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62-615: The ODA was established in 1989 by a group of intellectuals as a conservative-liberal party, based on ideas often expressed in The Salisbury Review . The other motive was personal antipathy to Václav Klaus and his party Civic Democratic Party (ODS). In 1992 legislative election , ODA obtained over 300,000 votes (5,93 per cent of all votes) and gained 14 seats in Czech National Council. It became part of right-wing coalition (First government of Václav Klaus ) together with

124-551: A laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values ). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals. Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism, and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism . Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and

186-447: A two-state solution , albeit not necessarily based upon the 1949 Armistice border . The main exception to this is Derekh Eretz, which can best be described as a center-right , moderately conservative pro-peace party. Even still, Derekh Eretz falls strongly within the national liberal politics of Israel, given its support for Zionism and promotion of a secular , free market , democratic, and Jewish Israel. In South Korea during

248-468: A considerable extent distinguished them from their Central European counterparts." Lind himself defines national liberalism as uniting "moderate social conservatism with moderate economic liberalism". Gordon Smith , a leading scholar of comparative European politics, understands national liberalism as a political concept that lost popularity when the success of nationalist movements in creating nation states rendered it no longer necessary to specify that

310-520: A deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis , the Roman Republic , and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in

372-526: A liberal ideal, party or politician was "national". The roots of national liberalism are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism and/or classical liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries and in particular those of Central Europe , then governed by hereditary monarchies . At their origin, national liberals, although pro-business, were not necessarily advocates of free trade and economic liberalism per se and sometimes favoured cooperation between

434-538: A more authoritarian or conservative political regime because of the multi-ethnic character or heterogeneous nature of countries like the Austrian Empire (later officially renamed Austria-Hungary ) or the newly created Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck . In Austria-Hungary , the Constitutional Party was the main representative of national liberalism. In Austria, national liberalism has remained

496-698: A more authoritarian presence in Europe and a strong German Empire . Liberal nationalists, such as Max Weber , were looking towards a democratic Germany in cooperation with the other European powers. At the time of the German Empire, national liberalism was represented by the National Liberal Party (NLP), the largest in the Reichstag for several years. National Liberals supported Bismarck, who served as Chancellor from 1871 ( unification of Germany ) to 1890, until

558-747: A small number Russian Orthodox, the term "national liberal" was used by the elite Swedish-speakers of the Svecoman movement who advocated liberal ideals, but wanted to keep Swedish as the dominant language, an idea opposed by the Finnish-speaking nationalists of the Fennoman movement . The Svecoman movement gave birth to the Swedish Party, which was later renamed Swedish People's Party in Finland , which has since moved to mainstream liberalism and social liberalism and

620-434: Is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole. National liberalism National liberalism is a variant of liberalism , combining liberal policies and issues with elements of nationalism . Historically, national liberalism has also been used in

682-674: Is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets , such as Röpke. Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals. They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive- Orléanists ) during the July Monarchy alone; after the French Revolution of 1848 , the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals. Before World War II , conservative liberalism or right-liberalism ( German : Rechtsliberalismus )

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744-447: Is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, French, Italian, and American manifestations. In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism , and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support

806-670: Is often a party of government in the country. Finns Party Youth described its economic policy with that term. The main representatives are the think-tank Carrefour de l'Horloge preceded by Cercle Pareto created in 1968 by Yvan Blot which was related with the GRECE , and the National-Liberal Party both directed by Henry de Lesquen . In Germany, "national-liberal" was widely used in a similar sense to " right-liberal ". In 19th-century Germany, believers in national liberalism differed from liberal nationalists in that they believed in

868-625: Is to say, both the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party). After Stresemann's death, the DVP, whose ranks included several anti-republicans, veered sharply to the right. The current Free Democratic Party (FDP), which was the joint successor of the DVP and the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP), originally featured conservative and partly nationalist efforts, which were particularly strong in some state associations until

930-721: The 1871 federal election ) suffered huge losses in the 1878 federal election and especially the 1881 federal election (when it was reduced to 14.6%). Later, the party experienced a steady decline in its share of vote, contextually with the rise of the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party at the turn of the century. During the Weimar Republic , the NLP was succeeded by the German People's Party (DVP), whose main leader

