Misplaced Pages

#969030

78-526: The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territory's British colonial period. Protectorates were established in each area of the Settlements, namely Singapore , Penang and Malacca . Each was headed by a Protector . The institution was established in 1877 to handle all matters related to

156-1011: A language isolate ( Nihali ). Each state and union territory of India has one or more official languages, and the Constitution of India recognizes in particular 22 " scheduled languages ". It also recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. Most of its states are based on a linguistic ethnicity, including Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , and Chhattisgarh ( Hindustanis ), Gujarat ( Gujaratis ), West Bengal ( Bengalis ), Maharashtra ( Marathis ), Odisha ( Odias ), Goa ( Konkanis ), Haryana ( Haryanvis ), Rajasthan ( Rajasthanis ), Punjab ( Punjabis ), Tamil Nadu ( Tamils ), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ( Telugus ), Karnataka ( Kannada ), Kerala ( Malayalis ), Assam ( Assamese ), Nagaland ( Nagas ), Manipur ( Manipuris ), Mizoram ( Mizos ), Meghalaya ( Khasi ), Tripura ( Tripuri ), and Sikkim ( Sikkimese ). Jammu and Kashmir

234-518: A plurinational state , which recognizes the national distinctiveness of various indigenous peoples . Whether Canada should be described as "multinational" is an ongoing topic in academia and popular discourse. The current policy of the federal government is that Canada is bilingual —English and French are both official languages —and multicultural . In 2006, the House of Commons of Canada voted in favour of Government Business No. 11 , which states that

312-630: A "national hero" during the Republic of China Period . Since the collapse of socialism, Mongolia has clearly positioned Genghis Khan as the father of the Mongolian nation. Some Chinese scholars rejections of that position involve tactics such as pointing out that more ethnic Mongols live within China than Mongolia and that the modern-day state of Mongolia acquired its independence from the Republic of China which claimed

390-554: A Manchu language memorial. The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-Han like the Mongols and Tibetans, together with the "inner" Han Chinese, into "one family" united in the Qing state, showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family, the Qing used the phrase Zhongwai yijia ( 中外一家 ) or neiwai yijia ( 內外一家 ; 'interior and exterior as one family'), to convey

468-536: A different nationality—for example, some members of the Ndebele and Tswana nations speak Zulu, and groups such as the Thembu and Hlubi speak Xhosa. As is the case throughout Africa, the nations of South Africa mostly correspond to specific regions. However, large cities such as Johannesburg are home to a mixture of national groups, leading to a " melting pot " of cultures. The government has continuously attempted to unify

546-576: A highly diverse set of ethnic and social groups as well as to mobilize the support of overseas Chinese in developing China. The term is included in article 22 of the Regulations on United Front Work of the Chinese Communist Party : "...promote national unity and progress, and enhance the identification of the masses of all ethnic groups with the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture,

624-667: A minority . According to the United Nations , Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states , mainly Ukrainians . The republics are Tatarstan ( Volga Tatars ), Bashkortostan ( Bashkirs , Volga Tatars ), Chuvashia ( Chuvash ), Adygea ( Adyghe ), Karachay-Cherkessia ( Cherkess of Karachay-Cherkessia , Karachays , Nogais , Abaza ), Kabardino-Balkaria ( Kabardins & Balkars ), Chechnya ( Chechens ), Mordovia ( Mordvin ), Udmurtia ( Udmurts ), Mari El ( Mari ), Kalmykia ( Kalmyks ),

702-671: A shift away from a multinational communist people's statehood of China to one multi-ethnic Chinese nation state with one single Chinese national identity . An older proto-nationalist term throughout Chinese history would be Huaxia , but the immediate roots of the Zhonghua minzu lie in the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today Northeast China . The Qing Emperors sought to portray themselves as ideal Confucian rulers for

