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86-448: As the van was designed from the outset as a petrol, diesel and electric powered vehicle, the instrumentation and controls are very similar to a conventional petrol/diesel van. After production of the Berlingo électrique was discontinued in 2005, the first-generation Berlingo was fitted with an electric drivetrain developed by Venturi Automobiles that included a ZEBRA molten-salt battery ;

172-469: A Volkswagen Golf GTi engine and the name was originally spelled "Ventury", with a "y" at the end. In 1985, the car was shown with a 200 PS (147 kW) Peugeot 505 Turbo engine, but by the 1986 Paris Motor Show it had reached its definitive form with the PRV V6 engine. Production began in 1987, with five cars built in the first year with production increasing in the subsequent years. The headquarters of

258-516: A compression ratio of 7.3:1, delivered excellent performance to put it on par with Ferraris of the early 90s. The 400 GT could hit 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.7 seconds and 291 km/h (181 mph) top speed, while the Atlantique 300 Biturbo with a 310 PS (306 bhp; 228 kW) V6 could accelerate from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.7 seconds and could reach a top speed of 275 km/h (171 mph). A limited-edition 400 GTR

344-457: A 1924 automobile expedition that crossed the African continent from north to south. This expedition was the first crossing of Africa by an electric vehicle without assistance. This time, Xavier Chevrin drove alone but the car remained unchanged (see mission 2). Setting out from Nairobi on 11 May 2012, he covered a distance of 5,800 km unassisted, reaching Johannesburg a month later. In December 2021,

430-638: A candidate for the development of mobility technologies for the Moon. On 31 March 2023, the Venturi Group announced that its American strategic partner Venturi Astrolab had signed an agreement with Elon Musk 's company SpaceX to send the FLEX rover to the Moon in 2026. On 19 June 2023, at the Salon international de l'aéronautique et de l'espace de Paris-Le Bourget , Venturi presented the lunar wheel designed by Venturi Lab for

516-406: A capacity of 8 L (1.8 imp gal; 2.1 US gal). Typical fuel consumption rate is 0.5 L/h (0.11 imp gal/h; 0.13 gal/h). When the accelerator is released, regenerative braking returns kinetic energy to the traction battery. Power assisted brakes are supplied as standard. However, because the vacuum supply from the engine inlet manifold that normally supplies

602-524: A critical problem, and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance. The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy, as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size, or additionally by wheel or tire circumference to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge. However, these devices carry some minor disadvantages in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in

688-515: A dealership or by using a kit provided by a third party. Brush replacement should also be done according to the maintenance schedule, as serious damage will result if it is overlooked. The basic Electrique does not come with rear seats or windows. It is common for owners to install a compatible rear seat and rear windows from a conventional Berlingo I Multispace, in countries where this is allowed (not in France). Besides in its country of origin, France,

774-488: A drivetrain developed internally by the PSA Group . The interior cargo area measures 1,140 mm (45 in) high, with a load length of 1,700 mm (67 in) and width of 1,190 mm (47 in) between the wheel housings. Liftover height is 570 mm (22 in) from the ground. The gross vehicle weight rating is 1,966 kg (4,334 lb), providing a maximum payload of 500 kg (1,100 lb), including

860-788: A gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tire size, whereas the latter requires little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout (with standard tires, the "distance" covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size, almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself) but are unsuitable for off-road use, and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming. Most speedometers have tolerances of some ±10%, mainly due to variations in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to

946-931: A maximum speed above 50 km/h (31 mph) (or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a heat engine , of more than 50 cm (3.1 cu in)). European Union Directive 2000/7/EC, which relates to two- and three-wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production. There were no Australian Design Rules in place for speedometers in Australia before July 1988. They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used. This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles. All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39. The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 (or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off-road passenger vehicles) must conform to

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1032-563: A new FIA-certified world record of 549 km/h (341 mph) that still stands today. Mission 02 is an electric car journey reminiscent of Citroën 's Croisière Jaune ( Yellow Expedition ), one of the first rally raids of the 20th century. Departing from Shanghai on May 3, 2010, the expedition covered 14,900 km, crossing China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, finally arriving in Paris on July 13. To date, this

1118-576: A particular ambient temperature and road surface. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle. The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass-produced following type approval. At Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km/h (3.7 mph) for cars, buses, trucks, and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus 8 km/h (5.0 mph) for two- or three-wheeled vehicles that have

