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137-789: Chris Marker ( French: [maʁkɛʁ] ; 29 July 1921 – 29 July 2012) was a French writer, photographer, documentary film director, multimedia artist and film essayist . His best known films are La Jetée (1962), A Grin Without a Cat (1977) and Sans Soleil (1983). Marker is usually associated with the Left Bank subset of the French New Wave that occurred in the late 1950s and 1960s, and included such other filmmakers as Alain Resnais , Agnès Varda and Jacques Demy . His friend and sometime collaborator Alain Resnais called him "the prototype of

274-497: A post-nuclear war experiment in time travel by using a series of filmed photographs developed as a photomontage of varying pace, with limited narration and sound effects. In the film, a survivor of a futuristic third World War is obsessed with distant and disconnected memories of a pier at the Orly Airport , the image of a mysterious woman, and a man's death. Scientists experimenting in time travel choose him for their studies, and

411-542: A 16mm feature documentary about the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games . In 1953 he collaborated with Resnais on the documentary Statues Also Die . The film examines traditional African art such as sculptures and masks, and its decline with the coming of Western colonialism. It won the 1954 Prix Jean Vigo , but was banned by French censors for its criticism of French colonialism. After working as assistant director on Resnais's Night and Fog in 1955, Marker made Sunday in Peking ,

548-563: A 19-minute multimedia piece in 2005 for the Museum of Modern Art in New York City titled Owls at Noon Prelude: The Hollow Men which was influenced by T. S. Eliot 's poem . Marker lived in Paris, and very rarely granted interviews. One exception was a lengthy interview with Libération in 2003 in which he explained his approach to filmmaking. When asked for a picture of himself, he usually offered

685-521: A 2000 edition of the art journal Art in America . It examined structural-formalism as a conservative philosophy of filmmaking. In the 1970s, Conceptual art pushed even further. Robert Smithson , a California-based artist, made several films about his earthworks and attached projects. Yoko Ono made conceptual films. The most notorious of these is Rape, which centers on a woman's life being invaded with cameras, as she attempts to flee. Around this time,

822-522: A Cat , released in 1977. The film's title refers to the Cheshire Cat from Alice in Wonderland . The metaphor compares the promise of the global socialist movement before May 1968 (the grin) with its actual presence in the world after May 1968 (the cat). The film's original French title is Le fond de l'air est rouge , which means "the air is essentially red", or "revolution is in the air", implying that

959-633: A Hollywood Extra (1928), by Slavko Vorkapich and Robert Florey . However, much pre-war experimental film culture consisted of artists working, often in isolation, on film projects. In the early 1930s, Painter Emlen Etting (1905–1993) directed dance films that are considered experimental. Commercial artist ( Saturday Evening Post ) and illustrator Douglass Crockwell (1904–1968) made animations with blobs of paint pressed between sheets of glass in his studio at Glens Falls, New York . In Rochester, New York , medical doctor and philanthropist James Sibley Watson and Melville Webber directed The Fall of

1096-656: A cinematic equivalent of the first person in literature. Brakhage 's Dog Star Man (1961–64) exemplified a shift from personal confessional to abstraction, and also evidenced a rejection of American mass culture of the time. On the other hand, Kenneth Anger added a rock sound track to his Scorpio Rising (1963) in what is sometimes said to be an anticipation of music videos , and included some camp commentary on Hollywood mythology. Jack Smith and Andy Warhol incorporated camp elements into their work, and Sitney posited Warhol's connection to structural film. Some avant-garde filmmakers moved further away from narrative. Whereas

1233-497: A combination of real and virtual content, to immerse users in an interactive and lifelike experience. The aim of virtual reality is to make users feel as if they are physically present in a different environment, even though they are typically still physically located in the real world. Virtual reality finds applications across various fields, including gaming, education, healthcare, training, and entertainment. In gaming, users can be transported to fantastical worlds, experiencing games in

1370-491: A company's capabilities and performances. Audio also helps people understand the message being presented, as most modern videos are combined with audio to increase its efficiency, while animations are made to simplify things from the presenter's perspective. These technological methods allow efficient communication and understanding across a wide range of audiences (with an even wider range of abilities) throughout different fields. Multimedia games and simulations may be used in

1507-510: A company's policies or process. Commercial multimedia developers may also be hired to design for governmental services or nonprofit service applications, usually in the form of campaign websites and commercials aimed at the general public. Data mining within multimedia platforms can also allow advertisers to adjust their marketing techniques to quickly and efficiently understand the demographic of their target audience.  : Recently developed techniques include digital billboards, often placed on

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1644-399: A conversation between a fictitious photographer and two friends, who discuss the photos. The film's title is an allusion to a poem by Guillaume Apollinaire . It was the last film in which Marker included "travel footage" for many years. In 1967 Marker published his second volume of collected film essays, Commentaires II . That same year, Marker organized the omnibus film Loin du Vietnam ,

1781-419: A crew of only one person, the filmmaker. Some critics have argued that much experimental film is no longer in fact "experimental" but has in fact become a mainstream film genre . Many of its more typical features—such as a non-narrative, impressionistic , or poetic approaches to the film's construction—define what is generally understood to be "experimental". In the 1920s, two conditions made Europe ready for

1918-615: A documentary on the State of Israel that reflects on its past and future. The film won the Golden Bear for Best Documentary at the 1961 Berlin Film Festival . In January 1961, Marker traveled to Cuba and shot the film ¡Cuba Sí! The film promotes and defends Fidel Castro and includes two interviews with him. It ends with an anti-American epilogue in which the United States is embarrassed by

2055-648: A film essay that contrasted and juxtaposed a variety of lives with his signature commentary (spoken by Marker's friends, singer-actor Yves Montand in the French version and Simone Signoret in the English version). The film has been compared to the Cinéma vérité films of Jean Rouch , and criticized by its practitioners at the time. The term "Cinéma vérité" was itself anathema to Marker, who never used it. Instead, he preferred his own term “ciné, ma vérité,” meaning "cinéma, my truth." It

2192-568: A form of mash-up cinema that has strong socio-political undertones. Chris Marker 's La Jetée (1962) consists almost entirely of still photographs accompanied by narration, while Jonás Cuarón 's Year of the Nail (2007) uses unstaged photographs which the director took of his friends and family combined with voice acting to tell a fictional story. Other examples of films created in the 21st century with this technique are Lars von Trier 's Dogville and David Lynch 's filmography . Animated films in

