The Upper Canada Political Union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society, with James Lesslie , a city Alderman, as president, and Timothy Parsons as secretary. They were also leaders in the Toronto Mechanics Institute . It was at this time that they moved into Turton's Building, built on land owned by William W. Baldwin. The Canadian Alliance Society adopted much of the platform (such as secret ballot & universal suffrage) of
5750-655: The appropriate vouchers. Although Rolph denied this accusation, he was considered in default to the government and his application for 800 acres (320 ha) of land as a retired officer was denied. Rolph initiated an organizing committee to honour Thomas Talbot as the founder of Port Talbot and Rolph inaugurated the first celebration of the town's creation on 21 May 1817. In August 1817, Rolph returned to England to solve financial problems related to his father's estate and to obtain lawyer and medical qualifications. In 1820 he began studying at St John's College in Cambridge. He negotiated payments from his cousin concerning
5865-413: The beginning of 1833, Rolph was appointed to a committee to examine the incorporation of York to become the city of Toronto. Later that year, he was appointed to a subcommittee that established the boundaries of the city and the five wards that would elect the councillors and aldermen to Toronto's city council. In Toronto's first city council election in 1834, Rolph declined to run on the Reform slate and
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#17328378879925980-471: The beginning of the legislative session, Rolph introduced a resolution that stated the Parliament did not support the current members of the lieutenant governor's executive council, which passed by a vote of 37 to 1. He served on the Assembly's Committee of Finance, which discovered that Tory politicians and judges were submitting extravagant expenditures. He decided not to run in the 1830 Upper Canada election. In 1828, Judge John Walpole Willis ruled that
6095-435: The board of commissioners of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum to successfully dismiss their medical superintendent Walter Tefler. Rolph encouraged the board to hire George Park, his protege and brother-in-law. In August, Rolph became the temporary superintendent of the asylum after Park took a leave of absence. Rolph suspended a keeper named Mr. Hungerford for falsely accusing staff members of abusing patients. The board reinstated
6210-439: The causes and effects of diseases or diagnosing patients. He experimented on animals to understand how the body reacts when approaching death. Rolph incorporated a French style of teaching medicine in which he treated patients at a hospital in front of his students. In lectures at the end of his life, Rolph still taught older remedies to his students, including bloodletting . Throughout his political career, Rolph aligned with
6325-488: The council after his defeat. In 1834, he married Grace Haines; they had three sons and a daughter. Prior to the 1834 cholera outbreak, Rolph was appointed as a doctor to the reestablished Cholera Hospital. When Toronto declared the outbreak, Rolph was appointed to the board of the Cholera Hospital. Francis Bond Head , the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, wanted to include moderate reformers on his first Executive Council of Upper Canada . He asked Robert Baldwin to join
6440-399: The council, but Baldwin declined the invitation because he wanted the council's Tory members to be dismissed. Head then invited Rolph for an appointment, as Rolph was also seen as a moderate reformer. Rolph convinced Baldwin and John Henry Dunn to join him on the council. They were appointed as councillors on 20 February 1836. Head made decisions without consulting the council. This led
6555-434: The court of Upper Canada could not determine cases unless all the judges were present. Willis's ruling nullified most of the court's decisions since its establishment in 1794. Judge Levius Peters Sherwood continued to hold hearings and did not express his opinion on Wallis's ruling. Rolph and other lawyers submitted a request to the court for Sherwood to state his opinion on the ruling. When Sherwood refused, Rolph protested in
6670-497: The courtroom by taking off his lawyer's gown. Concerned that this protest would cause judges to become biased against him, Rolph refused new clients. He sold his law practice to his brother George in 1832 and focused on his medical career. Rolph was licensed to practise medicine in Upper Canada in 1829, although he was practising medicine in the province throughout the 1820s. In 1831, Rolph moved to York to expand his medical practice and incorporate patients in York's hospital into
6785-417: The event to support his claims. Mackenzie published similar accusations in his newspaper because he wanted to defend Lount's reputation. This caused a rift in Rolph and Mackenzie's relationship, although the event attracted little attention in other newspapers. In August 1853, Rolph became the president of the Council and Minister of Agriculture. He proposed a bill called the Act for the Better Management of