1204-429: A pointer and a magnet, using electricity to work. German inventor Otto Schultze patented his version (which, like Belušić's, ran on eddy currents) on 7 October 1902. Many speedometers use a rotating flexible cable driven by gearing linked to the vehicle's transmission . The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel. Some early mechanical speedometers operated on

1290-461: A standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 2*185*(70/100)+(14*25.4) = 614.6 mm (185x70/1270 + 14 = 24.20 in). Another is "195/50R15" with 2*195*(50/100)+(15*25.4) = 576.0 mm (195x50/1270 + 15 = 22.68 in). Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" = 381 mm wheels), a speedometer reads 100 * ((614.6/576) - 1) = 100 * (24.20/22.68 - 1) = 6.7% higher than the actual speed. At an actual speed of 100 km/h (60 mph),

1376-623: A trip to the Antarctic in 2009, H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco remarked to Venturi's President Gildo Pastor that the research stations there had no environmentally-friendly, non-polluting vehicles. So the Prince Albert II Foundation asked Venturi to come up with a zero emission solution, to carry passengers and equipment to and from the scientific research sites. At the time in 2009, the technology for driving on uneven terrain at temperatures of -50°C did not exist. In 2019, following

1462-532: A world record for any method of propulsion (steam or petrol) The VBB-2, a hydrogen fuel cell-powered version, broke the 487 km/h (303 mph) mark in 2009. The following year, the VBB-2.5, an upgraded version with an electric battery pack, achieved an average speed of 495 km/h (308 mph). Finally, in 2016, the VBB-3 – the most advanced electric version of the vehicle with 2,200 kW (3,000 HP) of power – set

1548-431: Is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles , they started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. Other vehicles may use devices analogous to the speedometer with different means of sensing speed, eg. boats use a pit log , while aircraft use an airspeed indicator . Charles Babbage

1634-535: Is a computer-generated tool that displays the current speed of a vehicle or object. The virtual speedometer typically calculates the object's speed based on the distance it travels over time. Such speedometers are programmed using programming languages such as HTML, CSS, and Javascript. The program uses the mobile device's GPS module. Consistent use of the GPS module on mobile devices can result in faster battery drain. Furthermore, virtual speedometers calculate speed by measuring

1720-399: Is a conventional speedometer , while the right-hand gauge provides state of charge information. The Téconoscope provides instantaneous energy flow information; the needle goes to the center ("0") when the vehicle is at rest, moving to the left ("ECO") when energy is being returned to the battery, and to the right (in green, orange, or red zones) to indicate the rate of charge depletion. There

1806-526: Is a warning lamp at the far left position of the Téconoscope, which lights when vehicle performance has been limited, either due to low state of charge or when temperature limits have been reached. The large energy meter display shows remaining energy as a percentage and is surprisingly accurate. The good accuracy is provided by the onboard controller monitoring the Amp-hours in and out of the battery rather than

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1892-442: Is available at Citroën Berlingo Electrique Service Manual Synthetic hydraulic brake fluid should be changed every two years or 60,000 km (37,000 mi), whichever is sooner. Original equipment tyres are sized 165/70 R14, and should be inflated to 41 psi (2.8 bar). Battery watering must be done at regular intervals (approximately every 4,000 miles (6,400 km), depending on usage) and this can be done either at

1978-515: Is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which was usually fitted to locomotives . The electric speedometer was invented by the Croat Josip Belušić in 1888 and was originally called a velocimeter. The speedometer was originally patented by Josip Belušić (Giuseppe Bellussich) in 1888. He presented his invention at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris . His invention had

2064-453: Is engaged. The function of the ignition position (second detent) is slightly different from regular cars as only the STOP and handbrake warning lights (if the handbrake is applied) are displayed. In the conventional Berlingo all the indicator lights are shown at the ignition position to check bulb condition. When the ignition key is moved to the start position, which is spring-loaded and returns to

2150-634: Is equipped with batteries and wheels developed by Gildo Pastor's teams in Monaco and Switzerland. The first Venturi came out in 1984, created by Claude Poiraud and Gérard Godfroy, two former engineers at Heuliez . The goal was to present the only " Grand Tourisme " French car capable of competing with the English Aston Martin , the Italian Ferrari , and the German Porsche . The first car shown had