2329-401: A huge debt to the photography of Edward Weston , Paul Strand , and others, and in fact celebrate illusion. Further, while many filmmakers began making rather academic "structural films" following Film Culture ' s publication of an article by P. Adams Sitney in the late 1960s, many of the filmmakers named in the article objected to the term. A critical review of the structuralists appeared in

2466-498: A large collection of films of that period were restored and re-released on DVD, titled Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant Garde Film 1894-1941 . With Slavko Vorkapich, John Hoffman made two visual tone poems, Moods of the Sea (aka Fingal's Cave , 1941) and Forest Murmurs (1947). The former film is set to Felix Mendelssohn 's Hebrides Overture and was restored in 2004 by film preservation expert David Shepard . Meshes of

2603-444: A more immersive way. In education, VR can provide realistic simulations for training purposes, allowing users to practice skills in a risk-free environment. Healthcare professionals use VR for therapeutic purposes and medical training. The U.S. Air Force has shown using VR for training programs for their new pilots to simulate piloting an aircraft. This allows new pilots to learn in a safe environment and get comfortable before getting in

2740-404: A multimedia device can be referred to as an electronic device, such as a smartphone, a video game system, or a computer. Each and every one of these devices has a main function but also has other uses beyond their intended purpose, such as reading, writing, recording video and audio, listening to music, and playing video games. This has led them to be called "multimedia devices." While previous media

2877-592: A new generation was entering the field, many of whom were students of the early avant-gardists. Leslie Thornton , Peggy Ahwesh , and Su Friedrich expanded upon the work of the structuralists, incorporating a broader range of content while maintaining a self-reflexive form. Andy Warhol , the man behind Pop Art and a variety of other oral and art forms, made over 60 films throughout the 1960s, most of them experimental. In more recent years, filmmakers such as Craig Baldwin and James O'Brien ( Hyperfutura ) have made use of stock footage married to live action narratives in

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3014-494: A new prologue to Soviet filmmaker Aleksandr Medvedkin's 1935 film Schastye , which had recently been re-released in France. In 1974, SLON became I.S.K.R.A. ( Images, Sons, Kinescope, Réalisations, Audiovisuelles , but also the name of Vladimir Lenin 's political newspaper Iskra , which also is a Russian word for "spark"). In 1974 Marker returned to his personal work and made a film outside of ISKRA. La Solitude du chanteur de fond

3151-429: A number experimental queer filmmakers such as G.B. Jones (a founder of the movement) in the 1990s and later Scott Treleaven , among others. With very few exceptions, Curtis Harrington among them, the artists involved in these early movements remained outside the mainstream commercial cinema and entertainment industry. A few taught occasionally, and then, starting in 1966, many became professors at universities such as

3288-681: A patriarchal gaze. Their response was to resist narrative in a way to show its fissures and inconsistencies. Chantal Akerman and Sally Potter are just two of the leading feminist filmmakers working in this mode in the 1970s. Video art emerged as a medium in this period, and feminists like Martha Rosler and Cecelia Condit took full advantage of it. In the 1980s feminist, gay and other political experimental work continued, with filmmakers like Barbara Hammer , Su Friedrich , Tracey Moffatt , Sadie Benning and Isaac Julien among others finding experimental format conducive to their questions about identity politics. The queercore movement gave rise to

3425-459: A photograph of a cat instead. (Marker was represented in Agnes Varda's 2008 documentary The Beaches of Agnes by a cartoon drawing of a cat, speaking in a technologically altered voice.) Marker's own cat was named Guillaume-en-égypte . In 2009, Marker commissioned an Avatar of Guillaume-en-Egypte to represent him in machinima works. The avatar was created by Exosius Woolley and first appeared in

3562-652: A physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network , or locally with an offline computer, game system , simulator , virtual reality , or augmented reality . The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users' experience, for example, to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, combine an array of artistic insights that include elements from different art forms to engage, inspire, or captivate an audience. Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia

3699-524: A protest against the Vietnam War with segments contributed by Marker, Jean-Luc Godard , Alain Resnais , Agnès Varda , Claude Lelouch , William Klein , Michele Ray and Joris Ivens . The film includes footage of the war, from both sides, as well as anti-war protests in New York and Paris and other anti-war activities. From this initial collection of filmmakers with left-wing political agendas, Marker created

3836-488: A real aircraft. Head-mounted display (HMD): Users wear a headset that covers their eyes and ears, providing visual and auditory stimuli. These headsets are equipped with screens that display the virtual environment, and some may also have built-in speakers or headphones for audio. Motion tracking: Sensors track the user's movements, allowing them to interact with the virtual world. This can include head movements, hand gestures, and sometimes even full-body movements, enhancing

3973-543: A set of photogravures titled After Dürer ; a book, PASSENGERS ; and digital prints of movie posters, whose titles were often appropriated, including Breathless , Hiroshima Mon Amour , Owl People , and Rin Tin Tin . The video installations Silent Movie and Owls at Noon Prelude: The Hollow Men were exhibited at Peter Blum in 2009. These works were also exhibited at the 2014 & 2015 Venice Biennale, Whitechapel Gallery in London,

4110-473: A short documentary " film essay " in the style that characterized Marker's output for most of his career. Marker shot the film in two weeks while traveling through China with Armand Gatti in September 1955. In the film, Marker's commentary overlaps scenes from China, such as tombs that, contrary to Westernized understandings of Chinese legends, do not contain the remains of Ming dynasty emperors. After working on

4247-403: A variety of purposes, ranging from fine arts, entertainment, commercial art, journalism , to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career. Requests for their skills range from technical to analytical to creative. Multimedia, but more impressively in the modern day, the interactivity of

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4384-510: A virtual car, making real-world prototypes is no longer needed. In mathematical and scientific research , multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation with binary code. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia . One well-known example of this being applied would be in

4521-710: Is Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí 's Un chien andalou (1929). Hans Richter's animated shorts, Oskar Fischinger 's abstract films, and Len Lye 's GPO films are examples of more abstract European avant-garde films. Working in France, another group of filmmakers also financed films through patronage and distributed them through cine-clubs, yet they were narrative films not tied to an avant-garde school. Film scholar David Bordwell has dubbed these French Impressionists and included Abel Gance , Jean Epstein , Marcel L'Herbier , and Dimitri Kirsanoff . These films combine narrative experimentation, rhythmic editing and camerawork, and an emphasis on character subjectivity. In 1952,

