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68-498: The institute operates nine laboratories in biochemistry , biotechnology , medicinal chemistry , chemical carcinogenesis , environmental toxicology , immunology , natural products , organic synthesis and pharmacology . Besides research, the institute offers training as well as master's and doctoral degree programs in Environmental Toxicology, Technology tinkering Management. The affiliated Chulabhorn Cancer Center

136-418: A common pool, or grant unlimited license use to anybody. Hence some open-source initiatives can merge these two concepts: this is the case for instance for IBM with its Eclipse platform, which the company presents as a case of open innovation, where competing companies are invited to cooperate inside an open-innovation network. In 1997, Eric Raymond , writing about the open-source software movement, coined

204-507: A constant growth of data and cognitive tools. Open innovation ecosystems bring together the symbiotic forces of all supportive firms from various sectors and businesses that collectively seek to create differentiated offerings. Accordingly, the value captured from a network of multiple actors and the linear value chain of individual firms combined, creates the new delivery model that Fasnacht declares "value constellation". The term Open Innovation Ecosystem consists of three parts that describe

272-762: A direct result of the partnership through enhanced quality and operations, increased sales and access to new markets. At the end of their KTP project, the three actors involved have to prepare a final report that describes KTP initiative supported the achievement of the project's innovation goals. Open innovation has allowed startup companies to produce innovation comparable to that of large companies. Although startups tend to have limited resources and experience, they can overcome this disadvantage by leveraging external resources and knowledge. To do so, startups can work in tandem with other institutions including large companies, incubators, VC firms, and higher education systems. Collaborating with these institutions provides startups with

340-426: A firm and its environment have become more permeable; innovations can easily transfer inward and outward between firms and other firms and between firms and creative consumers, resulting in impacts at the level of the consumer, the firm, an industry, and society. Because innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and founders in startups , rather than existing organizations, the central idea behind open innovation

408-424: A lab is contaminated, but often ends up in the contaminated waste, driving up energy costs for waste disposal. A good sorting and recycling system for non contaminated lab waste will allow lab users to act sustainably and correctly dispose of waste. As of 2021, there are numerous laboratories currently dedicating time and resources to move towards more sustainable lab practices at their facilities, e.g.  MIT and

476-422: A large quantity of innovative ideas, while also providing a deeper insight into the needs of their customers and contributors. While mostly oriented toward the end of the product development cycle, this technique involves extensive customer interaction through employees of the host organization. Companies are thus able to accurately incorporate customer input, while also allowing them to be more closely involved in

544-460: A paradigm shift toward accelerating co‐development of sustainable innovation. West researched open innovation ecosystems in the software industry, following studies in the food industry that show how a small firm thrived and became a business success based on building an ecosystem that shares knowledge, encourages individuals' growth, and embeds trust among participants such as suppliers, alumni chef and staff, and food writers. Other adoptions include

612-635: A program of global collaboration: Implementing a model of open innovation is naturally associated with a number of risks and challenges, including: In the UK, knowledge transfer partnerships (KTP) are a funding mechanism encouraging the partnership between a firm and a knowledge-based partner. A KTP is a collaboration program between a knowledge-based partner (i.e. a research institution), a company partner and one or more associates (i.e. recently qualified persons such as graduates). KTP initiatives aim to deliver significant improvement in business partners’ profitability as

680-554: A receptionist would view the badge as useful, as it would help them locate members of staff during the day. Illustrating relations, researchers would also wear their badge due to informal pressures, such as not wanting to look like a spoil-sport, or not wanting to draw attention to themselves. Another finding is the resistance to change in a social organization. Staff members feel ill at ease when changing patterns of entitlement, obligation, respect, informal and formal hierarchy, and more. In summary, differences in attitude among members of

748-422: A regular basis to assess hazards due to chemical handling and storage, electrical equipment, biohazards , hazardous waste management , chemical waste , housekeeping and emergency preparedness, radiation safety , ventilation as well as respiratory testing and indoor air quality . An important element of such audits is the review of regulatory compliance and the training of individuals who have access to or work in

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816-432: A schedule where they conduct research on their own topic of interest for one day of the week, but for the rest they work on a given group project. Finance management is yet another organizational issue. The laboratory itself is a historically dated organizational model. It came about due to the observation that the quality of work of researchers who collaborate is overall greater than a researcher working in isolation. From