2236-417: Is held toward zero by a fine torsion spring . The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet. Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup are balanced by the opposing torque of the spring, and then stop. Given the torque on the cup is proportional to

2322-480: Is limited to Drive, Neutral, Reverse and Park. Numerous factors affect energy consumption, including terrain, weather, vehicle speed, and controller efficiency. The actual maximum range will depend on the driving style, especially the speed. This is because atmospheric drag is non-linear with speed, i.e., increasing the speed by 25% will decrease the range by 36%. To get the most range for any electric vehicle (and to some extent petrol/diesel vehicles) involves driving at

2408-400: Is mounted on the bike at a fixed location, pulsing when the spoke-mounted magnet passes by. In this way, it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using pulses from an ABS sensor, but with a much cruder time/distance resolution – typically one pulse/display update per revolution, or as seldom as once every 2–3 seconds at low speed with a 26-inch (660 mm) wheel. However, this is rarely

2494-498: Is shown as "T/A_W" on the side of the tire (See: Tire code ), and the tires. Diameter in millimetres = 2 × T × A / 100 + W × 25.4 {\displaystyle {\mbox{Diameter in millimetres}}=2\times T\times A/100+W\times 25.4} Diameter in inches = T × A / 1270 + W {\displaystyle {\mbox{Diameter in inches}}=T\times A/1270+W} For example,

2580-534: Is sold. European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that: The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process. For example, the test measurements should be made (for most vehicles) at 40, 80 and 120 km/h (25, 50 and 75 mph), and at

2666-408: Is the longest distance covered by an unassisted electric vehicle. This performance was accomplished by Xavier Chevrin and Géraldine Gabin. The vehicle used was an electric Citroën Berlingo "Powered by Venturi". Two battery packs were added in order to increase its range to 500 km. Venturi has completed its own zero-emissions version of Citroën's historic Croisière Blanche expedition (also called

Citroën Berlingo électrique - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-590: Is unable to start. Similarly, if the accelerator is being pressed, or the vehicle is not stationary, the vehicle is unable to start. When the Drive position is selected, the green forward gear warning lamp in the instrument panel will illuminate. When the Reverse position is selected, the orange reverse gear warning lamp will illuminate. The instrument panel features two large round analog gauges, with an analog arc-shaped "Téconoscope"/"Econoscope" between them. The left-hand gauge

2838-449: Is used to power a power steering hydraulic pump. Charging may be performed using a domestic power connector, using a cord stored underneath the passenger's seat. In the UK, the domestic power supply socket should supply 230 V and 16 A, be earthed, and differential current protected (30 mA). With a 230 V/16 A supply, it takes approximately seven to eight hours to replenish

2924-631: The Bedeaux expedition ), a 20th-century automobile raid that entailed crossing the Canadian North-West. That historic expedition ended in failure, owing to the nature of the terrain and the disastrous climatic conditions. On 6 March 2019 in British Columbia (Canada), the Venturi Antarctica travelled 42 km in extreme temperatures as low as -30 °C. The aim of the expedition was to put

3010-464: The Formula E World Championship , Venturi competes under the name of ROKiT Venturi Racing with its drivers Edoardo Mortara and Lucas di Grassi during its last season, in 2022. In April 2022, Venturi announced that it would be applying its knowledge to the challenges of space. The brand entered into strategic partnerships with Venturi Lab (Switzerland) and Venturi Astrolab (United States) in order to be

3096-502: The NHTSA required speedometers to have a special emphasis on 55 mph (90 km/h) and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph (136 km/h). On 25 March 1982, the NHTSA revoked the rule because no "significant safety benefits" could come from maintaining the standard. GPS devices can measure speeds in two ways: As mentioned in the satnav article, GPS data has been used to overturn

3182-611: The 2010 experimental version, a second version of Antarctica has been tested in Canada (see mission 3 above). The third version of Antarctica was fully optimized on 10 December 2021, when Gildo Pastor and his teams delivered the vehicle to the International Polar Foundation , at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica research station (see mission 3 above for more informations regarding the vehicle). As part of