4658-495: Is a mode of filmmaking that rigorously re-evaluates cinematic conventions and explores non-narrative forms or alternatives to traditional narratives or methods of working. Many experimental films, particularly early ones, relate to arts in other disciplines: painting, dance, literature and poetry, or arise from research and development of new technical resources. While some experimental films have been distributed through mainstream channels or even made within commercial studios,

4795-470: Is a one-hour documentary about Marker's friend Yves Montand 's benefit concert for Chilean refugees. The concert was Montand's first public performance in four years, and the documentary includes film clips from his long career as a singer and actor. Marker had been working on a film about Chile with ISKRA since 1973. Marker had collaborated with Belgian sociologist Armand Mattelart and ISKRA members Valérie Mayoux and Jacqueline Meppiel to shoot and collect

4932-421: Is a robust education methodology within the social work context. The five different types of multimedia that support the education process are narrative media , interactive media , communicative media, adaptive media, and productive media. Contrary to long-standing belief, multimedia technology in social work education existed before the prevalence of the internet. It takes the form of images, audio, and video into

5069-588: Is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe the file format, delivery format, or presentation format instead of " footage " which is used to distinguish motion photography from " animation " of rendered motion imagery. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered modern forms of presentation, such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of information content with single methods of information processing (e.g., non-interactive audio) are often called multimedia, perhaps to distinguish static media from active media. In

5206-451: Is an example of this type of multimedia journalism production. Multimedia reporters who are mobile (usually driving around a community with cameras, audio and video recorders, and laptop computers) are often referred to as mojos , or mobile journalists. Software engineers may use multimedia in computer simulations for anything from entertainment to training , such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces

5343-422: Is as strong as any traditional medium. In education , multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedias and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of

5480-508: Is delivered by computer. When you allow the user – the viewer of the project – to control what and when these elements are delivered, it is interactive multimedia . When you provide a structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia ." This book contained the Tempra Show software. This was a later, rebranded version of the 1985 DOS multimedia software VirtulVideo Producer, about which

5617-583: Is highly disputed. Some sources and Marker himself claim that he was born in Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia. Other sources say he was born in Belleville, Paris , and others, in Neuilly-sur-Seine . The 1949 edition of Le Cœur Net gives his birthday as 22 July. Film critic David Thomson has said, "Marker told me himself that Mongolia is correct. I have since concluded that Belleville is correct—but that does not spoil

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5754-438: Is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on Web sites like photo galleries with both images (pictures) and titles (text) user-updated to simulations whose coefficients, events, illustrations, animations, or videos are modifiable, allowing

5891-493: Is not true. After the war, he began a career as a journalist, first writing for the journal Esprit , a neo-Catholic, Marxist magazine where he met fellow journalist André Bazin . For Esprit , Marker wrote political commentaries, poems, short stories, and film reviews. During this period, Marker began to travel around the world as a journalist and photographer, a vocation he pursued for the rest of his life. The French publishing company Éditions du Seuil hired him as editor of

6028-674: Is of a moving image, as Marker could only borrow a movie camera for one afternoon while working on the film. From 2007 through 2011 Marker collaborated with the art dealer and publisher Peter Blum on a variety of projects that were exhibited at the Peter Blum galleries in New York City's Soho and Chelsea neighborhoods. Marker's works were also exhibited at the Peter Blum Gallery on 57th Street in 2014. These projects include several series of printed photographs titled PASSENGERS , Koreans , Crush Art , Quelle heure est-elle? , and Staring Back ;

6165-482: Is often done as a collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers. Multimedia helps expand the teaching practices that can be found in engineering to allow for more innovative methods to not only educate future engineers but to help evolve the scope of understanding of where multimedia can be used in specialized engineer careers like software engineers. Multimedia is also allowing major car manufacturers, such as Ford and General Motors , to expand

6302-457: Is rapidly changing the curriculum in universities all over the world. Higher education has been implementing the use of social media applications such as Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, etc. to increase student collaboration and develop new processes in how information can be conveyed to students. Multimedia provides students with an alternate means of acquiring knowledge designed to enhance teaching and learning through various media and platforms. In

6439-411: Is still present in the fields of multimedia and social work. With the spread and development of the English language around the world, multimedia has become an important way of communicating between different people and cultures. Multimedia technology creates a platform where language can be taught. The traditional form of teaching English as a Second Language in classrooms has drastically changed with

6576-453: Is the case with commercial films. The term experimental film describes a range of filmmaking styles that frequently differ from, and are often opposed to, the practices of mainstream commercial and documentary filmmaking . Avant-garde is also used, for the films of the sort shot in the twenties in France, Germany or Russia, to describe this work, and " underground " was used in the sixties, though it has also had other connotations. Today

6713-469: Is the only film "capable of portraying impossible memory, insane memory." The film's commentary are credited to the fictitious cameraman Sandor Krasna, and read in the form of letters by an unnamed woman. Though centered around Japan, the film was also shot in such other countries as Guinea Bissau , Ireland and Iceland . Sans Soleil was shown at the 1983 Berlin Film Festival where it won the OCIC Award. It

6850-607: The 1985 Cannes Film Festival , before Ran itself had been released. In 1985, Marker's long-time friend and neighbor Simone Signoret died of cancer. Marker then made the one-hour TV documentary Mémoires pour Simone as a tribute to her in 1986. Beginning with Sans Soleil , Marker developed a deep interest in digital technology. From 1985 to 1988, he worked on a conversational program (a prototypical chatbot) called "Dialector," which he wrote in Applesoft BASIC on an Apple II . He incorporated audiovisual elements in addition to

6987-547: The Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco, and was subsequently banned. The banned essay was included in Marker's first volume of collected film commentaries, Commentaires I , published in 1961. The following year Marker published Coréennes , a collection of photographs and essays on conditions in Korea . Marker became known internationally for the short film La Jetée ( The Pier ) in 1962. It tells of

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7124-834: The British Film Institute in London, the National Film Board of Canada and the Collective for Living Cinema. Some of the more popular film festivals, such as Ann Arbor Film Festival , the New York Film Festival 's "Views from the Avant-Garde" Side Bar, the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and Media City Film Festival prominently feature experimental works. The New York Underground Film Festival , Chicago Underground Film Festival ,