884-408: A third party. This type of open innovation is when companies use freely available external knowledge, as a source of internal innovation. Before starting any internal R&D project a company should monitor the external environment in search for existing solutions, thus, in this case, internal R&D become tools to absorb external ideas for internal needs. In this type of open innovation a company

952-560: Is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments , and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are found in a variety of settings such as schools, universities, privately owned research institutions, corporate research and testing facilities, government regulatory and forensic investigation centers, physicians' offices, clinics, hospitals, regional and national referral centers, and even occasionally personal residences. The organisation and contents of laboratories are determined by

1020-426: Is also quoted as saying that 'one cannot code from the ground up in bazaar style. One can test, debug, and improve in bazaar style, but it would be very hard to originate a project in bazaar mode'. In the same vein, Raymond is also quoted as saying 'The individual wizard is where successful bazaar projects generally start'. In 2014, Chesbrough and Bogers describe open innovation as a distributed innovation process that

1088-488: Is based on purposefully managed knowledge flows across enterprise boundaries. Open innovation is hardly aligned with the ecosystem theory and not a linear process. Fasnacht's adoption for the financial services uses open innovation as basis and includes alternative forms of mass collaboration, hence, this makes it complex, iterative, non-linear, and barely controllable. The increasing interactions between business partners, competitors, suppliers, customers, and communities create

1156-576: Is buying innovation from its partners through licensing, or other procedures, involving monetary reward for external knowledge Open source and open innovation might conflict on patent issues. This conflict is particularly apparent when considering technologies that may save lives, or other open-source-appropriate technologies that may assist in poverty reduction or sustainable development . However, open source and open innovation are not mutually exclusive, because participating companies can donate their patents to an independent organization, put them in

1224-399: Is called outbound open innovation. The open innovation paradigm can be interpreted to go beyond just using external sources of innovation such as customers, rival companies, and academic institutions, and can be as much a change in the use, management, and employment of intellectual property as it is in the technical and research driven generation of intellectual property. In this sense, it

1292-411: Is defined as "a distributed innovation process based on purposively managed knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, using pecuniary and non-pecuniary mechanisms in line with the organization's business model". This more recent definition acknowledges that open innovation is not solely firm-centric: it also includes creative consumers and communities of user innovators. The boundaries between

1360-770: Is generally called a scientific instrument . The classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialty equipment such as operant conditioning chambers , spectrophotometers and calorimeters . The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. These notably include: In many laboratories, hazards are present. Laboratory hazards might include poisons ; infectious agents ; flammable , explosive , or radioactive materials; moving machinery ; extreme temperatures ; lasers , strong magnetic fields or high voltage . Therefore, safety precautions are vitally important. Rules exist to minimize

1428-405: Is more significant for startups since they face larger obstacles in their pursuit of innovation. This approach involves developing and introducing a partially completed product, for the purpose of providing a framework or tool-kit for contributors to access, customize, and exploit. The goal is for the contributors to extend the platform product's functionality while increasing the overall value of

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1496-464: Is not enforced), but each class is aware and conforms to its existence. The degree of entitlement, which is also referred to as a staff's rights , affects social interaction between staff. By looking at the various interactions among staff members, we can determine their social position in the organization. As an example, administrators, in one lab of the study, do not have the right to ask the Locator where

1564-510: Is not unnecessarily kept at a very high level. Normally, ULT freezers are kept at −80 °C. One such device can consume up to the same amount of energy as a single-family household (25 kWh/day). Increasing the temperature to −70 °C makes it possible to use 40% less energy and still keep most samples safely stored. Minimizing the consumption of water can be achieved by changing from water-cooled condensers ( Dimroth condenser ) to air-cooled condensers ( Vigreux column ), which take advantage of

1632-420: Is that, in a world of widely distributed knowledge, companies cannot afford to rely entirely on their own research, but should instead buy or license processes or inventions (i.e. patents) from other companies. This is termed inbound open innovation. In addition, internal inventions not being used in a firm's business should be taken outside the company (e.g. through licensing, joint ventures or spin-offs ). This

1700-464: Is the direction of innovation, whether from outside the company in, or from inside the company out: This type of open innovation is when a company freely shares its resources with other partners, without an instant financial reward. The source of profit has an indirect nature and is manifested as a new type of business model. In this type of open innovation a company commercialises its inventions and technology through selling or licensing technology to

