Chojna pronounced [ˈxɔi̯na] ( German : Königsberg in der Neumark ; Kashubian : Czińsbarg ; Latin : Regiomontanus Neomarchicus "King's Mountain in the New March ") is a small town in northwestern Poland in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship . It lies approximately 60 kilometres (37 miles) south of Szczecin . As of December 2021, the town has a population of 7,330.
41-604: Chojna is located near two border crossings ( Hohenwutzen and Schwedt ) on the Oder River with Germany. It participates in the EU Douzelage town twinning initiative. From the 10th-12th centuries an early Pomeranian fortification, probably with a market , developed at the location of present-day Chojna. It became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century under its first historic ruler Mieszko I of Poland . Because of its favorable location on trading routes leading to
82-601: A "Holy Trinity", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be blasphemy . The same prohibition applies to any idea of the duality of God ( Allah ). The Baháʼí Faith has the concept of the Most Great Spirit , seen as the bounty of God . It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the messengers/prophets of God who include, among others, Jesus, Muhammad and Bahá'u'lláh . In Baháʼí belief,
123-421: A cultural centre, town library, and public house . The monastery was also reconstructed, while the marketplace was newly built. Reconstruction of the destroyed St. Mary's church began in 1994 as a joint German -Polish cooperation. In 1997 the roof of the church's nave was covered, while the pyramidal tower roof of the tower was reconditioned in a 19th-century Neo-gothic style. Chojna's two main landmarks are thus
164-668: A distinction between the spirit and psyche , which is also seen in the Pauline epistles . According to proponents of the History of religions school , the Christian concept of the Holy Spirit cannot be explained from Jewish ideas alone without reference to the Hellenistic religions. And according to theologian Erik Konsmo, the views "are so dissimilar that the only legitimate connection one can make
205-522: A possessive suffix is added the definite article ha is dropped). The Holy Spirit in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts. For the large majority of Christians , the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost , from Old English gast , "spirit")
246-512: Is difficult to maintain. In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth wrote: Another Stoic concept which offered inspiration to the Church was that of "divine Spirit". Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's "creative fire", had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma , or "spirit", to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent "spirit"
287-617: Is more typical of the Old Testament whereas dynamistic is more common in the New Testament. The distinction coincides with the Holy Spirit as either a temporary or permanent gift. In the Old Testament and Jewish thought, it is primarily temporary with a specific situation or task in mind, whereas in the Christian concept the gift resides in persons permanently. On the surface, the Holy Spirit appears to have an equivalent in non-Abrahamic Hellenistic mystery religions . These religions included
328-510: Is the third person of the Trinity: The "Triune God" manifested as Father , Son , and Holy Spirit; each Person being God. Two symbols from the New Testament canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian iconography : a winged dove, and tongues of fire. Each depiction of the Holy Spirit arose from different accounts in the Gospel narratives; the first being at the baptism of Jesus in
369-600: Is with the Greek term πνεῦμα [ pneuma , Spirit] itself". Another link with ancient Greek thought is the Stoic idea of the spirit as anima mundi – or world soul – that unites all people. Some believe that this can be seen in Paul's formulation of the concept of the Holy Spirit that unites Christians in Jesus Christ and love for one another, but Konsmo again thinks that this position
410-640: The Frankfurt Region in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1816. With Prussia the town became part of the German Empire in 1871 and flourished after being connected to the railway network in 1877. It also served as an educational and administrative centre for the surrounding region. In 1913 the local Polish community erected the Sacred Heart Church, the town's first Catholic church since
451-797: The Jordan River where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of God the Father spoke as described in Matthew , Mark , and Luke ; the second being from the day of Pentecost , fifty days after Passover where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ , as tongues of fire as described in the Acts of the Apostles , as promised by Jesus in his farewell discourse. Called "the unveiled epiphany of God ",
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#1732858466106492-691: The New March in 1252. Populated with German knights and colonists, the town's name "Konigesberge" evolved into the German name "Königsberg" ("King's Mountain"), with the epithet in der Neumark (i.e. in the New March ) added to distinguish it from namesakes in East Prussia and Bavaria . After in 1267 Bishop Henry I of Brandenburg had ceded the "terra Konigesberge" to the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg ,
533-583: The Trinity . The Christian concept tends to emphasize the moral aspect of the Holy Spirit as a common expression in the Christian New Testament. Based on the Old Testament, the book of Acts emphasizes the power of ministry aspect of the Holy Spirit. In general, Jews reject any conception of a co-equal, multi-person godhead; anything but an absolute monotheism is contrary to the Shema . They do not consider