7261-809: The Centre Pompidou in Paris often include historically significant experimental films and contemporary works. Screening series no longer in New York that featured experimental work include the Robert Beck Memorial Cinema, Ocularis and the Collective for Living Cinema . All these associations and movements have permitted the birth and development of national experimental films and schools like "body cinema" ("Écoles du corps" or "Cinéma corporel") and "post-structural" movements in France, and "structural/materialism" in England for example. Though experimental film

7398-787: The LA Freewaves Experimental Media Arts Festival, MIX NYC the New York Experimental Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and Toronto's Images Festival also support this work and provide venues for films which would not otherwise be seen. There is some dispute about whether "underground" and "avant-garde" truly mean the same thing and if challenging non-traditional cinema and fine arts cinema are actually fundamentally related. Venues such as Anthology Film Archives , San Francisco Cinematheque , Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California , Tate Modern, London and

7535-533: The Lettrists avant-garde movement, in France, caused riots at the Cannes Film Festival , when Isidore Isou 's Traité de bave et d'éternité (also known as Venom and Eternity ) was screened. After their criticism of Charlie Chaplin at the 1952 press conference in Paris for Chaplin's Limelight , there was a split within the movement. The Ultra-Lettrists continued to cause disruptions when they announced

7672-541: The London Film-Makers' Co-op , and Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Center. Following the model of Cinema 16, experimental films have been exhibited mainly outside of commercial theaters in small film societies , microcinemas , museums , art galleries , archives and film festivals . Several other organizations, in both Europe and North America, helped develop experimental film. These included Anthology Film Archives in New York City, The Millennium Film Workshop,

7809-896: The State Universities of New York , Bard College , California Institute of the Arts , the Massachusetts College of Art , University of Colorado at Boulder , and the San Francisco Art Institute . Many experimental-film practitioners do not in fact possess college degrees themselves, although their showings are prestigious. Some have questioned the status of the films made in the academy, but longtime film professors such as Stan Brakhage , Ken Jacobs , Ernie Gehr , and many others, continued to refine and expand their practice while teaching. The inclusion of experimental film in film courses and standard film histories, however, has made

7946-421: The fine arts , for example, Leda Luss Luyken 's ModulArt brings two key elements of musical composition and film into the world of painting: variation of a theme and movement of and within a picture, making ModulArt an interactive multimedia form of art. Performing arts may also be considered multimedia, considering that performers and props are multiple forms of both content and media. In modern times,

8083-678: The mythopoetic film , the structural film, the trance film and the participatory film, in order to describe the historical morphology of experimental cinema in the American avant-garde from 1943 to the 2000s. The film society and self-financing model continued over the next two decades, but by the early 1960s, a different outlook became perceptible in the work of American avant-garde filmmakers. Filmmakers like Michael Snow , Hollis Frampton , Ken Jacobs , Paul Sharits , Tony Conrad , and Ernie Gehr , are considered by P. Adams Sitney to be key models for what he calls " structural film ". Sitney says that

8220-608: The "Art in Cinema" series of experimental films at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , where Oskar Fischinger's films were featured in several special programs, influencing artists such as Jordan Belson and Harry Smith to make experimental animation. They set up "alternative film programs" at Black Mountain College (now defunct) and the San Francisco Art Institute . Arthur Penn taught at Black Mountain College, which points out

8357-447: The 1960s, technology began to expand into classrooms through devices such as screens and telewriters. This technology allows students to learn at their own pace and gives teachers the ability to observe the individual needs of each student. The capacity for multimedia to be used in multi-disciplinary settings is structured around the idea of creating a hands-on learning environment through the use of technology. Lessons can be tailored to

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8494-456: The 20th century and at some of the tribal cultural practices receding into the past. It combines footage Marker shot in Siberia with old newsreel footage, cartoon sequences, stills, and even an illustration of Alfred E. Neuman from Mad Magazine as well as a fake TV commercial as part of a humorous attack on Western mass culture. In producing a meta-commentary on narrativity and film, Marker uses

8631-502: The 21st century such as Don Hertzfeldt 's It's Such a Beautiful Day , a 2012 American comedy-drama film, and Frederick C.G. Borromeo's film debut Distortion , a 2023 non-narrative film made in RPG Maker engine, are landmark examples of experimental animated films. Laura Mulvey 's writing and filmmaking launched a flourishing of feminist filmmaking based on the idea that conventional Hollywood narrative reinforced gender norms and

8768-458: The Afternoon (1943) by Maya Deren and Alexander Hammid is an early American experimental film. It provided a model for self-financed 16 mm production and distribution, one that was soon picked up by Cinema 16 and other film societies . Just as importantly, it established an aesthetic model of what experimental cinema could do. Meshes had a dream-like feel that hearkened to Jean Cocteau and

8905-602: The Amiga 1000, which could produce 4096 colors (12-bit color), outputs for TVs and VCRs, and four-voice stereo audio. Changes in removable storage technology during this time were also important, as the standard CD-ROM can hold on average 700 megabytes of data, while the maximum amount of data a 3.5-inch floppy disk can hold is 2.8 megabytes, with an average of 1.44 megabytes. Greater storage allowed for larger digital media files and therefore more complex multimedia. The term "video", if not used exclusively to describe motion photography,

9042-515: The House of Usher (1928) and Lot in Sodom (1933). Harry Smith , Mary Ellen Bute , artist Joseph Cornell , and Christopher Young made several European-influenced experimental films. Smith and Bute were both influenced by Oskar Fischinger, as were many avant garde animators and filmmakers. In 1930, the magazine Experimental Cinema appeared. The editors were Lewis Jacobs and David Platt. In October 2005,

9179-1069: The MIT List Visual Arts Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University, the Moscow Photobiennale, Les Recontres d'Arles de la Photographie in Arles, France, the Centre de la Photographie in Geneva, Switzerland, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio, The Museum of Modern Art in New York, and

9316-467: The Nail (2007) as well as many of Mira Nair 's shots in her 2006 film The Namesake . Multimedia Multimedia encompasses various types of content, each serving different purposes: Multimedia can be recorded for playback on computers, laptops , smartphones , and other electronic devices. In the early years of multimedia, the term "rich media" was synonymous with interactive multimedia . Over time, hypermedia extensions brought multimedia to

