The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order , formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation .
34-689: (Redirected from Chronicon Livoniale ) Chronicler of Livonia Hermann von Wartberge (died ca. 1380) was a chronicler of the Livonian Order . Born in Westphalia , Wartberge was a Catholic priest and author of the valuable Latin chronicle Chronicon Livoniale covering the history of the Livonian Crusade from 1196 to 1378. Wartberge used previous chronicles ( Livonian Rhymed Chronicle and Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ), archival documents, and personal experiences. As
68-502: A general assembly, which selected a grand master and other officials. The grandmaster served for life in the order. He chose a council and a military chief for each district castle, where the order's knights were living. Wenno von Rohrbach was the first master of the order (1204–1209), followed by Volkwin Schenk von Winterstein, who died in the Battle of Schaulen in 1236. In the beginning,
102-630: A short time. As rewards for secular knights in the Baltic area were not enough to ensure their long-term stance, Albert founded the Brotherhood in 1202 to aid the Bishopric of Livonia in the conversion of the pagan Livonians , Latgalians and Selonians living across the ancient trade routes from the Gulf of Riga eastwards. The Brotherhood had its headquarters at Fellin (Viljandi) in present-day Estonia , where
136-514: A siege, they took Fellin and negotiated a settlement with the condition that pagans accept baptism. The following year the order destroyed the Saccalian resistance in a battle where 2,000 Saccalians fell. Between 1211 and 1212, the Swordbrothers realised that winter was the best season for warfare due to frozen swamps, weak undergrowth, and difficulty of their enemies to cover their tracks. Also,
170-751: Is different from Wikidata Livonian Order The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after their defeat by Samogitians in 1236 at the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) . They were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights and became known as the Livonian Order in 1237. In the summer of that year, the Master of Prussia Hermann Balk rode into Riga to install his men as castle commanders and administrators of Livonia. In 1238,
204-624: The Livonian War , however, the order suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560. The Livonian Order then sought protection from Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557. After coming to an agreement with Sigismund II, Augustus and his representatives (especially Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł ),
238-631: The Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and became known as the Livonian Order . The Baltic German Livonian Brothers had a set of rules adopted from the Knights Templar , requiring them to be of noble birth and to take vows of obedience, poverty, and celibacy. The order also included soldiers, artisans, and clerics as members. The Knights made up
272-520: The crusading order comprised warrior monks , mostly from northern Germany, who fought Baltic and Finnic polytheists in the area of modern-day Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . Alternative names of the Order include Christ Knights , Swordbrothers , Sword Brethren , Order of the Brothers of the Sword , and The Militia of Christ of Livonia . The seal reads: +MAGISTRI ETFRM (et fratrum) MILICIE CRI (Christi) DE LIVONIA . Following their defeat by
306-622: The fortress of Treiden . In 1208, they founded the castle of Segewold in the Aa valley, and the castle of Wenden further upstream. The last one grew as a fortress and Master Wenno located the Headquarters of the Order there. Wickbert, a man loyal to Albert of Riga, was placed to manage the Wenden castle. Master Wenno removed him, but Wickbert fled to the protection of Albert of Riga and killed Wenno with an axe. In 1219, King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered
340-457: The north of Estonia with the help of Bishop Albert. In 1222, Estonia was partitioned between Valdemar II and Albert of Riga in an agreement unsatisfactory to the Swordbrothers. After that, they exploited the peasants until a revolt arose. The Pope rebuked the Order for the way they managed the conflict. Then, they tried to seize Danish land in Estonia until a papal legate made them give it back. When
374-655: The Livonian Branch of the Teutonic Order separated from the Prussian Branch. Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of Courland , Livonia , and Semigallia . In 1298, Lithuanians took Karkus Castle north of Riga, and defeated the order in the Battle of Turaida , killing Livonian Land Master Bruno and 22 knights. In 1346, the order bought the Duchy of Estonia from King Valdemar IV of Denmark . Life within
SECTION 10
#1732851319722408-467: The Livonian Order 14th-century German Roman Catholic priests 14th-century German historians 14th-century writers in Latin Hidden categories: CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Short description
442-577: The Livonian crusade. Most of the confrontations consisted of raids. The Order built a fortified line along the Daugava that created a peaceful time in the region. Livonian people began to consider the Swordbrothers as efficient protectors. Despite that, some native leaders felt that the Order represented a challenge to their authority, as the case of King Vetseke , the original owner of the fortress of Koknese . King Vetseke massacred German workers who were rebuilding