3268-569: The 600 LM Jacadi, at the 1000 km of Paris with Henri Pescarolo and Jean-Claude Basso on the 600 LM, and finally at the 4 Hours Spa race, once again with Michel Ferté and Michel Neugarten. In 2000, Gildo Pallanca Pastor bought Venturi and decided to focus on electric-powered vehicles . This led to the creation of the Fétish model, and involvement in a series of technology demonstration 'missions'. In December 2009, Venturi announced its acquisition of French motorcycle manufacturer Voxan , allowing

3354-531: The Electrique was made available in at least the following countries. The Berlingo électrique is rather similar to the 1992-93 Ford Ecostar , although the Berlingo replaces the older 1991 Citroën C15 électrique. A Peugeot badged version of this vehicle was marketed as the Peugeot Partner Electric. Battery electric versions of the popular Peugeot 106 and Citroën Saxo super-minis were developed. During

3440-467: The FLEX rover. It is made up of 192 cables and is presented as being hyper-deformable, even at the very low temperatures of the Moon's South Pole. On 3 April 2024, Venturi Group announces that the American company Venturi Astrolab, Inc. (Astrolab), a strategic partner of Venturi Group, has awarded a NASA contract to support the development of Artemis campaign’s lunar terrain vehicle. Its rover, known as FLEX,

3526-719: The Venturi name, was designed and built by Venturi Larousse UK, a British company formerly known as Fomet 1, which had previously designed the 1991 Fondmetal Formula One cars. The Venturi 400 GT remains one of the highest performing French cars ever produced, and was the first car in the world to have standard carbon brakes. True to that claim, the Atlantique 400 GT with a 2,975 cc (3.0 L; 181.5 cu in) DOHC 4 valves per cylinder twin-turbo V6 engine rated at 300 kW (408 PS; 402 hp) at 6000 rpm and 520 N⋅m (384 lb⋅ft) at 4500 rpm of torque with

Citroën Berlingo électrique - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-1815: The Voxan Wattman, driven by Max Biaggi , set 21 new world speed records for an electric motorcycle. Under 300 kg : – ¼ mile, flying start, partially streamlined: 293 km/h (182 mph) – ¼ mile, flying start, non-streamlined: 285 km/h (177 mph) – 1 km, flying start, partially streamlined: 456 km/h (283 mph) – 1 mile, flying start, partially streamlined: 454 km/h (282 mph) – 1 mile, flying start, non-streamlined: 368 km/h (229 mph) – ¼ mile, standing start, non-streamlined: 156 km/h (97 mph) – 1 km, standing start, non-streamlined: 219 km/h (136 mph) – 1 km, standing start, partially streamlined: 223 km/h (139 mph) – 1 mile, standing start, partially streamlined: 273 km/h (170 mph) – 1 km, flying start, non-streamlined: 370 km/h (230 mph) – ¼ mile, standing start, streamlined: 149 km/h (93 mph) Over 300 kg : – 1 km, flying start, partially streamlined: 408 km/h (254 mph) – 1 mile, flying start, partially streamlined: 404 km/h (251 mph) – 1 mile, flying start, non-streamlined: 367 km/h (228 mph) – 1 km, flying start, non-streamlined: 366 km/h (227 mph) – 1 mile, standing start, partially streamlined: 255 km/h (158 mph) – 1 km, standing start, partially streamlined: 216 km/h (134 mph) – 1 mile, standing start, non-streamlined: 216 km/h (134 mph) – ¼ mile, standing start, non-streamlined: 153 km/h (95 mph) – ¼ mile, standing start, partially streamlined: 142 km/h (88 mph) Returning from

3698-674: The average error, to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle, to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits. Excessive speedometer errors after manufacture can come from several causes, but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the error is: Percentage error = 100 × ( 1 − new diameter standard diameter ) {\displaystyle {\mbox{Percentage error}}=100\times \left(1-{\frac {\mbox{new diameter}}{\mbox{standard diameter}}}\right)} Nearly all tires now have their size

3784-467: The battery voltage. Besides the Téconoscope limited-performance warning light, there is a "traction battery discharged" warning lamp which is designed to illuminate when the state of charge falls below 20%; however, it is operated by the battery voltage. This can mean that the low energy light does not always illuminate at exactly the same percentage charge across different vehicles or even the same vehicle at different times. Rectangular warning lights at