9453-498: The New American Cinema was marked by an oblique take on narrative, one based on abstraction, camp and minimalism, structural filmmakers like Frampton and Snow created a highly formalist cinema that foregrounded the medium itself: the frame, projection, and most importantly, time. It has been argued that by breaking film down into bare components, they sought to create an anti-illusionist cinema, although Frampton's late works owe

9590-577: The New Left such as the woman's movement, sexual liberation and worker self-management. The film was re-released in the US in 2002. In the late 1970s, Marker traveled extensively throughout the world, including an extended period in Japan. From this inspiration, he first published the photo-essay Le Dépays in 1982, and then used the experience for his next film Sans Soleil , released in 1982. Sans Soleil stretches

9727-616: The Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California. Since 2014 the artworks of the Estate of Chris Marker are represented by Peter Blum Gallery, New York. Marker died on 29 July 2012, his 91st birthday. La Jetée was the inspiration for Mamoru Oshii 's 1987 debut live action feature The Red Spectacles (and later for parts of Oshii's 2001 film Avalon ) and also inspired Terry Gilliam 's 12 Monkeys (1995) and Jonás Cuarón 's Year of

9864-509: The Smithsonian declared, "It is one of the first, if not the first, multi-media authoring systems on the market." The German language society Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache recognized the word's significance and ubiquitousness in the 1990s by awarding it the title of German 'Word of the Year' in 1995. The institute summed up its rationale by stating, "[Multimedia] has become a central word in

10001-607: The Surrealists, but equally seemed personal, new and American. Early works by Kenneth Anger , Stan Brakhage , Shirley Clarke , Gregory Markopoulos , Jonas Mekas , Willard Maas , Marie Menken , Curtis Harrington , Sidney Peterson , Lionel Rogosin , and Earle M. Pilgrim followed in a similar vein. Significantly, many of these filmmakers were the first students from the pioneering university film programs established in Los Angeles and New York . In 1946, Frank Stauffacher started

10138-659: The World Wide Web, and streaming services became more common. The term multimedia was coined by singer and artist Bob Goldstein (later ' Bobb Goldsteinn ') to promote the July 1966 opening of his "Lightworks at L'Oursin" show in Southampton, New York , Long Island. Goldstein was perhaps aware of an American artist named Dick Higgins , who had two years previously discussed a new approach to art-making he called " intermedia ". On August 10, 1966, Richard Albarino of Variety borrowed

10275-399: The absence of any sound track. The goal is often to place the viewer in a more active and more thoughtful relationship to the film. At least through the 1960s, and to some extent after, many experimental films took an oppositional stance toward mainstream culture. Most experimental films are made on very low budgets, self-financed or financed through small grants, with a minimal crew or, often

10412-588: The changing world of multimedia, journalistic practices are adopting and utilizing different multimedia functions through the inclusion of visuals such as varying audio, video, text, etc. in their writings. News reporting is not limited to traditional media outlets. Freelance journalists can use different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories. It engages global audiences and tells stories with technology, which develops new communication techniques for both media producers and consumers. The Common Language Project, later renamed The Seattle Globalist ,

10549-445: The commentary for Resnais's film Le mystère de l'atelier quinze in 1957, Marker continued to refine his style with the feature documentary Letter from Siberia . An essay film on the narrativization of Siberia, it contains Marker's signature commentary, which takes the form of a letter from the director, in the long tradition of epistolary treatments by French explorers of the "undeveloped" world. Letter looks at Siberia's movement into

10686-590: The curriculum. First introduced to social work education by Seabury & Maple in 1993, multimedia technology is utilized to teach social work practice skills, including interviewing, crisis intervention, and group work. In comparison with conventional teaching methods, including face-to-face courses, multimedia education shortens transportation time, increases knowledge and confidence in a richer and more authentic context for learning, generates interaction between online users, and enhances understanding of conceptual materials for novice students. In an attempt to examine

10823-577: The death of cinema and showed their new hypergraphical techniques; the most notorious example is Guy Debord 's Howlings in favor of de Sade ( Hurlements en Faveur de Sade ) from 1952. The Soviet filmmakers, too, found a counterpart to modernist painting and photography in their theories of montage . The films of Dziga Vertov , Sergei Eisenstein , Lev Kuleshov , Alexander Dovzhenko , and Vsevolod Pudovkin were instrumental in providing an alternative model from that offered by classical Hollywood . While not experimental films per se, they contributed to

10960-428: The design and safety standards of their cars. By using a game engine and virtual reality glasses, these companies are able to test the safety features and the design of the car before a prototype is even made. Building a car virtually reduces the time it takes to produce new vehicles, cutting down on the time needed to test designs and allowing the designers to make changes in real time. It also reduces expenses since, with

11097-837: The discovery of American avant-garde in 1958 with Brakhage's films and many others European and American filmmakers. From 1947 to 1963, the New York-based Cinema 16 functioned as the primary exhibitor and distributor of experimental film in the United States. Under the leadership of Amos Vogel and Marcia Vogel, Cinema 16 flourished as a nonprofit membership society committed to the exhibition of documentary, avant-garde, scientific, educational, and performance films to ever-increasing audiences. In 1962, Jonas Mekas and about 20 other film makers founded The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York City. Soon similar artists cooperatives were formed in other places: Canyon Cinema in San Francisco,

11234-533: The early 1950s experimented with photography. Around this time Marker met and befriended many members of the Left Bank Film Movement , including Alain Resnais , Agnès Varda , Henri Colpi , Armand Gatti , and the novelists Marguerite Duras and Jean Cayrol . This group is often associated with the French New Wave directors who came to prominence during the same time period, and the groups were often friends and journalistic co-workers. The term Left Bank

11371-625: The emergence of experimental film. First, the cinema matured as a medium, and highbrow resistance to the mass entertainment began to wane. Second, avant-garde movements in the visual arts flourished. The Dadaists and Surrealists in particular took to cinema. René Clair 's Entr'acte (1924) featuring Francis Picabia , Marcel Duchamp , and Man Ray , and with music by Erik Satie , took madcap comedy into nonsequitur. Artists Hans Richter , Jean Cocteau , Marcel Duchamp, Germaine Dulac , and Viking Eggeling all contributed Dadaist/Surrealist shorts. Fernand Léger , Dudley Murphy , and Man Ray created

