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36-692: The Baroque palace in Choroszcz was the summer residence of the noble Branicki family, and is now part of the Museum of Polish Interiors. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 5,960. Choroszcz was granted town rights by King Sigismund I the Old in 1507. It was a private town , administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . Jan Klemens Branicki erected

72-664: A Baroque palace, which served as the summer residence of the Branicki family. Following the Third Partition of Poland , in 1795, it was annexed by Prussia . In 1807, it passed to the Russian Partition of Poland. Choroszcz was one of the sites of Russian executions of Polish insurgents during the January Uprising . The execution sites are now marked by memorials. Following World War I , Poland regained independence and control of

108-688: A distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque façade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe . In the subsequent years of the early 17th century, Baroque architecture spread over the Commonwealth. Important Baroque churches built during this early phase of the style included the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków , the Vasa Chapel in the Wawel Cathedral (which was the Baroque equivalent to

144-594: A lifelong legacy of buildings that are regarded as gems of Polish Baroque architecture, they include among others, the Ostrogski Palace , Otwock Palace , Branicki Palace , St. Kazimierz Church and the Church of St. Anne . A notable style of Baroque architecture emerged in the 18th century with the work of Johann Christoph Glaubitz , who was assigned to rebuild the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 's capital of Vilnius. The style

180-888: A neighboring Sigismund's Chapel built years earlier in the Renaissance style), and the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kraków . Most of these early Baroque churches followed a design pattern set by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola 's Church of the Gesù in Rome. Other important Baroque churches and chapels erected in the mid-17th century were St. Casimir's Chapel in the Vilnius Cathedral , St. Peter and Paul Church and Church of St. Casimir, Vilnius , Pažaislis monastery in Kaunas ,

216-813: A new palace, the palace of Ujazdów , was built by Trevano between 1619 and 1625. Palace of Ujazdów was soon overshadowed by the Wilanów Palace , raised by King John III Sobieski between 1677 and 1696. Style of those new royal mansions was soon imitated by numerous magnates who did not want to fall behind the times, leading to numerous baroque residences springing throughout Polish countryside, such as at Kruszyna (1630, built for Voivode Kasper Doenhoff ), Łańcut (1629–1641, rebuilt for Stanisław Lubomirski ), Wiśnicz (1616–1621, also for Stanisław Lubomirski), Ujazd ( Krzyżtopór built in 1628-1644 for Krzysztof Ossoliński ). Enlightenment in Poland The ideas of

252-482: A unique mix of Oriental ( Ottoman ) and Western (French, Italian) styles. Those Oriental influences stemmed from a large border shared by Poland with the Ottoman Empire , and the frequent skirmishes between the two countries. A Sarmatist thought had praised the idyllic countryside-existence, and the liberal Golden Freedom of the nobility, which stood against the absolute power of the monarchy . Sarmatism stressed

288-983: Is mentioned among his best works. Many church interiors including the one of the Great Synagogue of Vilna were reconstructed by Glaubitz as well as the Town Hall built in 1769. The best example of Vilnian Baroque in other places is the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk , which was reconstructed between 1738 and 1765. The first Baroque structure in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the Corpus Christi Church built between 1586 and 1593 in Nieśwież (after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus ). The church also holds

324-627: The Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe , as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture ( Sarmatism ) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's king , Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of

360-833: The Bar Confederation (1768) through the period of the Great Sejm and until the aftermath of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland experienced a large output of political, particularly constitutional, writing. Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanisław August Poniatowski ; and in the field of advanced learning: the Commission of National Education established by

396-870: The Dominican Church and St. George's Church in Lwów (present day Lviv, Ukraine ). Examples from the late 17th-century include the Jesuit Church in Poznań , St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno , Royal Chapel in Gdańsk (which incorporates an eclectic architectural style based on a mix of Polish and Dutch building traditions), and Sanctuary of St. Mary in Masuria (built in the Tyrolean Baroque style). Notable examples of residential Baroque architecture from this time period include