3870-423: The bottom of the instrument panel are grouped in three clusters within a single row and include: In order to minimise battery usage, a petrol driven heater is fully integrated to vehicle. It typically takes 5 to 10 minutes to warm and provides excellent cabin heating. It takes several minutes for the heater to run down and will therefore continue to operate after the ignition is turned off. The heater fuel tank has

3956-407: The brake servo is not available on an electric vehicle, a dedicated vacuum pump is used. Typical operation of the vacuum pump is on for 10–15 seconds and off for a couple of minutes. When the ignition is switched off, braking is not power-assisted. When the very powerful regenerative braking is active the brake lights are not illuminated. This can be disconcerting for other drivers who may not notice

4042-425: The cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tail shaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the differential , and the diameter of the driven tires . One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it cannot show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since

4128-399: The car's speed, and the spring's deflection is proportional to the torque, the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed, so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed. At a given speed, the pointer will remain motionless and point to the appropriate number on the speedometer's dial. The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of

4214-411: The carbon brushes . The high-voltage storage battery uses 27 nickel-cadmium modules, each operating at 6 V and with a capacity of 100 A-hr, giving the total series-connected assembly a nominal voltage of 162 V and a storage capacity of 16.2 kW-hr. Average consumption is 26 kWh/100 km (81 mpg‑e). The Berlingo électrique is equipped with direct drive transmission;

4300-647: The catalyzed 2849 cc version of the PRV V6; this was meant to be sold in Japan and was therefore also available with an automatic transmission. There was also the 185 PS (136 kW) Venturi 180, mainly developed for Italy, which used the turbocharged 1995-cc inline-four Douvrin engine from the Renault 21 Turbo . Venturi was also briefly involved with the Larrousse Formula One team. The team's 1992 car, which bore

4386-544: The celebrations and commemorations of the centenary of Prince Albert I , Gildo Pastor, Chairman of Venturi, to pay tribute to the great-great-grandfather of Prince Albert II , entrusted eco-explorer Xavier Chevrin with a mission on the island of Spitsbergen , in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard . For 21 days in June 2022, the Venturi adventurer covered 234 kilometres on cross-country skis, in temperatures as low as -15°C. Venturi

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4472-473: The company was located in Couëron , Pays de Loire , where almost 750 cars were produced in the forthcoming 20 years. From 1987 to the mid-1990s, they built mid-engined coupés and roadsters with turbocharged PRV engines and Renault gearboxes . Engine power ranged from 200 to 260 PS (147 to 191 kW) for the then offered MVS Venturi Coupé and Transcup series. The naturally aspirated Venturi 160 used

4558-425: The cup would turn in the opposite direction – in this scenario, the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position. Many modern speedometers are electronic . In designs derived from earlier eddy-current models, a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the (average) rotational speed of the driveshaft , and therefore

4644-399: The distance and time between two points using GPS signals. However, various environmental factors such as weather conditions, terrain, and obstructions can interfere with the accuracy of these signals and result in inaccurate speed readings. Typical bicycle speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution and give a readout on a small, handlebar-mounted digital display. The sensor

4730-532: The electric motor turns the wheels directly through a reduction gear set. The vehicle is often mistakenly described as having an "automatic" gearbox whereas in reality the very wide power range of the electric motor when compared with the very narrow power band of an Internal Combustion Engine means that more than one gear is unnecessary. The Berlingo électrique has in effect only one forward gear which serves from 0-70 mph (110 km/h). The driving mode selector looks similar to an automatic gearbox selector but

4816-690: The end of the season. These cars were driven by a total of 75 drivers. Venturi also won fame through its brilliant performances in the 24 Hours of Le Mans , particularly in 1993 with Christophe Dechavanne and Jacques Laffite with the Venturi Jacadi team, and in 1995 with Paul Belmondo racing on the 600 SLM. However, it was in the BPR Global GT Series races that Venturi established its pedigree defeating Porsche and Ferrari on several occasions. In 1994 in Dijon-Prenois , with Ferté and Neugarten on

4902-742: The firm to enter the motorcycle market. Mission 01: Jamais Contente is a program launched in 2009 in partnership with the Ohio State University 's Center for Automotive Research (CAR). It aims to set electric vehicle speed records on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The Venturi Buckeye Bullet is the heir to the Jamais Contente , the first ever automobile to break the symbolic 100 km/h mark in 1899. This torpedo-shaped electric car, piloted by Camille Jenatzy , reached 105 km/h, setting

