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49-428: Chisiza is a Chewa surname. Notable people with the surname include: Du Chisiza (1963–1999), Malawian playwright, director and actor Dunduzu Chisiza (1930–1962), Rhodesian politician Yatuta Chisiza (1926–1967), Malawian politician [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Chisiza . If an internal link intending to refer to

98-513: A Kanuri man. Koelle's major work, Polyglotta Africana (1854), is considered the beginning of the serious study of a large range of African languages by European scholars. In 1849, when Koelle had been in Freetown for just over a year, he was asked to investigate a report that speakers of the Vy, Vei, or Vai language were using a script of their own invention. Koelle made a 7-week trip to Vailand to meet

147-662: A Malawian slave, known by the Swahili name Salimini, who had been captured in Malawi some ten years earlier. Salimini, who came from a place called Mphande apparently in the Lilongwe region, also noted some differences between his own dialect, which he called Kikamtunda , the "language of the plateau", and the Kimaravi dialect spoken further south; for example, the Maravi gave the name mombo to

196-681: A Turkish friend, Ahmed Tewfik, who had helped him translate the Anglican prayer book into Turkish. Koelle was released after a few hours, but Tewfik was imprisoned and sentenced to death. After pressure from the British Government, Tewfik was sent into exile on the island of Chios, and eventually escaped to England, where he was baptized in 1881 into the Anglican church in a ceremony in St Paul's, Onslow Square London, witnessed among others by Koelle's father-in-law, Archdeacon Philpot. However, it seems that he

245-410: A long vacation he had made a similar such list, of just 71 languages, and that in making the present list he had learnt from that experience. Included with a book is a map of Africa showing the approximate location, as far as it could be ascertained, of each language, prepared by the cartographer August Heinrich Petermann . The value of the list is not merely linguistic, since the work not only includes

294-504: A pause in the middle of a sentence the speaker's voice tends to rise up; this rise is referred to as a boundary tone . Other intonational tones are sometimes heard, for example a rising or falling tone at the end of a yes-no question. Chewa nouns are divided for convenience into a number of classes, which are referred to by the Malawians themselves by names such as "Mu-A-", but by Bantu specialists by numbers such as "1/2", corresponding to

343-499: A result, Tumbuka was removed from the school curriculum, the national radio, and the print media. With the advent of multi-party democracy in 1994, Tumbuka programmes were started again on the radio, but the number of books and other publications in Tumbuka remains low. Chewa is the most widely known language of Malawi , spoken mostly in the Central and Southern Regions of that country. It

392-530: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chisiza&oldid=1249810866 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of East African origin Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description All set index articles Chewa language Chewa belongs to

441-448: A word like bambo 'father', even though it is singular, will take plural concords (e.g. bambo a nga akuyenda, ndiku wa ona 'my father is walking, I see him'); they note that to use the singular object-marker -mu- would be 'grossly impolite'. The various prefixes are shown on the table below: There are 17 different noun classes, but because some of them share concords there are in fact only 12 distinct sets of prefixes. In

490-739: Is also spoken in Eastern Province of Zambia , as well as in Mozambique , especially in the provinces of Tete and Niassa . It was one of the 55 languages featured on the Voyager spacecraft . The Chewa were a branch of the Maravi people who lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia and in northern Mozambique as far south as the River Zambezi from the 16th century or earlier. The name "Chewa" (in

539-670: Is no prefix, or where the prefix is ambiguous, the concords (see below) are used as a guide to the noun class. For example, katúndu 'possessions' is put in class 1, since it takes the class 1 demonstrative uyu 'this'. Some nouns belong to one class only, e.g. tomáto 'tomato(es)' (class 1), mowa 'beer' (class 3), malayá 'shirt(s)' (class 6), udzudzú 'mosquito(es)' (class 14), and do not change between singular and plural. Despite this, such words can still be counted if appropriate: tomáto muwíri 'two tomatoes', mowa uwíri 'two beers', malayá amódzi 'one shirt', udzudzú umódzi 'one mosquito'. Class 11 (Lu-)

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588-547: Is not found in Chewa. Words like lumo 'razor' and lusó 'skill' are considered to belong to class 5/6 (Li-Ma-) and take the concords of that class. Infinitive class: Locative classes: Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs have to show agreement with nouns in Chichewa. This is done by means of prefixes, for example: Class 2 (the plural of class 1) is often used for respect when referring to elders. According to Corbett and Mtenje,