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432-733: The Holocaust by the Germans during the Second World War. Baroque in Poland The Polish Baroque lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century. As with Baroque style elsewhere in Europe , Poland's Baroque emphasized the richness and triumphant power of contemporary art forms. In contrast to the previous, Renaissance style which sought to depict the beauty and harmony of nature, Baroque artists strove to create their own vision of

468-788: The Stanislavian style , followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism . The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer, Palace on the Water , Królikarnia and the palace in Jabłonna . From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and

504-461: The Tatar fashion became popular. The symbol of the noble class was the curved blade weapon, the szabla , a cross between saber and scimitar . Ottoman daggers, sheaths, carpets, helmets, saddles, klims , rugs, tapestries and embroideries were also common: what was not acquired from trade came as loot from many military conflicts along the Commonwealth southern border. The manor ( dwór, dworek ) of

540-592: The Ujazdów Castle , Wilanów Palace and Krasiński Palace in Warsaw . Early Polish baroque buildings were often designed by foreign (most often, Italian) architects. The first baroque building in present-day Poland was the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków by Giovanni Battista Trevano . The Jewish population in this period was large and prosperous, and many handsome Polish Jewish synagogues were built in baroque style. A handful of these buildings survive, including

576-618: The Włodawa Synagogue . Secular Baroque architecture also grew. The Royal Castle, Warsaw was reconstructed between 1596 and 1619 by the Italian architects Giacomo Rotondo , Matteo Castelli and Jan Trevano . Outside the Castle, a column with the Statue of King Zygmunt , sculpted by Clemente Molli and cast by Daniel Tym was raised by his son, Władysław IV Waza , in 1644. Park Ujazdowski with

612-500: The 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism . Polish Enlightenment, while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of Western Europe , also differed from them in many important aspects. Much of the thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under

648-482: The Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy . Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war ( Targowica Confederation ) and military intervention of the Commonwealth's neighbours, ending in the partitions of Poland , the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years. The ideas of the Polish Enlightenment also had a significant impact abroad. From

684-511: The Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances. The differences did not end there. Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated Western Enlightenment movement, while in the Commonwealth most of the reformers came from szlachta (nobility). Commonwealth szlachta (forming 10% of its population) considered

720-514: The Ottoman Empire's robe, which spread from nobility to city dwellers and even peasants. A Polish nobleman wore long robe-like garment such as żupan , delia , and kontusz , often lined with expensive cloth; fitted with a sash belt ( pas kontuszowy ) and accessorized with knee-high boots from soft leather. Arabian horses were common in Polish cavalry . During the 17th century shaving one's head in

756-637: The Polish nobleman was decorated with such war trophies. Some luxury items were of domestic produce, often imitating the Orient style; most were imported from the West via Danzig ( Gdańsk ) or from the East. Displaying one's wealth was important, and excuses were many: the name day of the patron saint as well as weddings and funerals were observed in extravagant fashion. A distinctive art of coffin portraits emerged during that period. The Roman Catholic Church became one of

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792-660: The Sejm in 1773; the Society for Elementary Books ; as well as the Corps of Cadets (Knight's military school) among others. In expanding the field of knowledge, there was the Society of Friends of Science set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions. Popular newspapers included Monitor and Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne (Games Pleasant and Useful). The center of the neoclassical architecture in Poland

828-871: The garden). Its architecture, a merger of European art with old Commonwealth building traditions, is visible in Potocki Palace in Radzyń Podlaski , Raczyński Palace in Rogalin and Wiśniowiecki Palace in Vyshnivets . During the late 17th century, the most famous architect in the Commonwealth was the Dutch-born Tylman van Gameren , who, at the age of 28, settled in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and worked for Queen Marie Casimire and King John III Sobieski . Tylman left behind

864-461: The idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture, and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes. Religious tolerance was an ideal of the szlachta. Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3, 1791 and other reforms (like the creation of the Commission of National Education , first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform

900-454: The king was but the "first among equals"). With the progression of time, however, the Sarmatism ideals became corrupted. By the time of the 18th-century Enlightenment in Poland , Sarmatism was often regarded as a backward and ultraconservative relic of the past. On a more material realm, Oriental influences were visible in nobles' attire, arms, and decorations. New Polish costume was based on

936-593: The local rectory. In 1941, the Germans massacred several hundred remaining patients of the psychiatric hospital in today's Nowosiółki district as part of Aktion T4 . After the war, it was administratively located in the "large" Białystok Voivodeship until 1975, and then the "small" Białystok Voivodeship until 1998. Detailed data as of 31 December 2021: In the 1921 census, 81.2% people declared Polish nationality, 16.2% declared Jewish nationality and 1.8% declared German nationality. Choroszcz had 827 Jewish residents in 1897, and 450 in 1921. Nearly all were murdered in

972-530: The major patrons of the arts; another was the royal house, whose patronage was most visible in the new capital of Warsaw . There the pious Catholic King Sigismund III Vasa sponsored many Baroque sacral constructions. In its first phase, ecclesiastical Baroque architecture was primarily associated with the Jesuit Order , who arrived in Poland in 1564, as part of the Counter-Reformation , a trend which over

1008-406: The military prowess going back to the times when szlachta first emerged from the knight class; and its religious values, both associated with the historical mission of the Polish people as a bastion of Catholic Christianity. Sarmatian nobles felt superior to even the nobility of the other nations, whom they considered non-free and almost enslaved by their rulers (according to Poland's constitution,

1044-751: The next century would triumph in Poland. The Jesuits established churches and schools in many major cities, slowly winning over the Protestant educational centers in Thorn ( Toruń ), Danzig and Elbing ( Elbląg ), and Leszno (where the Comenius school of the Bohemian Brothers was located). The eventual victory of the counter-reformation in Poland would eventually revive and buttress the Catholic identity of Poland. The monumental castle Krzyżtopór (permanent ruin), built in

1080-423: The oppressive absolute monarchies and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom. Western thinkers desired Montesquieu 's separation and balance of powers to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their monarchs . Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy: Polish kings were elected and their position

1116-403: The style palazzo in fortezza between 1627 and 1644, had several courtyards surrounded by fortifications. Also, Late baroque fascination with the culture and art of China is reflected in Queen Masysieńka's Chinese Palace in Zolochiv . 18th-century magnate palaces represents the characteristic type of baroque suburban residence built entre cour et jardin (between the entrance court and

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1152-407: The town. In 1930, a psychiatric hospital was established in the town. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, the town was first occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941, and then by Germany until 1944. In 1940, the Russians closed the psychiatric hospital and deported some patients to the Soviet Union, while others were relocated to

1188-421: The world. The result was manifold, regarded by some critics as grand and dramatic, but sometimes also chaotic and disharmonious and tinged with affectation and religious exaltation, thus reflecting the turbulent times of the 17th-century Europe. The Polish Baroque was influenced by Sarmatism , the culture of the Polish nobility ( szlachta ). Sarmatism became highly influenced by the Baroque style and produced

1224-423: Was Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski . Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century. The best known architects and artists, who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini , Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer , Szymon Bogumił Zug , Stanisław Zawadzki , Efraim Szreger , Antonio Corazzi , Jakub Kubicki , Christian Piotr Aigner, Wawrzyniec Gucewicz and Bertel Thorvaldsen . The first stage, called

1260-421: Was therefore named Vilnian Baroque , and Old Vilnius was named the "City of Baroque". The most notable buildings by Glaubitz in Vilnius are the Church of St. Catherine started in 1743, the Church of the Ascension started in 1750, the Church of St. Johns , the monastery gate and the towers of the Church of the Holy Trinity . The magnificent and dynamic Baroque facade of the formerly Gothic Church of St. Johns

1296-426: Was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament ( Sejm ). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm ( liberum veto ) that paralyzed the Commonwealth, especially during the times of the Wettin dynasty , reducing Poland from a major European player to the puppet of its neighbours. Thus, while men of

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