6900-423: The faction to acquire land grants. When in York, Rolph would sometimes visit the home of William Warren Baldwin and speak with other reform-minded politicians. In 1824, Rolph ran for the 9th Parliament of Upper Canada to represent Middlesex County . He campaigned on making land deeds easier to obtain, improving public education, and ensuring that all voters were able to participate in the election. Rolph obtained
7015-501: The following month. On 12 December 1837, Rolph and Mackenzie recruited Rensselaer Van Rensselaer to lead American volunteers, calling themselves Patriots, in an Upper Canada invasion. Rolph promised rebels would not interfere with Van Rensselaer's military operations, while Van Rensselaer claimed Rolph was president of the Executive Council for the Upper Canadian uprising. Rolph consented to have his name added to Mackenzie's State of Upper Canada proclamation as an endorser. When
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#17328378879927130-406: The former staff established their own medical school and called it Toronto School of Medicine. Rolph attempted to advertise his school as "the medical department of Victoria College – The Toronto School of Medicine". His former staff successfully sued Rolph and stopped him from using the Toronto School of Medicine branding. He declined to run in the 1857 legislative election and became chairman of
7245-419: The function of his right arm. In 1870, he was in declining health, so Victoria College appointed William Canniff as a sub-Dean to help administer the school. Rolph did not accept Canniff's help and retired from the position. That summer, he had several minor strokes and lived with his daughter and her husband in Mitchell, Ontario . He suffered another stroke and died in Mitchell on 19 October 1870. He
7360-414: The government should be irresponsible". this may have been the inspiration for the constitution Mackenzie published just before the rebellion. The first of the petition movements initiated by the Canadian Alliance Society was a call to form a "Provincial Loan Office". This was a source of loans for pioneer farmers hard pressed to meet expenses in bad years; its inspiration lay with the credit union formed by
7475-465: The government to deliver a truce to the rebels. Rolph accepted the appointment because others who refused to help the government were suspected of supporting the rebels, and he did not want the government to suspect his involvement. Rolph and Baldwin convinced the rebels to stop their march towards Toronto and relayed Head's offer of amnesty. They returned to Head with the rebels' counter-offer, but Head refused further negotiations. The two men returned to
7590-407: The highest number of votes and was elected as one of the representatives, with John Matthews elected as the other. In the legislature, Rolph aligned with Reform politicians and was considered their leader in the 1820s. In 1826, Rolph travelled to England to petition the Colonial Office to naturalize American citizens who had moved to Upper Canada, granting them the right to vote and sit in
7705-425: The keeper. This created conflict between Park and the board, who repeatedly fired Hungerford, only to have the board reverse the dismissal. The Executive Council dismissed Park and the new director reversed Park's and Rolph's policies. In 1850, the public criticized the Medical Board of Upper Canada for giving medical licenses only to those who had graduated from a university but were failing qualified candidates from
7820-433: The leader of the Children of Peace, David Willson . The group also included Randal Wixson, the editor of the Colonial Advocate in Mackenzie's absence. Mackenzie returned to Toronto from his London journey in the last week of August, 1833, to find his appeals to the British Parliament had been ultimately ineffective. At an emergency meeting of Reformers, David Willson proposed extending the nomination process for members of
7935-438: The level of support among farmers. Having learned Mackenzie planned to hold the rebellion in December, Rolph insisted that Anthony Van Egmond , a retired military officer from the Napoleonic Wars , should lead the military operation. On 2 December 1837, Rolph learned the government was going to arrest Mackenzie. He sent a message to warn him and suggested starting the rebellion on 4 December. Samuel Lount received
8050-444: The local legislature ignored his call for an inquiry, he called for a petition to the British Parliament. He organized township meetings, and a provincial convention - which the government considered dangerous and seditious. Gourlay was tried in December 1818 under the 1804 Sedition Act and jailed for 8 months. He was banished from the province in August 1819. His expulsion made him a martyr in the reform community. A loose committee of