574-633: The Augustinian monastery church, the Augustinian hospital church of the Holy Spirit , and the Churches of Saints Mary , Nicholas , George , and Gertrude . The town gradually converted to Lutheranism from 1539-1553 during the Protestant Reformation , resulting in the dissolution of the monastery in 1536. Its buildings were instead used as a hospital and school, while its church [ pl ]
615-574: The Christian as in the Stoic mind – with the ideas of vital fire and beneficent warmth. The Hebrew language phrase ruach ha-kodesh ( Hebrew : רוח הקודש , "holy spirit" also transliterated ruaḥ ha-qodesh ) is used in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish writings to refer to the spirit of YHWH (רוח יהוה). The Hebrew terms ruacḥ qodshəka , "thy holy spirit" ( רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ ), and ruacḥ qodshō , "his holy spirit" ( רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ ), also occur (when
656-499: The Hebrew word for "one" (Hebrew: אחד, ekhad ) as meaning anything other than a simple numerical one . The rabbinical understanding of the Holy Spirit has a certain degree of personification , but it remains, "a quality belonging to God, one of his attributes". The idea of God as a duality or trinity is considered shituf (or "not purely monotheistic"). According to theologian Rudolf Bultmann , there are two ways to think about
697-601: The Holy Spirit is a partner to God in the Godhead, but rather is the pure essence of God's attributes. The Hindu concept of Advaita is linked to the Trinity, according to the theologian Raimon Panikkar . He states that the Holy Spirit, as one of the Three Persons of the Trinity of "father, Logos and Holy Spirit", is a bridge-builder between Christianity and Hinduism. He explains that: "The meeting of spiritualistic can take place in
738-670: The Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain Hadith , some Muslims identify it with the angel Gabriel (Arabic Jibrāʾīl ). The Spirit ( الروح al-Ruh , without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened Adam , and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including Jesus and Abraham . The belief in
779-483: The Holy Spirit is seen as the intermediary between God and man and "the outpouring grace of God and the effulgent rays that emanate from His Manifestation". The Hebrew Bible contains the term " spirit of God " ( ruach elochim ) which by Jews is interpreted in the sense of the might of a unitary God . This interpretation is different from the Nicene Christian conception of the Holy Spirit as one person of
820-477: The Holy Spirit is seen as the source of all goodness in the universe, the spark of all life within humanity, and is the ultimate guide for humanity to righteousness and communion with God. The Holy Spirit is put in direct opposition to its eternal dual counterpart, Angra Mainyu , who is the source of all wickedness and who leads humanity astray. The ancient Gnostic text known as the Secret Book of John refers to
861-503: The Holy Spirit is the conduit through which the wisdom of God becomes directly associated with his messenger, and it has been described variously in different religions such as the burning bush to Moses, the sacred fire to Zoroaster, the dove to Jesus, the angel Gabriel to Muhammad, and the Maid of Heaven to Bahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith). The Baháʼí view rejects the idea that
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#1732858466106902-526: The Holy Spirit is the One who empowers the followers of Jesus with spiritual gifts and power that enables the proclamation of Jesus Christ, and the power that brings conviction of faith. The Holy Spirit ( Arabic : روح القدس , romanized : Ruh al-Qudus , "the Spirit of Holiness") is mentioned four times in the Qur'an , where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Muslim interpretation of
943-520: The Holy Spirit: "animistic" and "dynamistic". In animistic thinking, he is "an independent agent, a personal power which (...) can fall upon a man and take possession of him, enabling him or compelling him to perform manifestations of power" while in dynamistic thought it "appears as an impersonal force which fills a man like a fluid". Both kinds of thought appear in Jewish and Christian scripture, but animistic
984-707: The New March. The strong town withstood an attack by the Hussites in 1433 during the Hussite Wars . In 1454, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war against Poland . The town flourished economically during the German Renaissance beginning in the 15th century, but the majority of its population died from three plagues during the 16th and 17th centuries. It had several churches:
1025-559: The Oder and Rurzyca [ pl ] rivers. During the 13th and 14th centuries a defensive wall was built around the town with numerous towers and three city gates ( Świecka Gate [ pl ] , Barnkowo Gate, and Vierraden Gate — the latter demolished in the 19th century). In 1319 a war broke out over control of the region, and the town came again under control of the Duchy of Pomerania , but fell back to Brandenburg in 1324. In 1373,
1066-746: The Reformation. In 1939 the Luftwaffe constructed Königberg-Neumark Air Base , later used by the Soviet Air Forces between 1945 and 1992. A subcamp of the Ravensbrück concentration camp was set up for the enlargement of the airfield. After the Warsaw Uprising , many Polish women from Warsaw were imprisoned there. In January 1945 battles of the Vistula–Oder Offensive occurred in and around
1107-518: The Spirit. No new 'system' has primarily to come of this encounter, but a new and yet old spirit must emerge." Atman is Vedic terminology elaborated in Hindu scriptures such as Upanishads and Vedanta signifies the Ultimate Reality and Absolute . In Zoroastrianism , the Holy Spirit, also known as Spenta Mainyu , is a hypostasis of Ahura Mazda , the supreme Creator God of Zoroastrianism;