992-668: The Alternative for Germany (AfD), which has in turn been characterised by some observers as national liberal. József Antall was the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary as a member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum . Antall played a major role of in bringing Hungary closer to the Western Bloc , as well bringing down the Warsaw Pact . Antall promoted both economic liberalization , while appealing to

1054-804: The Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy, and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues. Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party , sometimes criticize cultural liberalism. American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler , a professor at Berry College , who argued: [I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans

1116-519: The CDU , a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany . Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After

1178-600: The Central European lands a distinct type of liberalism, peculiar to this region evolved through the nineteenth century" and citing Maciej Janowski, "the word 'national' acted as more or less synonymous with 'liberal'" ("'national' alone was sufficient to arouse suspicions of liberal associations"). Also according to Mulej, in Southeast Europe "'national liberals' also played visible if not central roles, but with rather different, region-specific characteristics, which to

1240-613: The Egyptian Constitution of 1923 , which created a bicameral parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy . The Wafd Party was dissolved by Gamal Abdel Nasser's Free Officers movement after the 1952 Egyptian revolution . The New Wafd Party, A.K.A. the Egyptian Wafd Party was founded in 1978 by Fouad Serageddin after Anwar Sadat increased political liberalization in Egypt. They sought to form an opposition bloc with

1302-755: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1984 general election , but only won 15%. The Egyptian Wafd Party was active in the 2011 Egyptian revolution . They have been represented in the Egyptian Senate and Egyptian House of Representatives since the 2011-12 elections . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous part of the Russian Empire , where as many as 80% of the population was Protestant and Finnish-speaking, somewhat under 20% Protestant Swedish speakers (Sweden ruled Finland until 1809) and

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1364-746: The National Labour Party and, after 1989, the Czech National Social Party . Today, the conservative Civic Democratic Party (ODS) in the Czech Republic has been described as a national-liberal party. The ODS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe , as Slovakia's Freedom and Solidarity , and the International Democrat Union . In Denmark, from the 1830s the core concept of national liberalism

1426-712: The Second Syrian Republic , the National Bloc , which advocated Syrian independence from the French Mandate , split into two political parties: one was the conservative , Arab nationalist , pan-syrian , irredentist , anti-Western , and anti- Hashemite /pro- republican National Party ; the other was the national liberal, Syrian nationalist , Hashemite monarchist , constitutional monarchist , and pro-West People's Party . Several political parties have included "national liberal" in their names or ideology. A list

1488-520: The United Kingdom , when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires , which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party. Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism , emerged as an opposition against

1550-445: The common good , and natural rights ), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law , the social nature of man, and original sin ), and ancient institutions (such as common law , corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Socrates , Plato , Aristotle , St. Augustine , St. Thomas Aquinas , and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant ; it usually includes

1612-416: The right-wing political position, liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum . Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism . Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights

1674-571: The right-wing populist fringe of his party by discussing the "national issue" of Hungarians living outside of Hungary and Hungarian irredentism (see also Székely autonomy movement ). All of this coincided with the End of communism in Hungary and the country's democratisation and decommunisation, something Antall played a major role in promoting. Since 1973, Likud – National Liberal Movement operates in Israel as

1736-525: The 1950s and more occasionally after that (For example Jürgen Möllemann , FDP leader in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1983–1994 and 1996–2002) and still includes a national-liberal faction, which holds a consistently Eurosceptic position, differently from the rest of the party. Some right-wing elements, including Sven Tritschler (former leader of the Stresemann Club), have more recently joined

1798-643: The Democratic Party banner. However, his reign was not to be. Factionalism, division, and economic instability defined the Second Republic, including within the South Korean army . Within a year, Yun Po-sun and his Democratic Party were ousted by military leaders Park Chung Hee and Chang Do-yong , the former of whom would become dictator during the Third Republic of Korea . The National Liberal Party

1860-488: The European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism , which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues. The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism . Until the two world wars , the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy

1922-615: The National Liberal Party opposed Syrian occupation and was part of the Qornet Shehwan Gathering . In Romania, the National Liberal Party (PNL), which was initially founded in 1875, then re-founded in 1990, and subsequently enlarged in 2014 (when it absorbed the Democratic Liberal Party , PDL), has also been part of the national-liberal tradition. Nowadays, it is one of the country's two main parties and