11508-461: The epidiascope and slide projectors, were introduced into classrooms around the 1960s. With the growing use of computers, the medical field has begun to incorporate new devices and procedures to assist in teaching students, performing procedures, and analyzing patient data. As well as providing that data in a meaningful way to the patients. Virtual reality is a technology that creates a simulated environment, often using computer-generated imagery or

11645-472: The film Ballet Mécanique (1924), which has been described as Dadaist , Cubist , or Futurist . Duchamp created the abstract film Anémic Cinéma (1926). Alberto Cavalcanti directed Rien que les heures (1926), Walter Ruttmann directed Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis (1927), and Dziga Vertov filmed Man with a Movie Camera (1929), experimental " city symphonies " of Paris , Berlin , and Kiev , respectively. One famous experimental film

11782-410: The film language of the avant-garde. Italy had a historically difficult relationship with its avant-garde scene, although, the birth of cinema coincided with the emerging of Italian Futurism . Potentially the new medium of cinema was a perfect match for the concerns of futurism, a renowned for promoting new aesthetics, motion, and modes of perception. Especially, given the futurist fascination with

11919-496: The film with the Odessa Steps sequence from Sergei Eisenstein 's film The Battleship Potemkin , which Marker points out is a fictitious creation of Eisenstein which has still influenced the image of the historical event. Marker used very little commentary in this film, but the film's montage structure and preoccupation with memory make it a Marker film. Upon release, the film was criticized for not addressing many current issues of

12056-457: The films made by SLON. After the events of May 1968 , Marker felt a moral obligation to abandon his own personal film career and devote himself to SLON and its activities. SLON's first film was about a strike at a Rhodiacéta factory in France, À bientôt, j'espère ( Rhodiacéta ) in 1968. Later that year SLON made La Sixième face du pentagone , about an anti-war protest in Washington, D.C., and

12193-514: The future. While making La Jetée , Marker was simultaneously making the 150-minute documentary essay-film Le joli mai , released in 1963. Beginning in the spring of 1962, Marker and his camera operator Pierre Lhomme shot 55 hours of footage interviewing random people on the streets of Paris. The questions, asked by the unseen Marker, range from their personal lives, as well as social and political issues of relevance at that time. As he had with montages of landscapes and indigenous art, Marker created

12330-427: The futurists were amongst the first avant-garde filmmakers group devoted to the potential of the image, praising motion and aiming towards an anti-narrative aesthetic. As an example, Marinetti's quote: "The cinema is an autonomous art. The cinema must therefore never copy the stage. The cinema, being essentially visual, must above all fulfil the evolution of painting, detach itself from reality, from photography, from

12467-481: The graceful and solemn..." As exemplified in the quote, the image is the real subject, not the story or the acting, an approach and attitude that remain true for the whole history of experimental filmmaking. Anton Giulio Bragaglia is undoubtedly the most known filmmaker from the futurist movement. The United States had some avant-garde films before World War II , such as Manhatta (1921), by Charles Sheeler and Paul Strand , and The Life and Death of 9413:

12604-536: The group S.L.O.N. ( Société pour le lancement des oeuvres nouvelles , "Society for launching new works", but also the Russian word for "elephant"). SLON was a film collective whose objectives were to make films and to encourage industrial workers to create film collectives of their own. Its members included Valerie Mayoux, Jean-Claude Lerner, Alain Adair and John Tooker. Marker is usually credited as director or co-director of all of

12741-1082: The impact of multimedia technology on students' studies, A. Elizabeth Cauble & Linda P. Thurston conducted research in which Building Family Foundations (BFF), an interactive multimedia training platform, was utilized to assess social work students' reactions to multimedia technology on variables of knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy . The results state that respondents show a substantial increase in academic knowledge, confidence, and attitude. Multimedia also benefits students because it brings experts online, fits students' schedule, and allows students to choose courses that suit them. Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning suggests that "people learn more from words and pictures than from words alone." According to Mayer and other scholars, multimedia technology stimulates people's brains by implementing visual and auditory effects and thereby assists online users to learn efficiently. Researchers suggest that when users establish dual channels while learning, they tend to understand and memorize better. The mixed literature of this theory

12878-433: The intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s, the term referred to presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. However, by the 1990s, 'multimedia' had taken on its current meaning. In the 1993 first edition of Multimedia: Making It Work , Tay Vaughan declared, "Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that

13015-563: The introduction of multimedia. Several lines of research have evolved, e.g., cognitive load and multimedia learning . From multimedia learning (MML) theory, David Roberts has developed a large group lecture practice using PowerPoint and based on the use of full-slide images in conjunction with a reduction of visible text (all text can be placed in the notes view' section of PowerPoint). The method has been applied and evaluated in 9 disciplines. In each experiment, students' engagement and active learning have been approximately 66% greater than with

13152-404: The key elements of structural film are a fixed camera position, flicker effect, re-photography off screen, and loop printing. Artist Bruce Conner created early examples such as A Movie (1958) and Cosmic Ray (1962). As Sitney has pointed out, in the work of Stan Brakhage and other American experimentalists of early period, film is used to express the individual consciousness of the maker,

13289-448: The language. One of the studies, carried out by Izquierdo, Simard and Pulido, presented the correlation between "Multimedia Instruction (MI) and learners' second language (L2)" and its effects on learning behavior. Their findings, based on Gardner 's theory of the " socio-educational model of learner motivation and attitudes," show that there is easier access to language learning materials as well as increased motivation with MI along with

13426-413: The limits of what could be called a documentary. It is an essay, a montage , mixing pieces of documentary with fiction and philosophical comments, creating an atmosphere of dream and science fiction. The main themes are Japan, Africa, memory and travel. A sequence in the middle of the film takes place in San Francisco, and heavily references Alfred Hitchcock 's Vertigo . Marker has said that Vertigo

13563-456: The man travels back in time to contact the mysterious woman, and discovers that the man's death at the Orly Airport was his own. Except for one shot of the woman mentioned above sleeping and suddenly waking up, the film is composed entirely of photographs by Jean Chiabaud and stars Davos Hanich as the man, Hélène Châtelain as the woman and photographer-film director William Klein as a man from

13700-405: The movie Interstellar , where Executive Director Kip Thorne helped create one of the most realistic depictions of a black hole in film. The visual effects team under Paul Franklin took Kip Thorne's mathematical data and applied it into their own visual effects engine called "Double Negative Gravitational Renderer," a.k.a. "Gargantua," to create a "real" black hole used in the final cut. Later on,