8165-441: The message and told the rebels to gather in Montgomery's Tavern north of Toronto to begin the rebellion. Rebel leaders met on 4 December. After learning that the Lower Canada Rebellion had failed, Rolph advised abandoning their plan and dispersing the assembled troops. The other leaders convinced him to support the plan and Rolph returned to Toronto. On 5 December, Head appointed Rolph and Robert Baldwin as emissaries of
8280-419: The mid-19th century. It started as a rudimentary grouping of loose coalitions that formed around contentious issues. Support was gained in Parliament through petitions meant to sway MPs. However, organized Reform activity emerged in the 1830s when Reformers, like Robert Randal , Jesse Ketchum , Peter Perry , Marshall Spring Bidwell , and William Warren Baldwin , began to emulate the organizational forms of
8395-454: The more moderate reformers withdrew in disappointment with their electoral loss, leaving William Lyon Mackenzie to fill the political vacuum. The Toronto Political Union called for a Constitutional Convention in July 1837, and began organizing local "Vigilance Committees" to elect delegates. The structure of the convention was much like that of the "General Convention of Delegates in 1834, and many of
8510-524: The most important right, and they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. When the British military crushed the rebellions, they ended any possibility the two Canadas would become republics. In 1838, John Lambton (Lord Durham) , the author of the Great Reform Bill of 1832, arrived in the Canadas to investigate the causes of the Rebellion and make recommendations for reform of
8625-552: The new Fourth Riding of York (a part of the riding that had continued to re-elect Mackenzie over the years). A member of the group, Samuel Hughes , the president of Canada's first farmers' cooperative (the Farmers' Storehouse ), established a "committee of vigilance" to nominate an "independent member" for the Assembly in June 1832. Half the committee were members of the Children of Peace, including
8740-495: The only real gain was to organize the reformers in the province. Mackenzie's organizational efforts made him many enemies in the House of Assembly. When the House reconvened, Mackenzie was unjustly expelled. Over the next two years, Mackenzie was re-elected only to be expelled a total of five times. As demonstrations in support of Mackenzie were increasingly met with violence by Orangemen, he travelled to England to personally present his appeal in March 1832. Mackenzie trip to England
8855-432: The people as Canadians. On 28 July 1837, radical reformers planned a congress to address grievances against the Upper Canada government and appointed Rolph as a congress delegate. He did not attend the meeting, but might have drafted a declaration outlining the reasons why a rebellion in Upper Canada was justified. His views on the meeting or a rebellion at that moment were not published or written down. In November 1837,
8970-640: The people". Other more radical Political Unions, like the "Metropolitan Political Union" had their roots in Owenite Socialism . The London-based "Metropolitan Political Union" was formed by members of the London Radical Reform Organization, including Henry Hunt , Henry Hetherington , William Lovett , Daniel O'Connell and William Gast. The MPU was radically democratic, and depended upon its members' input to function. It not only advocated parliamentary reform, but embodied these reforms in
9085-460: The political system. He was to recommend " responsible government ", not republicanism. Historian Paul Romney has argued that the turn to "responsible government" was a strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. In his view, the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada made any demand for democracy
9200-526: The previous election to the legislature, so lawmakers formed a Committee of Enquiry to investigate, which concluded that the charges could not be upheld against Head. Rolph called the report biased, pointing out that Reform witnesses did not testify before the committee and the committee's chair did not attach appendixes to the report, which would have outlined the evidence that supported the report's claims. He criticized Head for inflaming divisions between Upper Canadian people based on nationality instead of uniting
9315-507: The provincial debt which would be legal tender. These notes would be loaned in small amounts to farmers on security of their property, due in fifteen years, at 6% simple interest. It offered long term credit, as opposed to the 90-day loans of the Bank of Upper Canada, and would be repaid yearly rather than quarterly, since farmers had only one crop a year to sell. As these farmers paid their yearly installments, this money would be reloaned to others, on
9430-440: The public to believe the council supported Head's decisions. Rolph led a campaign to have the council support a memorandum that would give more powers and oversight of administration to them. The memorandum was presented to Head on 4 March. Head rejected the memorandum and the entire council resigned on 12 March. Rolph ran for a seat in the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada in 1836 to represent Norfolk County . He became