4988-486: The governor principle where a rotating weight acting against a spring moved further out as the speed increased, similar to the governor used on steam engines. This movement was transferred to the pointer to indicate speed. This was followed by the Chronometric speedometer where the distance traveled was measured over a precise interval of time (Some Smiths speedometers used 3/4 of a second) measured by an escapement. This

5074-399: The interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavours to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle-driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms. A virtual speedometer

5160-536: The legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 39, which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers. The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing on uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it

5246-507: The machine through a battery of tests in climatic conditions similar to those at the South Pole. In June 2021, Venturi unveiled the next generation Antarctica which will be deployed at Princess Elisabeth Antarctic research station in December. The vehicle is 3.4 meters long, 2.18 meters high and weighs 2.5 tons. The battery has a capacity of 52.6 kWh allowing an autonomy of 50 kilometers, while

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5332-436: The manual states the car has to be taken to the dealer to reset the problem. Also, one cannot, or should not, perform a fast charge when it is in this state. The Electrique is a simple vehicle with minimal servicing requirements. Under the front bonnet , the auxiliary/accessory battery can be accessed, along with the fusebox and several vehicle fluids (windshield washer, power steering, coolant, and brake). Servicing information

5418-399: The miles-per-gallon for petrol/diesel and reduces the miles-per-charge for electric vehicles. Typical reduction in efficiency is about 15%. The ignition key controls the expected functions as a conventionally-powered car; turning the key clockwise through its detents enable accessories at the first stop, then the ignition circuit at the second stop; beyond the second stop, the starting circuit

5504-528: The previous Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of ±10% at speeds above 40 km/h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km/h. All vehicles manufactured in Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules. The state and territory governments may set policies for

5590-500: The pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled, analogue-style needle or a digital display . Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the ECU or full-vehicle control system, e.g. triggering ABS or traction control, calculating average trip speed, or increment the odometer in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable. Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon

5676-449: The receiver (and sensor, for wireless models), and, in wired models, the signal is carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes, gears, or cabled speedometers. Other, usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel, as in the motorcycle speedometers described above. These do not require battery power, but can be relatively bulky and heavy, and may be less accurate. The turning force at

5762-547: The resulting Citroën Berlingo First Electric "Powered by Venturi" were delivered to La Poste (France) starting in 2010, but not to general consumers. It was succeeded in 2013 by the Citroën Berlingo Electric , based on the second-generation Berlingo, which was fitted with an electric drivetrain derived from the Mitsubishi i-MiEV . In 2021, the ë-Berlingo was introduced, based on the third-generation Berlingo and using

5848-402: The second (ignition) detent, the main traction battery relay is energised, causing an audible clunk, and the traction battery is connected to the motor. The STOP warning light is extinguished, and after either the Drive or Reverse position is selected, the accelerator can be used to move the vehicle as normal. If the traction battery plug is connected, the STOP warning light flashes and the vehicle

5934-417: The shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy current in the cup, which itself produces another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup, "dragging" it, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them. The pointer shaft

6020-544: The slowest practical speed. For example, with the Berlingo, energy consumption when driven gently at a slow speed of 35 mph (56 km/h) can be 250 Wh/mi (130 mpg‑e), but consumption can increase to 600 Wh/mi (56 mpg‑e) if driven faster. When driven faster than 50 mph (80 km/h), the Berlingo électrique controller starts to heat up and becomes less efficient. Typical ranges are as follows. As with any vehicle, driving in rain and snow increases rolling resistance and therefore decreases

6106-402: The speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.067 = 106.7 km/h (60 * 1.067 = 64.02 mph), approximately. In the case of wear, a new "185/70R14" tire of 620 mm (24.4 inch) diameter will have ≈8 mm tread depth, at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm, the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2% in 620 mm (24.4 inches). In many countries

6192-421: The state of charge is 80% or greater, rapid charging is not possible. With a 150 A supply, the vehicle replenishes approximately 20% state of charge every eight minutes with rapid charging. The manual does not indicate that removing the charging plug before it is fully charged can illuminate the 'Electrical Fault Light' which stays on until a full trickle charge is performed. This can be quite disconcerting as