13837-720: The multimedia "experience" to be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, haptic technology enables virtual objects to be felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience. Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories: Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded: Multimedia finds its application in various areas, including, but not limited to, advertisements , art , education , entertainment , engineering , medicine , mathematics , business , scientific research , and spatial temporal applications . Several examples are as follows: Creative industries use multimedia for

13974-713: The multimedia created forms the foundation for which most creative endeavors that take place online. Microsoft is one of the biggest computer industries in the world, and a core foundation of its success relies on the ability of multimedia designers to optimize user experience through interacting with their products. Marketing and commercial practices are becoming increasingly reliant on interactive multimedia, allowing more sophisticated tactics and increased customer retention. Advertising companies heavily utilize social media, online interfaces and television to promote products, while ads and websites that utilize pop-ups need shorter, more concise methods to be as efficient and pleasing to

14111-469: The overall learning experience for students. Within education, video games, specifically fast-paced action games, are able to play a big role in improving cognitive abilities involving attention, task switching, and resistance to distractors. Research also shows that, though video games may take time away from schoolwork, implementing games into the school curriculum has an increased probability of moving attention from games to curricular goals. Multimedia

14248-493: The player an immersive experience. While video games can vary in terms of animation style or audio type, the element of interactivity makes them a striking example of interactive multimedia . Interactive multimedia refers to multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information. In the arts , there are multimedia artists who blend techniques using different media that in some way incorporate interaction with

14385-399: The popular misconception in both the art world and Hollywood that the avant-garde and the commercial never meet. Another challenge to that misconception is that late in life, after their Hollywood careers had ended, both Nicholas Ray and King Vidor made avant-garde films. Film theorist P. Adams Sitney offers a concept of "visionary film", and he invented a few genre categories, including

14522-426: The potential customers as possible. These platforms can be used by commercial businesses to specifically target their desired audience with a message, advertisement or promotion. External and internal office communications are often developed by hired creative service firms to display information in a variety of situations. This can range from providing more engaging presentations to educating trainees or new workers on

14659-403: The presenter's ideas. They are commonly used among education and many other industries to benefit students and workers, as they effectively retain chunks of information in a limited amount of time and can be stored easily. Another example is charts and graphs, as the presenters can show their audience the trends using data associated with their researches. This provides the audience a visual idea of

14796-440: The prevalence of new media and social media . Technology has impacted multimedia as it is largely associated with the use of computers or other electronic devices and digital media due to its capabilities concerning research, communication, problem-solving through simulations, and feedback opportunities. The innovation of technology in education through the use of multimedia allows for diversification among classrooms to enhance

14933-606: The prevalence of technology, making it easier for students to obtain language learning skills. Multimedia motivates students to learn more languages through audio, visual, and animation support. It also helps create English contexts since an important aspect of learning a language is developing their grammar, vocabulary, and knowledge of pragmatics and genres. In addition, cultural connections in terms of forms, contexts, meanings, and ideologies have to be constructed. By improving thought patterns, multimedia develops students' communicative competence by improving their capacity to understand

15070-534: The real world using media such as audio, animation, and text. Augmented reality became widely popular only in the 21st century; however, some of the earlier versions of such were things like the Sega Genesis Activator Controller back in 1992, which allowed users to literally stand in an octagon and control in-game movement with physical movement, or to stretch back even further, the R.O.B. NES Robot back in 1984, which, with its array of accessories,

15207-459: The same brief filmic sequence three times but with different commentary—the first praising the Soviet Union, the second denouncing it, and the third taking an apparently neutral or "objective" stance. In 1959 Marker made the animated film Les Astronautes with Walerian Borowczyk . The film was a combination of traditional drawings with still photography. In 1960 he made Description d'un combat ,

15344-476: The same material being delivered using bullet points, text, and speech, corroborating a range of theories presented by multimedia learning scholars like Sweller and Mayer . The idea of media convergence is also becoming a major factor in education, particularly higher education. Defined as separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications), and video that now share resources and interact with each other, media convergence

15481-434: The sensation of speed and the dynamism of modern life. However, what is left of futurist cinema is mostly on paper, many films very lost, and other never got made. Amongst those literatures it is worth noting The Futurist Cinema (Marinetti et al., 1916), Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature (1912), The Variety Theatre (1913), The Futurist Synthetic Theatre (1915), and The New Religion – Morality of Speed (1916). Perhaps,

15618-490: The sense of immersion. Input devices: Controllers or other input devices are used to interact with the virtual environment. These devices can simulate hands or tools, enabling users to manipulate objects or navigate within the virtual space. Computer processing: Powerful computers or gaming consoles are often required to generate and render the complex graphics and simulations needed for a convincing virtual experience. Augmented reality overlays digital content or output onto

15755-546: The series Petite Planète ("Small World"). That collection devoted one edition to each country and included information and photographs, and would later be published in English translation by Studio Vista and The Viking Press . In 1949 Marker published his first novel, Le Coeur net ( The Forthright Spirit ), which was about aviation. In 1952 Marker published an illustrated essay on French writer Jean Giraudoux , Giraudoux Par Lui-Même . During his early journalism career, Marker became increasingly interested in filmmaking and in

15892-518: The short film / machinima, Ouvroir the Movie by Chris Marker . In the 2007 Criterion Collection release of La Jetée and Sans Soleil , Marker included a short essay, "Working on a Shoestring Budget". He confessed to shooting all of Sans Soleil with a silent film camera, and recording all the audio on a primitive audio cassette recorder. Marker also reminds the reader that only one short scene in La Jetée

16029-567: The side of buildings and wrapped around the edge or corner. Clips can then be added at differing angles to create a three-dimensional optical illusion , which is more likely to draw the attention of an observer. Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations (VFX, 3D animation, etc.). Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Video games are considered multimedia, as they meld animation, audio, and interactivity to give

16166-463: The snippets of dialogue and poetry that "Computer" exchanged with the user. Version 6 of this program was revived from a floppy disk (with Marker's help and permission) and emulated online in 2015. His interests in digital technology also led to his film Level Five (1996) and Immemory (1998, 2008), an interactive multimedia CD-ROM , produced for the Centre Pompidou (French language version) and from Exact Change (English version). Marker created