9545-541: The rebellion. Historians have struggled to write about Rolph because he rarely described his personal feelings to others and wrote few documents expressing his political opinions. A portrait of Rolph, painted in 1836, hangs in the library of the Academy of Medicine of Toronto . Rolph's pocket watch, given to him by a co-worker during the Upper Canada Rebellion, is displayed under the portrait. Rolph Road Public School in Leaside ,
9660-416: The rebels to relay Head's response. Rolph met with Lount and Mackenzie separately and encouraged them to march towards the city immediately. Rolph spent the rest of the evening recruiting men in Toronto to meet the rebels upon their arrival. The rebels retreated to Montgomery's Tavern after a skirmish with government troops. Rolph abandoned his recruitment efforts and dispersed the men he had gathered. He sent
9775-535: The reformers began to protect themselves and resort to arms to do so. As the violence continued, peaceable reform meetings tapered off in October, to be replaced by instances of men drilling for battle. The Rebellion of December 7, 1837, marked the end of the Political Union movement in Upper Canada. The rebellions in 1837 must be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century Atlantic revolutions . The American Revolutionary War of 1775–1783,
9890-471: The reserves were preventing land development in Canada. Rolph opposed an 1825 bill that would have expanded clergy reserves to other Christian denominations because of its vague language concerning who could claim the land. He feared ten people could create a congregation, claim land for religious purposes, then sell it for a profit. In 1837, he denounced clergy reserves because he thought a close connection between
10005-712: The sale of property in Thornbury that belonged to their families. He used the money to enrol in Guy's Hospital and St Thomas' Hospital to study medicine and to return to study law at Trinity Hall. On 20 April 1820, he married Mary Slatter; although recorded in a wedding register, Rolph never referenced the marriage in his documents. Rolph was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1821. In September he returned to North America, settled in Charlotteville Township , and
10120-481: The same delegates were elected. This became the organizational structure for the Rebellion of 1837. The Toronto Political Union complained of many issues, but none more than the effects of the financial panic of 1836, and the effects of bankrupt banks like the Bank of Upper Canada suing poor farmers and other debtors. The meetings in the Home District met with an increasing degree of Orange Order violence, so that
10235-481: The school to a new location in the Yorkville neighbourhood in Toronto. They brought their grievances to the college's board of directors, but the board sided with Rolph and the medical staff resigned en masse. The college's students remained at Victoria College, and he remained dean of its medical faculty. He taught all the courses for the first two weeks of the school year while recruiting new faculty members. In 1856,
10350-509: The second Market building, before taking its final home in "Turton's Building", which they shared with Mackenzie's newspaper The Constitution , and William O'Grady's newspaper, The Correspondent & Advocate . Shepard Hall shared its large meeting space with the Mechanics' Institute and the Children of Peace . The Mechanics' Institute was a working class educational institute that had its roots in
10465-449: The secret ballot, annual elections, equally sized electoral districts, as well as for salaries and the elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament. The government prohibited the meeting, and sent 1,800 police against a crowd of 3,000 or 4,000, leading to a general riot. Mackenzie was no doubt aware of the riot as he was living a ten-minute walk away, and news of the riot was published back in Upper Canada by his newspaper,
10580-454: The very image and transcript of that of Great Britain" but continued with a list of the ways in which that constitution had been abridged before concluding on a radical democratic note. It was not an electoral organization per se, but, like its British model, a voluntary political organization devoted towards electoral reform. It, like its successor, the Canadian Alliance Society, was formed immediately after an election, not before, since their aim
10695-671: The way in which it was organized; it was committed to universal suffrage , annual parliaments, and vote by ballot, all eventually incorporated in the Chartist platform. The Representation of the People Act 1832 (commonly known as the Reform Act 1832 or sometimes as the Great Reform Act) was an Act of Parliament ( 2 & 3 Will. 4 . c. 45) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. William Lyon Mackenzie
10810-423: The windows of his house. In 1851, he was elected to represent Norfolk County in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and withdrew from running the administrative tasks of his medical school. Francis Hincks , a co-premier of Canada , appointed Rolph as Minister of Crown Lands . Rolph successfully defended himself against critiques of the handling of timber-cutting licences near Peterborough . He