476-663: The Order defeated him and took him as a prisoner. Pope Gregory IX asked the Brothers to defend Finland from the Novgorodian attacks in his letter of November 24, 1232. However, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. ( Sweden eventually conquered Finland following the Second Swedish Crusade in 1249.) The Order was decimated in the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) in 1236 against Lithuanians and Semigallians . This disaster led
510-470: The Sword The Livonian Brothers of the Sword ( Latin : Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae , German : Schwertbrüderorden ) was a Catholic military order established in 1202 during the Livonian Crusade by Albert , the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treydend ). Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time. The membership of
544-513: The Swordbrothers to expand to the north of the Daugava river, along the Livonian Aa stream , brought the Order into a confrontation with Bishop Albert. Albert wanted to extend to the south of the river and did not have an interest in Estonia , previously promised to King Valdemar II of Denmark. Master Wenno advanced to the north without the permission of Bishop Albert. First, the Order took and occupied
578-559: The Teutonic Knights of Livonia signed the Treaty of Stensby with the Kingdom of Denmark . Under this agreement, Denmark would support the expansion ambitions of the order in exchange for northern maritime Estonia . In 1242, the Livonian Order tried to take the city of Novgorod . However, they were defeated by Alexander Nevsky in the Battle on the Ice . Fortresses as Paide in land ceded by Denmark in
612-504: The Treaty of Stensby allowed the order to contain the threat of Russian troops. For that reason, the order focused on its southern borders and Semigallia . Semigallia was a strategic territory for the Livonian Order. Lithuanians passed through Semigallia to raid settlements in Livonia, and they took advantage of the winter ice pack in the Gulf of Riga to reach Oesel Island. Also, this territory kept
646-516: The built castles to maintain control along the Daugava . However, garrison duties did not imply ownership. Albert of Riga established that one-third of any new territory could be retained by the order. Meanwhile, the rest of the territory was handed over to the bishop. Albert , Bishop of Riga (also called Prince-Bishop of Livonia ) (or possibly Theoderich von Treyden) realised that a standing army in Livonia would be more useful than crusaders staying
680-699: The chronicle in German (published in 1863) Full-text of the chronicle in Russian Authority control databases [REDACTED] International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Latvia Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie DDB Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Wartberge&oldid=1248360064 " Categories : 14th-century history books Chronicles about Lithuania People of
714-401: The fortress. He was punished after that. In 1211, several threats around Livonian prompted Albert of Riga to reinforce the defences. For safeguarding the northern flank, Albert organised an invasion of southern Estonia. The Swordbrothers were the core of the crusader army, allied with Russians, loyal Livs and Letts, and led by Engelbert von Thisenhusen , brother-in-law of Albert of Riga. After
SECTION 20
#1732851319722748-643: The help of the Swordbrothers after a local Semigallian tribe was devastated by the Lithuanians . The brotherhood was reluctant to go to war due to the absence of bishop Albert. However, Viesthard successfully persuaded the Swordbrothers. They prepared an ambush against the Lithuanians that were returning with the booty, where the Lithuanian leader was beheaded. In 1206, the Duke Vladimir of Polozk demanded tribute from
782-467: The inhabitants of the Daugava when the terms of service of the crusaders expired. The Swordbrothers, with the help of the remaining crusaders, beat the Russian troops that arrived suddenly to Daugava. In 1207, the Swordbrothers faced an attack from Lithuania launched during the winter. The Swordbrothers and allies stayed at the castle of Lennewarden on the north of the Daugava. The Lithuanian army challenged
816-412: The knights could use frozen rivers as high-speed paths. The Order used these advantages in their campaigns until 1218, when they conquered southern Estonia, meanwhile they beat off counter-attacks from Russians and Lithuanians. In 1230, Kurland was conquered and converted by the order. From its foundation, the indisciplined Order tended to ignore its supposed vassalage to the bishops. The desires of
850-471: The last Livonian Master, Gotthard Kettler , secularized the order and converted to Lutheranism . In the southern part of the Brothers' lands he created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia for his family. Most of the remaining lands were seized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The north of Estonia was taken back by Denmark and Sweden . From the 14th to the 16th centuries, Middle Low German as spoken in
884-595: The lives of the master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its neighbors in Livonia . The Livonian Confederation agreement ( eiine fruntliche eyntracht ) was signed in Walk on December 4, 1435, by the Archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland , Dorpat , Ösel-Wiek and Reval ; the representatives of the Livonian Order and vassals, and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils. During
918-511: The main duty of the Livonian Brothers was to protect priests and missionaries. The characteristics of the territory brought a moral challenge for the crusaders because the land of the Livs and Letts had not previously been Christian. Therefore, they did not have any justification to attack them. The division of conquered territory also was a problem faced by the order. Swordbrothers were to garrison