637-567: Is not obligatory in Chewa (for example, ndagula means 'I have bought (them)'). If used, it comes immediately before the verb root, and agrees with the object: The object infix of classes 16, 17, and 18 is usually replaced by a suffix: ndaonámo 'I have seen inside it'. The same infix with verbs with the applicative suffix -ira represents the indirect object, e.g. ndamúlembera 'I have written to him'. Numeral concords are used with numbers -módzi 'one', -wíri 'two', -tátu 'three', -náyi 'four', -sanu 'five', and

686-403: Is only one high tone in a word (generally on one of the last three syllables), or none. However, in compound words there can be more than one high tone, for example: A second important use of tone is in the verb. Each tense of the verb has its own characteristic tonal pattern (negative tenses usually have a different pattern from positive ones). For example, the present habitual has high tones on

735-404: Is that they are clusters. The consonant inventory under a cluster analysis is as follows: Consonants in parentheses are marginal or found mainly in loanwords. The lateral is an approximant [l] word-initially and a flap [𝼈] medially. If the more complex syllable onsets are analyzed as single consonants, the inventory is as follows: The spelling used here is that introduced in 1973, which

784-492: Is the one generally in use in the Malawi at the present time, replacing the Chinyanja Orthography Rules of 1931. Notes on the consonants Like most other Bantu languages, Chewa is a tonal language; that is to say, the pitch of the syllables (high or low) plays an important role in it. Tone is used in various ways in the language. First of all, each word has its own tonal pattern, for example: Usually there

833-515: The African slave trade in the 19th century. Of the 210 informants, there were 179 ex-slaves (two of them women), while the rest were mostly traders or sailors. An analysis of the data shows that typically Koelle's informants were middle-aged or elderly men who had been living in Freetown for ten years or more. Three-quarters of the ex-slaves had left their homeland more than ten years earlier, and half of them more than 20 years before; and three-quarters of

882-790: The British protectorate established in West Africa for liberated slaves. Koelle taught at Fourah Bay College , which was founded by the Church Missionary Society in 1827. "He was a Semitic scholar, and started a Hebrew class at Fourah Bay; and very soon African youths, the children of liberated slaves, could be seen reading the Old Testament in the original." While in Sierra Leone he also collected linguistic material from many African languages, some of it from freed slaves such as Ali Eisami ,

931-631: The Malawi or Maravi people ( Maraves ) were those ruled by King Undi south of the Chambwe stream (not far south of the present border between Mozambique and Zambia), while the Chewa lived north of the Chambwe. Another, more extensive, list of 263 words and phrases of the language was made by the German missionary Sigismund Koelle who, working in Sierra Leone in West Africa, interviewed some 160 former slaves and recorded vocabularies in their languages. He published

980-399: The affricate bz , the place of gy is taken by j , and that of sy by sh . Voiced and aspirated consonants, as well as [f] and [s], can also be preceded by a homorganic nasal: It is debated whether these are consonant clusters /NC/, /Cy/ and /Cw/ , or whether Chichewa has prenasalized , palatalized and labialized consonants /ᴺC/, /Cʲ/, /Cʷ/ . The most straightforward analysis

1029-642: The beginning of serious study by Europeans of African languages. Sigismund Koelle was born in Cleebronn in the Württemberg region of southern Germany. In his Württemberg origin he resembles his contemporaries Johann Ludwig Krapf (born 1810) and Johannes Rebmann (born 1820), who also worked as linguists and missionaries for the Church Missionary Society, but in East Africa. Another CMS missionary born in Württemberg

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1078-404: The book was imitated from a well-known work called Asia Polyglotta (1823) by the German scholar Julius Klaproth . In the introduction Koelle tells us that he wanted a selection of words that would be simple enough for each informant to be interviewed on a single day, and for this reason he omitted pronouns, which would have taken much longer to elicit. He adds that a few years earlier during

1127-404: The classes in other Bantu languages . Conventionally, they are grouped into pairs of singular and plural. However, irregular pairings are also possible, especially with loanwords; for example, bánki 'bank', which takes the concords of class 9 in the singular, has a plural mabánki (class 6). When assigning nouns to a particular class, initially the prefix of the noun is used. Where there

1176-596: The examples below, the concords are illustrated mainly with nouns of classes 1 and 2. The shortened forms are more common. Prefixed by a supporting vowel, or by ná 'with' or ndi 'it is', these make the pronouns 'he/she' and 'they': For classes other than classes 1 and 2, a demonstrative is used instead of a freestanding pronoun, for example in class 6 ichi or icho . But forms prefixed by ná- and ndi- such as nácho and ndichó are found. The three pronominal adjectives yénse 'all', yékha 'alone', yémwe 'that same' (or 'who') have