1768-494: Is the phenomenon of translation , driven by the different backgrounds and levels of expertise of the people involved. Early instances of "laboratories" recorded in English involved alchemy and the preparation of medicines . The emergence of Big Science during World War II increased the size of laboratories and scientific equipment, introducing particle accelerators and similar devices. The earliest laboratory according to

1836-409: Is understood as the systematic encouragement and exploration of a wide range of internal and external sources for innovative opportunities, the integration of this exploration with firm capabilities and resources, and the exploitation of these opportunities through multiple channels. In addition, as open innovation explores a wide range of internal and external sources, it could be not just analyzed in

1904-399: The analysis of data . Scientists in other fields will still use other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices. Scientific laboratories can be found as research room and learning spaces in schools and universities , industry , government , or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft . Despite

1972-470: The non-profit organisation my green lab . Organization of laboratories is an area of focus in sociology. Scientists consider how their work should be organized, which could be based on themes, teams, projects or fields of expertise. Work is divided, not only between different jobs of the laboratory such as the researchers, engineers and technicians , but also in terms of autonomy (should the work be individual or in groups). For example, one research group has

2040-513: The secrecy and silo mentality of traditional corporate research labs. The benefits and driving forces behind increased openness have been noted and discussed as far back as the 1960s, especially as it pertains to interfirm cooperation in R&;D. Use of the term 'open innovation' in reference to the increasing embrace of external cooperation in a complex world has been promoted in particular by Henry Chesbrough , adjunct professor and faculty director of

2108-443: The "Laboratory Standard". Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them. In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of

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2176-499: The 1950s, the laboratory has evolved from being an educational tool used by teachers to attract the top students into research, into an organizational model allowing a high level of scientific productivity. Some forms of organization in laboratories include: There are three main factors that contribute to the organizational form of a laboratory : Other forms of organization include social organization. A study by Richard H.R. Harper, involving two laboratories, will help elucidate

2244-552: The 19th century, and many new kinds of equipment were developed in the 20th century. A 16th century underground alchemical laboratory was accidentally discovered in the year 2002. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor was believed to be the owner. The laboratory is called Speculum Alchemiae and is preserved as a museum in Prague . Laboratory techniques are the set of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry , biology , physics to conduct an experiment; while some of them involve

2312-558: The Center for Open Innovation of the Haas School of Business at the University of California, and Maire Tecnimont Chair of Open Innovation at Luiss . The term was originally referred to as "a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology". More recently, it

2380-572: The commercial application of science. As a result, it was left up to other corporations to take the new product development cycle into their own hands. There just was not the time to wait for the scientific community to become more involved in the practical application of science. There also was not enough time to wait for other companies to start producing some of the components that were required in their final product. These companies became relatively self-sufficient, with little communication directed outwards to other companies or universities. Throughout

2448-502: The concept of social organization in laboratories. The main subject of the study revolved around the relationship between the staff of a laboratory (researchers, administrators, receptionists, technicians, etc.) and their Locator. A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is, based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member. The study describes social relationships among different classes of jobs, such as

2516-401: The correct product is developed as fast as possible, while reducing the overall cost of development. Dr. Henry Chesbrough recently supported this model for open innovation in the optics and photonics industry. Similarly to idea competitions, an organization leverages a network of contributors in the design process by offering a reward in the form of an incentive . The difference relates to

2584-486: The design process and product management cycle. Similarly to product platforming, an organization incorporates their contributors into the development of the product. This differs from platforming in the sense that, in addition to the provision of the framework on which contributors develop, the hosting organization still controls and maintains the eventual products developed in collaboration with their contributors. This method gives organizations more control by ensuring that

2652-598: The differing requirements of the specialists working within. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber , while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength . A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory , while a psychologist's laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists , computers (sometimes supercomputers ) are used for either simulations or

2720-579: The economy. Basically there are three dimensions that increasingly converge, i.e. e-commerce, social media and logistics and finance, termed by Daniel Fasnacht as the golden triangle of ecosystems . Business ecosystems are increasingly used and drive digital growth.[3] and pioneering firms in China use their technological capabilities and link client data to historical transactions and social behaviour to offer tailored financial services among luxury goods or health services. Such open collaborative environment changes