952-460: The narrative became more detailed around 1358, it is believed that Wartberge joined the Order around the time and began describing the events as an eyewitness. For example, in 1366 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Gdańsk (Danzig) and took part in numerous military campaigns against the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Wartberge provided extensive details on localities of the frequent raids and on construction of Livonian fortresses. The chronicle
986-407: The order to battle and was defeated by the Order. This victory served to show the value of the castle line along the river. The chain of castles allowed successful communication. Meanwhile, the local militia could assemble at the nearest fort to the raiders' return route and attack them. The Swordbrothers had superiority in heavy cavalry. For that reason, natives tried to avoid pitched battles during
1020-520: The order's territory is described in the Chronicle of Balthasar Russow ( Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ). The Teutonic Order fell into decline following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and the secularization of its Prussian territories by Albert of Brandenburg in 1525, while the Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence. The Livonian Order's defeat in the Battle of Święta (Wiłkomierz) on September 1, 1435, which claimed
1054-526: The papal legate left, the Swordbrothers took the Danish land again. They also invaded the territory of Bishop Albert and levied tolls on traffic on the Daugava. After the death of Albert of Riga in 1229, ecclesiastical authorities considered that the Order was no longer useful. The papal legate Bernard of Aulne decided that they should be suppressed, and he tried to recapture the Danish Castle at Reval . However,
Hermann von Wartberge - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-3762: The towns of the Hanseatic League was the established language, but was subsequently succeeded by High German as official language in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Livonian Master, like the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order, was elected by his fellow knights for a life term. The grandmaster exercised supervisory powers and his advice was considered equal to a command. The grandmaster of Teutonic knights did not limit local autonomy, he rarely visited Livonia or sent ambassadors for oversight. ● Hermann Balk 1237–1238 ● Dietrich von Grüningen 1238–1242 ● Dietrich von Grüningen 1244–1246 ● Andreas von Stierland 1248–1253 ● Anno von Sangershausen 1253–1256 ● Burkhard von Hornhausen 1256–1260 ● Werner von Breithausen 1261–1263 ● Konrad von Mandern 1263–1266 ● Otto von Lutterberg 1266–1270 ● Walther von Nortecken 1270–1273 ● Ernst von Rassburg 1273–1279 ● Konrad von Feuchtwangen 1279–1281 ● Wilken von Endorp 1281–1287 ● Konrad von Herzogenstein 1288–1290 ● Halt von Hohembach –1293 ● Heinrich von Dinkelaghe 1295–1296 ● Bruno 1296–1298 ● Gottfried von Rogga 1298–1307 ● Gerhard van Joeck 1309–1322 ● Johannes Ungenade 1322–1324 ● Reimar Hane 1324–1328 ● Everhard von Monheim 1328–1340 ● Burchard von Dreileben 1340–1345 ● Goswin von Hercke 1345–1359 ● Arnold von Vietinghof 1359–1364 ● Wilhelm von Vrymersheim 1364–1385 ● Robin von Eltz 1385–1389 ● Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye 1389–1401 ● Konrad von Vietinghof 1401–1413 ● Diderick Tork 1413–1415 ● Siegfried Lander von Spanheim 1415–1424 ● Zisse von Rutenberg 1424–1433 ● Franco Kerskorff 1433–1435 ● Heinrich von Bockenvorde 1435–1437 ● Heinrich Vinke von Overbergen 1438–1450 ● Johann Osthoff von Mengede 1450–1469 ● Johann Wolthuss von Herse 1470–1471 ● Bernd von der Borch 1471–1483 ● Johann Freytag von Loringhoven 1483–1494 ● Wolter von Plettenberg 1494–1535 ● Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye 1535–1549 ● Johann von der Recke 1549–1551 ● Heinrich von Galen 1551–1557 ● Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg 1557–1559 ● Godert (Gotthard) Kettler 1559–1561 Across modern territory of Estonia and Latvia Livonian Brothers of
1122-462: The walls of the Master's castle still stand. Other strongholds included Wenden (Cēsis) , Segewold (Sigulda) and Ascheraden (Aizkraukle) . The commanders of Fellin, Goldingen (Kuldīga) , Marienburg (Alūksne) , Reval (Tallinn) , and the bailiff of Weißenstein (Paide) belonged to the five-member entourage of the Order's Master. In 1205, the first battle of the Livonian brothers occurred. The Semigallian duke Viesthard visited Riga to request
1156-1673: Was preserved in the State Archives in Gdańsk and was first published in 1863 by Ernst Strehlke in Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum . Translations into Lithuanian and Latvian were published in 1991 and 2005. References [ edit ] ^ Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People . CEU Press. p. 123. ISBN 963-9116-42-4 . ^ Čelkis, Tomas (2009). "Wartbergės kronika". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 803. ISBN 5-420-01470-X . ^ Batūra, Romas (1996). Baltų religijos ir mitologijos šaltiniai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. pp. 417–418. ISBN 5420013533 . ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2006). "Recenzija. Hermanni de Wartberge Chronicon Livoniae / Vartberges Hermana Livonijas hronika" (PDF) . Lituanistica (in Lithuanian). 1 (65): 73–74. ISSN 0235-716X . Bibliography [ edit ] Anti Selart , Die livländische Chronik des Hermann von Wartberge, in: Matthias Thumser (Hg.), Geschichtsschreibung im mittelalterlichen Livland, Berlin 2011, S. 59-86. External links [ edit ] Full-text of
#721278