1148-592: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 763823036 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:34:26 GMT Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit , otherwise known as the Holy Ghost , is a concept within the Abrahamic religions . In Judaism , the Holy Spirit is understood as
1189-520: The church, a new Baroque pulpit was built in 1714, as well as an organ built by Joachim Wagner in 1734. The town began to revive economically after the foundation of the Kingdom of Prussia , becoming the seat of the government (Kriegs- und Domainenkammer) of the New March in 1759 during the Seven Years' War . In 1767 the city gates towards Schwedt and Bernikow were partially dismantled to provide stone for
1230-555: The construction of a military barracks at the former monastery. The town's inhabitants initially specialised in agriculture and forestry and later in weaving of fine textiles. That industry declined, however with the onset of industrialisation, around 1840. During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1806 the town was captured by a small French unit. The place became the county seat of the Königsberg district [ de ] in 1809 and part of
1271-503: The divine quality or force of God manifesting in the world, particularly in acts of prophecy , creation and guidance. In Nicene Christianity , this conception expanded in meaning to represent the third person of the Trinity , co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and God the Son . In Islam , the Holy Spirit acts as an agent of divine action or communication. In the Baha’i Faith ,
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1312-463: The historic Polish equivalent for Königsberg , adding upon Oder for distinction). On 7 May 1946 the town was renamed again as Chojna. Chojna was gradually repopulated by Poles, many of whom were expelled from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union . Vestiges of the war are still visible in some of Chojna's buildings. The foundation wall of the destroyed town hall was rebuilt for use as
1353-762: The lower leagues. Chojna is a member of the Douzelage , a unique town twinning association of 24 towns across the European Union . This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals. Discussions regarding membership are also in hand with three further towns ( Agros in Cyprus , Škofja Loka in Slovenia , and Tryavna in Bulgaria ). Hohenwutzen Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1394-553: The principalities of Greater Poland and the duchies of Pomerania , the settlement developed quickly. Duke Bogusław I of Pomerania was entombed in the settlement's church after his death in 1187. After 1200 the settlement received Magdeburg town rights from Duke Barnim I the Good . It was referred to as "Konigesberge" for the first time in 1244 and passed to the Bishopric of Brandenburg after Bishop Otto of Brandenburg had acquired part of
1435-712: The region became part of the Czech Crown Lands , ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty . In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków , according to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region, but eventually the Luxembourgs pawned it to the Teutonic Order . The Church of St. Mary and the new town hall (1410) built during this time were some of the most aesthetically pleasing Gothic buildings in
1476-543: The town hall [ pl ] and the Church of St. Mary, both historical buildings by the Gothic architect Hinrich Brunsberg . A monument to Pope John Paul II was unveiled in 2006 next to the St. Mary's church. Detailed data as of 31 December 2021: Chojna is located on The European Route of Brick Gothic . Among the historic landmarks of Chojna are: The local football club is Odra Chojna [ pl ] . It competes in
1517-441: The town hall was burned to the ground by the Soviets on 16 February 1945. 80 percent of the entire town was destroyed. After the German capitulation, under border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference , the town became again part of Poland; the local population was dispossessed and expelled. The town was first renamed as Władysławsko by June 1945. On 21 August 1945 the name was changed to Królewiec nad Odrą ( Królewiec being
1558-434: The town was granted the right to hold a market as well as regional legal jurisdiction, causing it to become the main town of the New March at that time. A parish church existed by 1282, while an Augustinian monastery was founded in 1290. From 1310 to 1329 the town experienced an economic boom linked to the grain trade , and received further market privileges. The town hall was built in 1320. Trade goods were shipped over
1599-417: The town. The German population fled in haste warned about the mass rapes . On 4 February 1945 Kurt Flöter, Königsberg's then mayor, was condemned to death by hanging by an SS court martial chaired by Otto Skorzeny , because he had fled before issuing a general evacuation order by the military. On the same day the Soviet Red Army occupied the town. The entire city centre with the Church of St. Mary and
1640-407: Was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the "Holy Spirit" of Christian theology, the "Lord and Giver of life", visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated – in
1681-445: Was used as a storehouse, before in 1690 it was reopened as a Protestant church. During the Thirty Years' War , the town was occupied at different times by the Imperial troops of Albrecht von Wallenstein and the Swedish troops of King Gustavus Adolphus , in the course of which the town was destroyed by 52%. After the destruction of the Church of St. Mary's tower by a lightning bolt in 1682, reconstruction commenced until 1692. In