2788-561: The fact that the network of contributors are used to develop solutions to identified problems within the development process, as opposed to new products. Emphasis needs to be placed on assessing organisational capabilities to ensure value creation in open innovation. In Austria the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft started a project named "Tell us!" about mental health issues and used the concept of open innovation to crowdsource research questions. The institute also launched

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2856-497: The first "Lab for Open Innovation in Science" to teach 20 selected scientists the concept of open innovation over the course of one year. Innovation intermediaries are persons or organizations that facilitate innovation by linking multiple independent players in order to encourage collaboration and open innovation, thus strengthening the innovation capacity of companies, industries, regions, or nations. As such, they may be key players for

2924-514: The foundations of the approach of open innovation, innovation systems and business ecosystems. [1] While James F. Moore researched business ecosystems in manufacturing around a specific business or branch, the open model of innovation with the ecosystem theory was recently studied in various industries. Traitler et al. researched it 2010 and used it for R&D , stating that global innovation needs alliances based on compatible differences. Innovation partnerships based on sharing knowledge represents

2992-460: The hazards. The CHP must be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an objective "outside view" which provides a fresh look at areas and problems that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit. Inspections and audits like also be conducted on

3060-471: The individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab users from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as

3128-399: The laboratory are explained by social organization: A person's attitudes are intimately related to the role they have in an organization. This hierarchy helps understand information distribution, control, and attitudes towards technologies in the laboratory. Open innovation Open innovation is a term used to promote an Information Age mindset toward innovation that runs counter to

3196-444: The laboratory. Training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility. Educators, staff and management must be engaged in working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure laboratory safety videos are both relevant and engaging. The effects of climate change are becoming more of a concern for organizations, and mitigation strategies are being sought by

3264-458: The large surface area to cool. The use of ovens is very helpful to dry glassware, but those installations can consume a lot of energy. Employing timers to regulate their use during nights and weekends, can reduce their impact on energy consumption enormously. The disposal of chemically/biologically contaminated waste requires a lot of energy. Regular waste however requires much less energy or can even be recycled to some degree. Not every object in

3332-544: The level of company, but also it can be analyzed at inter-organizational level, intra-organizational level, extra-organizational and at industrial, regional and society. Recent studies have also started to explore Open Innovation at individual level (decision-makers, managers, or entrepreneurs), its Human Side, and how companies' decision-makers frame the choice between implementing Open Innovation or more traditional approaches to innovation (e.g. closed innovation). Open innovation offers several benefits to companies operating on

3400-424: The major contributor to this high energy consumption are fume hoods. Significant impact can be achieved by keeping the opening height as low as possible when working and keeping them closed when not in use. One possibility to help with this, could be to install automatic systems, which close the hoods after an inactivity period of a certain length and turn off the lights as well. So the flow can be regulated better and

3468-466: The platform tool-kit. The high scalability of platforming often results in an increased complexity of administration and quality assurance. This model entails implementing a system that encourages competitiveness among contributors by rewarding successful submissions. Developer competitions such as hackathon events and many crowdsourcing initiatives fall under this category of open innovation. This method provides organizations with inexpensive access to

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3536-418: The potential of open innovation is exaggerated, while the merits of closed innovation are overlooked. There is an ongoing debate on which paradigm will dominate in the future. Modern research of open innovation is divided into two groups, which have several names, but are similar in their essence (discovery and exploitation; outside-in and inside-out; inbound and outbound). The common factor for different names

3604-499: The present evidence is a home laboratory of Pythagoras of Samos, the well-known Greek philosopher and scientist. This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string. In the painting of Louis Pasteur by Albert Edelfelt in 1885, Louis Pasteur is shown comparing a note in his left hand with a bottle filled with a solid in his right hand, and not wearing any personal protective equipment . Researching in teams started in

3672-446: The product for everyone involved. Readily available software frameworks such as a software development kit (SDK), or an application programming interface (API) are common examples of product platforms. This approach is common in markets with strong network effects where demand for the product implementing the framework (such as a mobile phone, or an online application) increases with the number of developers that are attracted to use

3740-418: The proper resources and support to successfully bring new innovations to the market. The collaboration between startups and large companies, in particular, has been used to exemplify the fruits of open innovation. In this collaboration, startups can assume one of two roles: that of inbound open innovation, where the startup utilizes innovation from the large company, or that of outbound open innovation, where