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1984-580: The Nazi regime and the national-liberal camp was scarred after the war due to guilt by association with National Socialism. In 1949, the Federation of Independents (VdU) was founded as a national-liberal alternative to the main Austrian parties. It incorporated an array of political movements, including free market liberals, populists, former Nazis and German nationalists, all of whom had been unable to join either of

2046-572: The ODA became the coalition's weakest member, and after its funding problems came to light, it ceased to take part in the Czech political scene. It only had one senator, Karel Schwarzenberg (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic since 2007). The party ceased activity on 31 December 2007. Czech billionaire Pavel Sehnal announced in December 2016 that he established a new Civic Democratic Alliance. Leaders of

2108-682: The ODS, Christian and Democratic Union (KDU–ČSL) and Christian Democratic Party (KDS). In 1996 legislative election , the ODA obtained 6.36 per cent of votes and again formed coalition with the ODS and KDU–ČSL (the second government of Václav Klaus). However, this government didn't manage to form majority in the Chamber of Deputies and so was depending on toleration of the centre-left Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) (government disposed of 99 deputies out of 200, social democrats of 61 deputies and non-system parties of 40 deputies). Following financial scandals of

2170-515: The ODS, the coalition fell apart. Both the ODS and KDU-ČSL participated in caretaker government of Josef Tošovský . It didn't participate in 1998 legislative election , in order "to not split votes on the right-wing" . The ODA formed the Four-Coalition with the KDU–ČSL, Freedom Union and Democratic Union in opposition to the grand coalition of the centre-right ODS and centre-left ČSSD. However,

2232-591: The United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars. Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense. In general, rather than the Democratic Party , which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party. In the case of the Democratic Party,

2294-463: The Western tradition to produce a "national liberalism" better suited to Russian culture, being practically a variety of Russian nationalism . In Sweden, in the 1860s liberals described themselves as national liberals ( nationalliberaler ) and constituted a coalition of monarchists and liberal reformists in support of parliamentary reforms. Swedish national liberals also supported Scandinavism. During

2356-761: The basis of one of the three Lager , or ideological camps, in the country, dating back to the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire . During the interwar period , the national-liberal camp was gathered into the Greater German People's Party . By 1938, with the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany , the national-liberal camp had been swallowed whole by Austrian National Socialism and all other parties were eventually absorbed into Nazi totalitarianism. Both Socialists and Christian Socials were persecuted under

2418-496: The conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States , conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals; in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy

2480-407: The conservative parties were Christian democratic , this conservative brand of liberalism developed. Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism. Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism , is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics. While there are conservative liberals who are located on

2542-506: The first governing force. Incumbent Romanian President Klaus Iohannis stems from it. Currently, in terms of political ideology, the PNL is mainly liberal-conservative and pro-European , therefore placed on the centre-right of the political spectrum concerning economy, society, culture, freedom of expression, and civil liberties. In Russia, "national liberalism" was a 1990s movement claiming to be redefining "liberal" principles as understood in

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2604-602: The framework for the craft of the cities. Danish national liberals supported Scandinavism and thus Scandinavian unity. In 1919 the Wafd Party was founded by Egyptian nationalist leader Saad Zaghloul . The Wafd Party led the 1919 Egyptian revolution against British colonial rule in Egypt , resulting in the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence and the founding of the Kingdom of Egypt , as well as writing of

2666-663: The government and the national industry, moderate levels of protectionism, the establishment of preferential custom unions, subsidies for infant industry or companies considered of national strategic importance and various forms of industrial planning. National liberalism was popular in a number of countries including Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Romania during the 19th century. In Germany, Austria and Romania, national liberals and/or "National Liberal" parties were long in government. More specifically, in German-speaking countries national liberals were also in favour of

2728-540: The late 1870s when the Chancellor reversed his early free trade policies, became a proponent of protectionism , opposed increasing parliamentary powers and ultimately pandered for the support of the German Conservative Party (largely representing the wealthy landowning elite Junkers of Prussia ). Additionally, the NLP (which had obtained around 30% in the first three federal elections, including 30.1% in

2790-653: The main centre-right and Zionist political party in the country. It historically based its ideology upon the national liberal principles of Ze'ev Jabotinsky , known as Revisionist Zionism . This has led to a combination of liberal policies (such as free market economics in Israel ) and nationalist policies (such as vaguely supporting some idea of Greater Israel and an Israeli one-state solution ). In recent years, other national liberal parties in Israel (such as Yisrael Beiteinu , National Unity , New Hope , and Derekh Eretz ) that have either explicitly or implicitly supported