6278-509: The strength of the magnetic field it is measuring. Alternatively, particularly in vehicles with multiplex wiring, some manufacturers use the pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors which communicate to the instrument panel via the CAN Bus . Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle's speed when moving in reverse gear. A computer converts

6364-816: The time when the Citroën Berlingo Electrique was marketed it had no other comparable goods vehicle rival. Since production ended the Nice Car Company has marketed a mini van and Modec has developed an electric commercial vehicle with a 2 tonne payload. Venturi Automobiles Venturi is a Monaco -based automotive manufacturer. Founded in 1984 by French engineers Claude Poiraud and Gérard Godfroy as MVS (Manufacture de Voitures de Sport). Venturi operated for nearly sixteen years, before declaring bankruptcy in 2000. The same year, Monegasque Gildo Pallanca Pastor purchased Venturi, and decided to focus on electric-powered motors. The first team to commit to

6450-474: The tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10% in the earlier versions of the Australian Design Rules permitted, such as in Victoria. This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that they are speeding should their vehicle be fitted with an under-reading speedometer. The amended Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 permits

6536-413: The traction battery to 100% when starting from 20% with a domestic connection. Rapid charging is possible using an Avcon connector to the vehicle inlet on the front wing. The vehicle inlet door acts as a switch, so charging does not start until the switch is closed; there is a small flap to accommodate the connector handle. Rapid charging stops when the traction battery has reached 80% state of charge. If

6622-414: The two axial flow motors are capable of developing 60 kW each. Recharging takes from 2 to 18 hours, depending on the context and the weather. With its fold-down bench seat, the vehicle is able to carry up to six people, along with equipment and a second battery to extend the initial range of 50 km. Mission 04 is a modern-day version of the “ Croisière Noire  [ fr ] ” ( Black Cruise ),

6708-542: The use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75/443 (as amended by Directive 97/39) or UNECE Regulation 39. The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However, it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph (or

6794-399: The van slowing significant without the help of the brake lights. The manual states that with a full blown PSA service terminal, brake light operation during regenerative braking can be set to "on" though, while it is set to "off" by default. Power steering is supplied as standard. However, because the continuous rotation of the engine is not available on an electric vehicle, an electric motor

6880-403: The vehicle's speed, assuming the wheels have full traction. The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or (in transaxles) differential crown wheel, or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a magnetic field sensor . As the part in question turns, the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect

6966-703: The vehicles' maximum speed if it is lower than this), the indicated speed must not exceed 110% of the actual speed, plus 6.25 mph. For example, if the vehicle is actually traveling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph. Federal standards in the United States allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles. Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy. Starting with U.S. automobiles manufactured on or after 1 September 1979,

7052-465: The weight of the driver. The electric traction motor develops its maximum torque of 180 N⋅m (130 lbf⋅ft) between 0 and 1600 RPM; maximum power is 28 kW (38 hp), delivered between 1600 and 5500 RPM. The continuous power rating is 15.5 kW (20.8 hp); the motor operates at a nominal 400 V. It is a brushed DC electric motor ("continuous current with separate excitation") which requires periodic maintenance to replace

7138-415: The wheel may be provided either from a gearing system at the hub (making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake, cylinder gear, or dynamo) as per a typical motorcycle, or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim (same position as rim brakes, but on the opposite edge of the fork) or the sidewall of the tire itself. The former type is quite reliable and low maintenance but needs

7224-541: Was built to satisfy the homologation requirements to compete in 24 Hours of Le Mans . High-level competition has also brought fame to the brand. Stéphane Ratel, who would later found the FIA GT Championship , was at the origin of the Venturi Gentlemen Drivers Trophy. A total of 72 cars were manufactured and the customers were offered the possibility of converting the cars to road specification at

7310-477: Was the first manufacturer to join the Formula E world championship. Created in 2013, Venturi has been present on the grid since the championship's inaugural race in 2014. In 2015, Venturi became an FIA-approved manufacturer in Formula E, supplying full powertrain systems to Dragon Racing (2015-2016) and Mercedes-backed privateer team HWA Racelab (2018-2019). Speedometer A speedometer or speed meter

7396-410: Was transferred to the speedometer pointer. The chronometric speedometer is tolerant of vibration and was used in motorcycles up to the 1970s. When the vehicle is in motion, a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable, which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself. A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminium cup (called a speedcup ) attached to

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