1225-519: The form Chévas ) was first recorded by António Gamitto , who at the age of 26 in 1831 was appointed as second-in-command of an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe in what became Zambia. His route took him through the country of King Undi west of the Dzalanyama mountains, across a corner of present-day Malawi and on into Zambia. Later he wrote an account including some ethnographic and linguistic notes and vocabularies. According to Gamitto,

1274-585: The help of some Malawians. This has recently (2016) been reissued in a revised and slightly modernised version. Another early grammar, concentrating on the Kasungu dialect of the language, was Mark Hanna Watkins ' A Grammar of Chichewa (1937). This book, the first grammar of any African language to be written by an American, was a work of cooperation between a young black PhD student and young student from Nyasaland studying in Chicago, Hastings Kamuzu Banda , who in 1966

1323-509: The informants were over 40 years old. Another interesting facet of the book is the manner in which the informants had been made slaves. Some had been captured in war, some kidnapped, some sold by a relative, others condemned for a debt or sentenced for a crime. Another work researched and written by Koelle in Sierra Leone was the Grammar of the Bornu or Kanuri Language , also published in 1854. Koelle

1372-420: The initial syllable and the penultimate, the other syllables being low: The recent past continuous and present continuous, on the other hand, have a tone on the third syllable: Tones can also indicate whether a verb is being used in a main clause or in a dependent clause such as a relative clause: A third use of tones in Chewa is to show phrasing and sentence intonation . For example, immediately before

1421-572: The inventor of the script, and wrote an account of his journey which was published later that same year. In mid 1850, Koelle spent a few weeks in the Gallinas district of Vailand, and from November 1850 to March 1851 he worked again in the Cape Mount district. By July 1851 he had completed his Vai grammar, and it was published by the Church Missionary Society in 1854. The second great linguistic work carried out by Koelle during his five years in Sierra Leone

1470-400: The penultimate vowel always remains short. The added 'u' or 'i' in borrowed words such as láputopu 'laptop' or íntaneti 'internet' tends to be very short. Vowels are generally lengthened in the penultimate syllable of a prosodic phrase. Chewa consonants can be simple (directly preceding a vowel) or may be followed by w or y : In the orthography, the place of by is taken by

1519-461: The results in a book called Polyglotta Africana in 1854. Among other slaves was one Mateke, who spoke what he calls "Maravi". Mateke's language is clearly an early form of Nyanja, but in a southern dialect. For example, the modern Chichewa phrase zaka ziwiri 'two years' was dzaka dziŵiri in Mateke's speech, whereas for Johannes Rebmann's informant Salimini, who came from the Lilongwe region, it

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1568-473: The same language group ( Guthrie Zone N ) as Tumbuka , Sena and Nsenga . Throughout the history of Malawi, only Chewa and Tumbuka have at one time been the primary dominant national languages used by government officials and in school curricula. However, the Tumbuka language suffered a lot during the rule of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, since in 1968 as a result of his one-nation, one-language policy it lost its status as an official language in Malawi. As

1617-403: The same pronominal concords yé- and (w)ó- , this time as prefixes: In classes 2 and 6, ó- often becomes wó- (e.g. wónse for ónse etc.). The commonly used word álíyensé 'every' is compounded from the verb áli 'who is' and yénse 'all'. Both parts of the word have concords: As with other Bantu languages , all Chewa verbs have a prefix which agrees with

1666-418: The subject of the verb. In modern Chewa, the class 2 prefix (formerly ŵa- ) has become a- , identical with the prefix of class 1: The perfect tense ( wapita 'he/she has gone', apita 'they have gone') has different subject prefixes from the other tenses (see below). The relative pronoun améne 'who' and demonstrative améneyo use the same prefixes as a verb: The use of an object infix

1715-500: The translator P. A. Benton adds in a footnote: "I cannot agree. Koelle seems to me to be extraordinarily accurate." After 1853, Koelle, who had become ill by the end of his stay in Sierra Leone, never returned to West Africa. For a time he continued his linguistic researches, in particular on questions of standard orthography, in connection with the Standard Alphabet which was being discussed in 1854 by Karl Lepsius . In 1855 he

1764-660: The tree which he himself called kamphoni . The first grammar, A Grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja vocabulary , was written by Alexander Riddel in 1880. Further early grammars and vocabularies include A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa by George Henry (1891) and M.E. Woodward's A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa (1895). The whole Bible

1813-404: The villages and the language of city-dwellers. Chewa has five short vowel sounds: a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u; these are written a , e , i , o , u . Long vowels are sometimes found, e.g. áákúlu 'big' (class 2), kufúula 'to shout'. When a word comes at the end of a phrase, its penultimate vowel tends to be lengthened, except for non-Chewa names and words, such as Muthárika or ófesi , in which