2852-423: The midst of mass culture ) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization." In

2914-568: The moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism , or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism). According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University , rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism ), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue ,

2976-462: The original ODA weren't involved with the new party. Seats in the Chamber of Deputies Seats in the Senate National groups: * observer *associate member **observer Conservative liberalism Conservative liberalism , also referred to as right-liberalism , is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing

3038-704: The party and form the Alliance for the Future of Austria in 2005. In Bulgaria the National Liberal Party (NLP) was a political party founded in 1920 by a merger of the Liberal Party (Radoslavists) , the People's Liberal Party and the Young Liberals Party . The party has won several seats in some elections including the November 1923 elections and 1927 elections . A party named National Liberal Party ' Stefan Stambolov '

3100-421: The pursuit of individual and economic freedom and national sovereignty. József Antall , a historian and Christian democrat who served as the first post-communist Prime Minister of Hungary, described national liberalism as "part and parcel of the emergence of the nation state" in 19th-century Europe. According to Oskar Mulej, "in terms of both ideologies and political party traditions it may be argued that in

3162-424: The reign of Syngman Rhee , various movements sought to move away from Rhee's dictatorial , conservative , and quasi-fascist governance (at least at the beginning of the First Republic ) and towards a more liberal and democratic society. This included the Democratic Party , usually considered the main opposition to Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party . The Democratic Party often synthesized nationalist support for

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3224-485: The right wing of the liberal movement. In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism ; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism . Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues. Ordoliberalism

3286-414: The same meaning as conservative liberalism (right-liberalism). A series of "national-liberal" political parties, by ideology or just by name, were especially active in Europe in the 19th century in several national contexts such as Central Europe , the Nordic countries , and Southeastern Europe . National liberalism was primarily a 19th-century ideology and a movement. National liberal goals were

3348-515: The state of South Korea with liberalism to form a kind of South Korean national liberalism. Slowly the party would gain more prominence within the South Korean political scene. In the 1958 South Korean legislative election , the Democratic Party won 79 seats, making it second to the ruling Liberal Party. During the first democratic elections in 1960 during the short lived Second Republic of Korea , Yun Po-sun , lifelong anti-communist , democracy advocate, and ideological national liberal, won under

3410-455: The two main parties. The VdU evolved into the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) in 1955–1956. When Jörg Haider was chosen as new FPÖ leader in 1986, the party started an ideological turn towards right-wing populism , which resulted in the split of most liberals, who formed the Liberal Forum (LiF), which took over the FPÖ's membership in the Liberal International and would later eventually merge into NEOS . Haider himself would split from

3472-436: The war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy , which is deeply related to ordoliberalism. In the United Kingdom, David Hume , Adam Smith , and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals. In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in

3534-541: Was Gustav Stresemann , Chancellor (1923) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1923–1929). The DVP, which was joined by some moderate elements of the Free Conservative Party (FKP) and the Economic Union (WV), was generally thought to represent the interests of the great German industrialists and has been classified as a national-liberal party by several observers. Its platform stressed Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsidies and hostility to " Marxism " (that

3596-412: Was established after the fall of the communist regime, and was part of the Coalition for Bulgaria alliance in the 1991 parliamentary elections . In Austria-Hungary the Young Czech Party , emerged in 1874 after a split from the Old Czech Party , was a national-liberal force. During Czechoslovakia 's era (1918–1992), a few parties were described as national-liberal: Czechoslovak National Democracy ,

3658-444: Was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism. Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where

3720-425: Was founded in 1958 by Camille Chamoun with a pro-British , and anti-French foreign policy along with free enterprise , democracy , and nonsectarianism . During the Lebanese Civil War , the National Liberal Party had a military wing, the Tigers Militia , which was allied with the Lebanese Front and Lebanese Forces . As a result it has maintained close relations with the Lebanese Forces party today. In 2005,

3782-413: Was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism ( German : Nationalliberalismus ). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany. According to the German Misplaced Pages , most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined

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3844-434: Was that the nation and the state should have the same extent. National liberals supported the union the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig under a common constitutional framework. On the economy, the state should not interfere with trade and the national-liberal economic vision was transposed in the 1857 Law on Freedom of Business, which abolished the last remnants of the feudal monopolies which had previously formed

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