10925-1225: Was Robert Baldwin , who spent the next decade fighting for (implementation. Ironically, it was not achieved until after Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine , the Premiers of the Canadas, shepherded the Rebellion Losses Bill through Parliament in 1849. It sparked Orange riots, and the burning of the Parliament buildings as much of Europe was similarly engulfed in a wave of republican revolutions and counter-revolutions. William Lyon Mackenzie James Lesslie John Rolph William John O'Grady Henry John Boulton David Willson Samuel Hughes John McIntosh Marshall Spring Bidwell Robert Baldwin William Warren Baldwin Francis Hincks Charles Duncombe Samuel Lount Peter Matthews Jesse Lloyd Anthony Van Egmond Thomas D. Morrison David Gibson James Hervey Price Joseph Shepard John Rolph (politician) John Rolph (4 March 1793 – 19 October 1870)
11040-537: Was a Canadian physician, lawyer, and political figure. As a politician, he was considered the leader of the Reform faction in the 1820s and helped plan the Upper Canada Rebellion . As a doctor, he founded several medical schools and incorporated new teaching techniques and medical procedures into his lectures. However, his actions against rival medical schools decreased public confidence in the ability of medical professionals to regulate themselves. Rolph grew up in England and
11155-465: Was accused of stealing funds from the Treasury, but Rolph said he was using the money to pay moving expenses for his relocation to the Province of Canada's capital, reimbursement that was given to his predecessors. W. J. Boulton , a Tory legislator, accused Rolph of encouraging an attack on Toronto when he brought Head's truce to the rebels during the Upper Canada Rebellion. Boulton used Lount's testimony of
11270-472: Was aware of the unrest in the Canadas in early 1837, and themselves petitioned the British Parliament after a public meeting to protest the "base proposals of the Whigs to destroy the principle of Universal Suffrage in the Canadas". To implement the Chartist plan, they called a series of mass meetings across the country in the summer of 1838 to select delegates to a "General Convention of the Industrious Classes". After
11385-549: Was buried in Trinity Church in Toronto on 22 October. Rolph was a member of the Church of England . He believed religious institutions deteriorated when government money supported them. Rolph's medical school did not require faculty or students to join a particular religion or denomination. Rolph was initially supportive of clergy reserves since they supported his Anglican faith financially. His position changed as he observed
11500-727: Was called to the bar in Upper Canada. He bought a farm in St. Thomas , and became a barrister . He opened a law office in Vittoria and practised law and medicine concurrently. In 1823 he was elected as a school trustee and moved to Dundas , the following year. He would make frequent visits to York, Upper Canada , and converse with reformers and political figures William Warren Baldwin , Marshall Spring Bidwell , and Robert Baldwin about Upper Canada politics. Rolph dubbed this group "the cabinet". He worked with Charles Duncombe to provide medical services in Upper Canada. In 1823 Rolph and Duncombe opened
11615-577: Was educated in medicine and law. He immigrated to Upper Canada in 1813 and lived on his father's farm in Port Talbot , where he practiced law and medicine concurrently and opened a medical school called the Talbot Dispensary. In 1824, Rolph was elected to the Parliament of Upper Canada and returned to England to petition the Colonial Office to allow the naturalization of American citizens in Canada. He
11730-480: Was elected as an alderman to Toronto 's first city council, though he resigned after his council colleagues did not select him to be the city's mayor. William Lyon Mackenzie persuaded Rolph to support the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. When the rebellion began, Rolph did not join the rebels at their headquarters and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him as his emissary to deliver the government's offer of
11845-435: Was endorsed by the Tories to be elected in St. Patrick's ward; the Tories hoped that other Reformers on the council would select Rolph over William Lyon Mackenzie to be the city's first mayor. He was elected as an alderman and councillor for the ward and ran to be Toronto's first mayor, but lost to Mackenzie because the Reform majority on the council wanted Mackenzie to be honoured as the city's first mayor. Rolph resigned from
11960-574: Was found among Rolph's papers after his death and published by John Charles Dent in his book Upper Canada Rebellion . In 1838, Rolph received an honorary membership to the Monroe County Medical Society, which allowed him to practise medicine without completing an examination. He reopened his medical school in Rochester, New York , and many of the students he was teaching in Toronto moved to Rochester to continue their education. Rolph