1862-592: The words -ngáti? 'how many', -ngápo 'several': Sigismund Koelle Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle or Kölle (July 14, 1820 – February 18, 1902) was a German missionary working on behalf of the London-based Church Missionary Society , at first in Sierra Leone , where he became a pioneer scholar of the languages of Africa , and later in Constantinople ( Istanbul ). He published a major study in 1854, Polyglotta Africana , marking

1911-463: The words themselves, arranged with all the languages spread out on two facing pages for each group of three English words, but Koelle also added a short biography of each informant, with geographical information about their place of origin, and an indication of how many other people they knew in Sierra Leone who spoke the same language. This information, combined with a census of Sierra Leone conducted in 1848, has proved invaluable to historians researching

1960-545: Was bzaka bziŵiri . The same dialect difference survives today in the word dzala or bzala '(to) plant'. Apart from the few words recorded by Gamitto and Koelle, the first extensive record of the Chewa language was made by Johannes Rebmann in his Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language , published in 1877 but written in 1853–4. Rebmann was a missionary living near Mombasa in Kenya, and he obtained his information from

2009-747: Was Karl Gottlieb Pfander (born 1803), who was Koelle's colleague in Constantinople. After training in the Basel Mission , a missionary seminary in Basel , Switzerland, Koelle transferred in 1845 to the Church Missionary Society based in London; after further training in Islington he was ordained by the Bishop of London, Charles Blomfield . From December 1847 to February 1853 he lived and worked in Sierra Leone ,

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2058-459: Was a violent reaction from the Turkish government and several Turkish converts were arrested. Pfander and Weakley were forced to leave Constantinople, while Koelle remained behind for a few more years. When the Church Missionary Society withdrew from the city in 1877, he stayed on there for a time as an independent missionary, until in 1879 he too was forced to depart, after being arrested, together with

2107-480: Was engaged on this at intervals from 1848 to 1853, working for several hours a day with an informant called Ali Eisami Gazirma (also known as William Harding). Eisami also provided the material for another work, African Native Literature , which consists of proverbs, fables, descriptive accounts, and historical fragments in the Kanuri language. Of Koelle's grammar, a later researcher, A. Von Duisburg, wrote: However,

2156-416: Was lacking was the Swahili coast of Kenya and Tanzania , since it seems that slaves from this region were generally taken northwards to Zanzibar and Arabia rather than southward towards America and Brazil. The pronunciations of all the words were carefully noted using an alphabet similar, though not identical, to that devised by Karl Richard Lepsius , which was not yet available at that time. The name of

2205-811: Was sent to Egypt, but remained only a short time; he moved on to Haifa in Palestine in the same year. In 1856 he was awarded the Volney Prize of 1,200 francs by the French Academy of Sciences for his work on the Polyglotta Africana . In 1859 he was posted by the Church Missionary Society to Constantinople ( Istanbul ) to join Karl Gottlieb Pfander , who had gone out the year before. Together with another missionary, R. H. Weakley, he had some success in converting Turks to Christianity. However, in 1864, there

2254-512: Was the Polyglotta Africana . The idea of this was to use the fact that Sierra Leone was a melting pot of ex-slaves from all over Africa to compile a list of 280 basic words (a sort of early Swadesh list ) in some 160 languages and dialects. These were then grouped as far as possible in families. Most of the informants who contributed to this work came from West Africa, but there were also others from as far away as Mozambique . One area that

2303-461: Was to become the first President of the Republic of Malawi. This grammar is also remarkable in that it was the first to mark the tones of the words. Modern monographs on aspects of Chichewa grammar include Mtenje (1986), Kanerva (1990), Mchombo (2004) and Downing & Mtenje (2017). In recent years the language has changed considerably, and a dichotomy has grown between the traditional Chichewa of

2352-588: Was translated into the Likoma Island dialect of Nyanja by William Percival Johnson and published as Chikalakala choyera: ndicho Malangano ya Kale ndi Malangano ya Chapano in 1912. Another Bible translation, known as the Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu , was made in a more standard Central Region dialect about 1900–1922 by missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland with

2401-472: Was unhappy with his new life and after being sent to Egypt in 1883 he eventually voluntarily gave himself up again to his captors in Chios. Sigismund Koelle died in London in 1902. After returning from Africa, Koelle married Charlotte Elizabeth Philpot (1826–1919), the daughter of an English archdeacon. They had seven children. One of them, Constantine Philpot Koelle, born in Constantinople in 1862, later became

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