16303-414: The socialist movement was everywhere around the world. The film was intended to be an all-encompassing portrait of political movements since May 1968, a summation of the work which he had taken part in for ten years. The film is divided into two parts: the first half focuses on the hopes and idealism before May 1968, and the second half on the disillusion and disappointments since those events. Marker begins

16440-668: The spiritual truth of Ulan Bator." When asked about his secretive nature, Marker said, "My films are enough for them [the audience]." Marker was a philosophy student in France before World War II . During the German occupation of France, he joined the Maquis (FTP) , a part of the French Resistance . At some point during the war he left France and joined the United States Air Force as a paratrooper, although some sources claim that this

16577-402: The subject matter as well as personalized to the students' varying levels of knowledge on the topic. Learning content can be managed through activities that utilize and take advantage of multimedia platforms. This kind of usage of modern multimedia encourages interactive communication between students and teachers and opens feedback channels, introducing an active learning process, especially with

16714-454: The term "experimental cinema" prevails, because it's possible to make experimental films without the presence of any avant-garde movement in the cultural field. While "experimental" covers a wide range of practice, an experimental film is often characterized by the absence of linear narrative, the use of various abstracting techniques—out-of-focus, painting or scratching on film, rapid editing—the use of asynchronous ( non-diegetic ) sound or even

16851-399: The terminology, reporting: "Brainchild of song scribe-comic Bob (' Washington Square ') Goldstein, the 'Lightworks' is the latest multi-media music-cum-visuals to debut as discothèque fare." Two years later, in 1968, the term "multimedia" was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer—one of Goldstein's producers at L'Oursin. In

16988-450: The twenty-first-century man." Film theorist Roy Armes has said of him: "Marker is unclassifiable because he is unique...The French Cinema has its dramatists and its poets, its technicians, and its autobiographers, but only has one true essayist: Chris Marker." Marker was born Christian François Bouche-Villeneuve. He was always elusive about his past and known to refuse interviews and not allow photographs to be taken of him; his place of birth

17125-422: The use of computer-assisted language learning . Newspaper companies all over the world are trying to embrace the new phenomenon by implementing its practices in their work. While some have been slow to come around, other major newspapers like The New York Times , USA Today , and The Washington Post are setting a precedent for the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world. To keep up with

17262-510: The vast majority have been produced on very low budgets with a minimal crew or a single person and are either self-financed or supported through small grants. Experimental filmmakers generally begin as amateurs, and some use experimental films as a springboard into commercial film-making or transition into academic positions. The aim of experimental filmmaking may be to render the personal vision of an artist, or to promote interest in new technology rather than to entertain or to generate revenue, as

17399-406: The viewer. Another approach entails the creation of multimedia that can be displayed in a traditional fine arts arena, such as an art gallery . Video has become an intrinsic part of many concerts and theatrical productions in the modern era and has spawned content creation opportunities for many media professionals. Although multimedia display material may be volatile, the survivability of the content

17536-422: The visual effects team went on to publish a black hole study. Medical professionals and students have a wide variety of ways to learn new techniques and procedures through interactive media, online courses, and lectures. The methods of conveying information to students have drastically evolved with the help of multimedia. From the 1800s to today, lessons are commonly taught using chalkboards. Projected aids, such as

17673-472: The visual materials, which Marker then edited together and provided the commentary for. The resulting film was the two and a half-hour documentary La Spirale , released in 1975. The film chronicles events in Chile, beginning with the 1970 election of socialist President Salvador Allende until his murder and the resulting coup in 1973. Marker then began work on one of his most ambitious films, A Grin Without

17810-485: The wonderful new media world". In common usage, multimedia refers to the usage of multiple media of communication, including video, still images, animation, audio, and text, in such a way that they can be accessed interactively. Video, still images, animation, audio, and written text are the building blocks on which multimedia takes shape. In the 1990s, some computers were called "multimedia computers" because they represented advances in graphical and audio quality, such as

17947-550: The work more widely known and more accessible. Beginning in 1946, Frank Stauffacher ran the "Art in Cinema" program of experimental and avant-garde films at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . From 1949 to 1975, the Knokke-Le-Zoute Experimental Film Festival  [ fr ] —located in Knokke-Heist , Belgium —was the most prominent festival of experimental cinema in the world. It permits

18084-480: Was a reaction to what SLON considered to be the unfair and censored reportage of such events on mainstream television. The film was shot by François Reichenbach , who received co-director credit. La Bataille des dix millions was made in 1970 with Mayoux as co-director and Santiago Álvarez as cameraman and is about the 1970 sugar crop in Cuba and its disastrous effects on the country. In 1971, SLON made Le Train en marche ,

18221-474: Was able to also provide users with the sensation of holding a firearm. These multimedia input devices are among the earliest of the augmented reality devices, allowing users to input commands to facilitate a different user experience. A more modern example of augmented reality is Pokémon GO , a mobile game released on July 6, 2016, which allows users to see a Pokémon in a real-world environment. Experimental film Experimental film or avant-garde cinema

18358-529: Was also awarded the Sutherland Trophy at the 1983 British Film Institute Awards. In 1984, Marker was invited by producer Serge Silberman to document the making of Akira Kurosawa 's film Ran . From this Marker made A.K. , released in 1985. The film focuses more on Kurosawa's remote but polite personality than on the making of the film. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at

18495-493: Was always local, many are now handled through web-based solutions, particularly streaming. Multimedia presentations are presentations featuring multiple types of media. The different types of media can include text , graphics , audio , video and animations . These different types of media convey information to their target audience and effectively communicate with them. Videos are a great visual example to use in multimedia presentations because they can create visual aids to

18632-519: Was first coined by film critic Richard Roud , who described them as having "fondness for a kind of Bohemian life and an impatience with the conformity of the Right Bank, a high degree of involvement in literature and the plastic arts , and a consequent interest in experimental filmmaking ", as well as an identification with the political left . Anatole Dauman produced many of Marker's earliest films. In 1952 Marker made his first film, Olympia 52 ,

18769-555: Was shown in competition at the 1963 Venice Film Festival , where it won the award for Best First Work. It also won the Golden Dove Award at the Leipzig DOK Festival. After the documentary Le Mystère Koumiko in 1965, Marker made Si j'avais quatre dromadaires , an essay-film that, like La Jetée , is a photomontage of over 800 photographs Marker had taken over the previous 10 years in 26 countries. The commentary involves

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