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Cichorioideae

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In biological classification , a subfamily ( Latin : subfamilia , plural subfamiliae ) is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank , next below family but more inclusive than genus . Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zoological subfamily names with "-inae".

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17-465: See text The Cichorioideae are a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants . Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce , dandelions , chicory and Gazania species. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species . It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters. The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to be paraphyletic , based on studies of DNA sequences , so

34-484: A number of tribes were moved to new subfamilies . Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002. In 2004, 2007, and 2008, molecular phylogenetic studies further clarified relationships within Cichorioideae. Major works on Asteraceae were published in 2007 and 2009. These were the only comprehensive treatments of the family since 1994. In the 2007 book, Gundelia and Warionia were segregated from

51-683: Is an example of a botanical subfamily. Detarioideae is a subdivision of the family Fabaceae (legumes), containing 84 genera. Stevardiinae is an example of a zoological subfamily. Stevardiinae is a large subdivision of the family Characidae , a diverse clade of freshwater fish . This biology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Characidae Aphyocharacinae Aphyoditeinae Bryconinae Characinae Cheirodontinae Gymnocharacinae Heterocharacinae Iguanodectinae Pristellinae Rhoadsiinae Salmininae Stethaprioninae Stevardiinae Tetragonopterinae and see text Characidae ,

68-633: The Ostariophysi – fishes possessing a Weberian apparatus – has yet to be settled conclusively. Until that phylogeny is settled, the opportunity for yet more upheavals within the taxonomy of the characoid fishes is considerable. The subfamilies and tribes currently recognized by most if not all authors, and their respective genera, are: Subfamily Spintherobolus clade Subfamily Stethaprioninae Subfamily Stevardiinae Subfamily Characinae Subfamily Pristellinae The Chalceidae , Iguanodectidae , Bryconidae and Heterocharacinae are

85-483: The Tetragonopterinae , which had become something of a " wastebin taxon " – are poorly known, a comprehensive phylogenetic study for the entire family is needed. The genera Hyphessobrycon , Astyanax , Hemigrammus , Moenkhausia , and Bryconamericus include the largest number of currently recognized species among characid fishes that are in need of revision; Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon in

102-421: The blind cave tetra , for example, inhabits flooded caves . Spintherobolus clade Stethaprioninae Stevardiinae Aphyocharacini Cheirodontini Compsurini Exodontini Tetragonopterini Characini This family has undergone a large amount of systematic and taxonomic change. More recent revision has moved many former members of the family into their own related but distinct families –

119-426: The characids or characins , is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish belonging to the order Characiformes . The name "characins" is a historical one, but scientists today tend to prefer "characids" to reflect their status as a, by and large, monophyletic group (at family rank). To arrive there, this family has undergone much systematic and taxonomic change. Among those fishes remaining in

136-581: The pencilfishes of the genus Nannostomus are a typical example, having now been moved into the Lebiasinidae , the assorted predatory species belonging to Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus have now been moved into the Erythrinidae , and the sabre-toothed fishes of the genus Hydrolycus have been moved into the Cynodontidae . The former subfamily Alestiinae was promoted to family level ( Alestiidae ) and

153-469: The Characidae currently are the tetras , comprising the very similar genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon , as well as a few related forms, such as the cave and neon tetras. Fish of this family are important as food in several regions, and also constitute a large percentage of captive freshwater aquarium fish species. These fish vary in length; many are less than 3 cm (1.2 in). One of

170-475: The Characidae, but various revisions place them in their own related family, the Serrasalmidae . This reassignment has yet to enjoy universal acceptance, but is gaining in popularity among taxonomists working with these fishes. Given the current state of flux of the Characidae, a number of other changes will doubtless take place, reassigning once-familiar species to other families. Indeed, the entire phylogeny of

187-797: The Moquinieae or the Vernonieae, but is closely related to them. Trichospira was placed in the Vernonieae , but its inclusion there is in doubt. The following phylogeny is from Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae , except the tribe Gundelieae is recognized and the genus Trichospira is now included in Vernonieae. Gundelieae Cichorieae Eremothamneae Arctotidinae Heterolepis Gorteriinae Platycarpheae Liabeae Distephanus Trichospira Moquinieae Vernonieae Subfamily Detarioideae

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204-494: The most recent clades to be removed in order to maintain a monophyletic Characidae. Subfamily Iguanodectinae moved to Iguanodectidae Subfamily Heterocharacinae moved to Acestrorhynchidae Subfamily Bryconinae moved to Bryconidae Subfamily Salmininae moved to Bryconidae Genera incertae sedis A large number of taxa in this family are incertae sedis . The relationships of many fish in this family – in particular species traditionally placed in

221-521: The smallest species, Hyphessobrycon roseus , grows to a maximum length of 1.9 cm. These fish inhabit a wide range and variety of habitats. New World fishes, they originate in the Americas , ranging from southwestern Texas and México through most of Central and South America , including such major waterways as the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers. Many of these fish come from rivers and tributaries, while

238-595: The subfamilies Crenuchinae and Characidiinae were moved to the family Crenuchidae . Other fish families that were formerly classified as members of the Characidae, but which were moved into separate families of their own during recent taxonomic revisions (after 1994) include Acestrorhynchidae , Anostomidae , Chilodontidae , Citharinidae , Ctenoluciidae , Curimatidae , Distichodontidae , Gasteropelecidae , Hemiodontidae , Hepsetidae , Parodontidae , Prochilodontidae , Serrasalmidae , and Triportheidae . The larger piranhas were originally classified as belonging to

255-406: The tribe Cichorieae to form the tribe Gundelieae . Eremothamnus , Hoplophyllum , Heterolepis , and Platycarpha were placed incertae sedis in tribe Arctotideae , while Distephanus , Trichospira , Moquinia , and Pseudostifftia were placed in the tribe Vernonieae . Some of this classification was not supported by phylogenetic studies that came out later. For example,

272-574: The tribe Arctotideae was only weakly supported as monophyletic , but its two subtribes, Arctotidinae and Gorteriinae , were strongly supported. In the 2009 book, the Gundelieae were sunk into the Cichorieae . The new tribe Platycarpheae was recognized, as well as the tribes Eremothamneae and Moquinieae. Heterolepis was placed in the Arctotideae, at least provisionally. Distephanus was not placed in

289-405: The usual delimitation are among the largest genera in this family. These genera were originally proposed between 1854 and 1908 and are still more or less defined as by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917, though diverse species have been added to each genus since that time. The anatomical diversity within each genus, the fact that each of these generic groups at the present time cannot be well-defined, and

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