12075-550: Was in London appealing his expulsion from the Upper Canadian Legislative Assembly to the Colonial Office at the time, and was present in the galleries of the British Parliament for the debate on the Reform Act 1832 . Seeing the effectiveness of the political unions in the United Kingdom, Mackenzie recommended their adoption in Upper Canada. Disappointment about the refusal to include the working classes in
12190-543: Was received amnesty in 1843 and returned to Toronto in August. He renovated the rear portion of his house into a dissecting room and held medical lectures there. In January 1844 he reestablished his medical school. Initially called the Rolph School, an Act of Legislature in 1851 incorporated it as the Toronto School of Medicine. He advertised the school as an alternative to the university education students could receive at King's College in Toronto. In 1848, Rolph worked with
12305-466: Was reelected with 55% of the vote. Augustin-Norbert Morin abandoned his alliance with Hincks and instead formed a coalition government with Upper Canadian Tories led by Allan MacNab . Rolph opposed this new coalition because the Tories would oppose Reformer policies. A Tory legislator named John Langton tried to discredit Rolph's opinion by speaking about the Head truce, but Rolph rebutted those comments with
12420-426: Was seen as a more moderate Reformer, which helped him get elected in the 1836 election while most Reformers were defeated. Although he supported reform causes, his status and wealth would cause him to benefit more from keeping the political status quo. He believed that if liberal positions were adopted, God would succeed against the negative consequences and influence of wealth. Marian A. Patterson described Rolph as
12535-471: Was support for the rebellion in the colony, that its leader be someone with military experience, and that Rolph would have limited involvement until the rebellion was successful. Rolph joined the rebellion to bring more independence to the legislature which would then more closely resemble the British governance system. He was hesitant to immediately begin the rebellion and wanted to survey support in rural areas. He sent Mackenzie north of Toronto to determine
12650-479: Was taken to a prisoner of war camp in Greenbush, New York . While imprisoned, he taught mathematics and grammar to other prisoners to alleviate his boredom. After the 13 October 1812 Battle of Queenston Heights , American forces released him in a prisoner swap with the British and he finished his journey to Canada to live on his father's farm in Port Talbot . Upon its creation in 1813, Rolph became paymaster for
12765-579: Was to be provided by the government, he wanted it to be available to all medical schools through endowments . Rolph sought the latest medical trends in North America and Europe while practising medicine. He cited these trends when teaching at his school but also gave counterarguments to the theories presented in his lectures. His research focused on the structure of organisms , and he was willing to research ideas that were considered fringe. Rolph did not focus research attention or his curriculum on studying
12880-399: Was to create a petitioning campaign for a written provincial constitution; Hughes was appointed to the committee. A constitution would be the means by which "the proceedings of our government may be bounded – the legislative council rendered elective, and the government and council made responsible – and that all Eccliastics be prohibited from holding seats in the council and that no officer of
12995-439: Was to influence the legislature rather than elect candidates. This union collected 19,930 signatures by May 1833 on a petition protesting Mackenzie's unjust expulsion from the House of Assembly by the Family Compact. It dissolved shortly thereafter. In the absence of Mackenzie, the village of Hope (now Sharon ), founded by the Children of Peace , a branch of Quakerism, became the new focus of reform activity. They were leaders in
13110-601: Was to prove inspirational, as he was exposed to the power of the British form of reform activity, the Political Unions, in the run-up to the passage of the Great Reform Act of 1832. Upper Canadians saw themselves as citizens of Great Britain with all the rights granted by the British Constitution. It is no surprise then, that the Upper Canadian Reform Movement should adopt the organizational forms of
13225-707: Was travelling on was to make port at New York City; while he was crossing the Atlantic Ocean, the War of 1812 began and Rolph received a special passport from American president James Madison to travel to Upper Canada. Rolph went to the Niagara River intending to continue travelling to Canada when it was safe to cross the river. While waiting, he tried to solve one of Euclid 's geometry problems; his problem-solving tactic involved drawing shapes. American authorities suspected these were sketches of Fort Niagara and arrested him. He
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