3808-421: The relationship between researchers and the Locator. It does not describe the social relationship between employees within a class, such as the relationship between researchers. Through ethnographic studies, one finding is that, among the personnel, each class (researchers, administrators...) has a different degree of entitlement, which varies per laboratory. Entitlement can be both formal or informal (meaning it

3876-562: The research community. While many laboratories are used to perform research to find innovative solutions to this global challenge, sustainable working practices in the labs are also contributing factors towards a greener environment. Many labs are already trying to minimize their environmental impact by reducing energy consumption, recycling, and implementing waste sorting processes to ensure correct disposal. Research labs featuring energy-intensive equipment, use up to three to five times more energy per square meter than office areas. Presumably

3944-438: The researchers currently are, as they are not entitled to such information. On the other hand, researchers do have access to this type of information. So a consequence of this social hierarchy is that the Locator discloses various degrees of information, based on the staff member and their rights. The Locator does not want to disclose information that could jeopardize his relationship with the members of staff. The Locator adheres to

4012-479: The rights of each class. Social hierarchy is also related to attitudes towards technologies. This was inferred based on the attitude of various jobs towards their lab badge. Their attitude depended on how that job viewed their badge from a standpoint of utility, (how is the badge useful for my job) morality (what are my morals on privacy, as it relates to being tracked by this badge) and relations (how will I be seen by others if I refuse to wear this badge). For example,

4080-419: The startup provides internal innovation for the large company. In the inbound open innovation model, startups can gain access to technology that will allow them to create successful products. In the outbound innovation model, startups can capitalize on their technology without making large investments to do so. The licensing of technology between startups and large companies is beneficial for both parties, but it

4148-505: The telecom industry or smart cities. Ecosystems foster collaboration and accelerate the dissemination of knowledge through the network effect , in fact, value creation increases with each actor in the ecosystem, which in turn nurtures the ecosystem as such. A digital platform is essential to make the innovation ecosystem work as it aligns various actors to achieve a mutually beneficial purpose. Parker explained that with platform revolution and described how networked Markets are transforming

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4216-423: The term the cathedral and the bazaar . The cathedral represented the conventional method of employing a group of experts to design and develop software (though it could apply to any large-scale creative or innovative work). The bazaar represented the open-source approach. This idea has been amplified by a lot of people, notably Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams in their book Wikinomics . Eric Raymond himself

4284-429: The transformation from closed to open modes of innovation. The paradigm of closed innovation holds that successful innovation requires control. Particularly, a company should control the generation of their own ideas, as well as production, marketing, distribution, servicing, financing, and supporting. What drove this idea is that, in the early twentieth century, academic and government institutions were not involved in

4352-602: The underlying notion of the lab as a confined space for experts, the term "laboratory" is also increasingly applied to workshop spaces such as Living Labs , Fab Labs , or Hackerspaces , in which people meet to work on societal problems or make prototypes , working collaboratively or sharing resources. This development is inspired by new, participatory approaches to science and innovation and relies on user-centred design methods and concepts like Open innovation or User innovation ,. One distinctive feature of work in Open Labs

4420-614: The university of Edingburgh. Furthermore, several networks have emerged such as Green Your Lab , Towards greener research , the UK-based network LEAN , the Max-Planck-Sustainability network , and national platforms such as green labs austria and green labs NL . More university independent efforts and resources include the Laboratory Efficiency Assessment Framework , the think-tank labos1point5 and

4488-415: The use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices, and others require more specific or expensive supplies. Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data . Larger or more sophisticated equipment

4556-479: The years several factors emerged that paved the way for open innovation paradigms: These four factors have resulted in a new market of knowledge. Knowledge is not anymore proprietary to the company. It resides in employees, suppliers, customers, competitors and universities. If companies do not use the knowledge they have inside, someone else will. Innovation can be generated either by means of closed innovation or by open innovation paradigms. Some research argues that

4624-573: Was renamed to Chulabhorn Hospital in 2009. Chulabhorn Graduate Institute opened in June 2007. 13°52′43.54″N 100°34′38.36″E  /  13.8787611°N 100.5773222°E  / 13.8787611; 100.5773222 This Thailand university, college or other higher education institution article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Laboratories A laboratory ( UK : / l ə ˈ b ɒr ə t ər i / ; US : / ˈ l æ b r ə t ɔːr i / ; colloquially lab )

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