780-981: Is Jewish autonomous oblast ( Jews , but there are a few of them, because of migration to Israel after dissolution of the Soviet Union ), 6 administrative-territorial units with a special status , which are Agin-Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Zabaykalsky Krai , Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Irkutsk Oblast , Koryak Okrug ( Koryaks ) in Kamchatka Krai , Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ( Dolgans , Nenets , Enets , Nganasans ) and Evenkiysky District ( Evenki ) in Krasnoyarsky Krai , Komi-Permyak Okrug ( Komi ) in Perm Krai . The Tatars, Bashkirs, and Chechens are three predominantly Muslim minorities in

858-551: Is no ethnic majority in Ghana . The plurality group, the Akan people , are a meta-ethnicity (that is, a collection of similar but distinct ethnicities). While Akan is the most-widely spoken language in Ghana, English is the official language of government. Kenya is home to more than 70 ethnic groups; the most populous of which are the Kikuyu , at about 20 percent of the population. Together,

SECTION 10

#1732852834970

936-1079: Is a multinational state consisting of 56 ethnic groups with the Han people the largest ethnic group in mainland China. As of 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas. The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongolian (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million) and Dai (1.2 million). At least 126,000 people from Canada ,

1014-561: Is a multinational state, and is home to over 193 ethnic groups. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians , and 19% of the population were minorities; while around 84.93% of the Russia's population was of European descent , of which the vast majority were Slavs as well as minorities of Germanic , Baltic-Finns and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist

1092-516: Is only in Nigeria that they are classified as a single ethnic group for political expediency. Nigeria is also made up of many other ethnic groups like the Yoruba , Igbo and Ibibio . Prior to colonialism, they were not self identified as one ethnic nationality but are so today along with the three Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo which classification does carry between each group of who is part of and not part of

1170-449: Is part of Zhonghua minzu [the Chinese nation] and has been of one family for centuries" ( 外蒙同為中華民族，數百年來儼如一家 ). Sun Yat-sen further elaborated the concept, as expressed, for example, in a 1920 speech: 有人說，清室推翻以後，民族主義可以不要。這話實在錯了。…現在說五族共和，我們國內何止五族呢？我的意思，應該把我們中國所有各民族融化成一個中華民族。…並且要把中華民族造成很文明的民族，然後民族主義乃為完了。 Some people say, after the overthrow of the Qing, we will have no further need of nationalism. Those words are certainly wrong... At

1248-477: Is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for

1326-536: Is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule). Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of East Bengal (which had been part of the administrative unit of East Pakistan ) and the creation of Bangladesh. Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of

1404-538: Is the only union territory in the country based on this which is home to the Kashmiris , Dogras , Ladakhis , Gujjars , Bakarwals , Paharis , Dards , Hanjis , and several other people groups. Furthermore, several other Indian states are themselves ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. The tribes of Uttar Pradesh are Agarias , Baigas , Bhars , Cheros , Gonds , Kolis , Korwas , Tharus , Bhoksas , Bhotiyas , Jaunsaris , and Rajis ; Madhya Pradesh

1482-653: Is the primary official and national language, followed by English . In Sabah and Sarawak, English is the official language, although many locals speak a dialect of Malay. Myanmar (also known as Burma) is an ethnically diverse nation with 135 distinct ethnic groups officially recognized by the Burmese Government . These are grouped into eight "major national ethnic races": Bamar , Chin , Kachin , Karen , Kayah , Mon , Rakhine , Shan The "major national ethnic races" are grouped primarily according to region rather than linguistic or ethnic affiliation, as for example

1560-535: Is where tribes such as the Gonds, Bhils , Baiga, Korku , Bhadia , Halba , Kaul , Mariya , Malto and Sahariya ; Chhattisgarh 's tribal population consists mainly of the Gonds, Kanwars , Brinjhwasr , Bhaina , Bhatra , Uraon , Oraons , Kamar , Halba, Baiga, Sanwras , Korwas , Bhariatis , Nageshias , Manghwars , Kharias , and Dhanwars ; Bihar has the Bhojpuris , Maithils , and Magadhis , and Jharkhand has

1638-682: The Central Thais , Isan , and Northern Thais , 22 Austroasiatic peoples, with significant populations of Northern Khmer and Kuy , 11 Sino-Tibetan -speaking hill tribes , 3 Austronesian peoples being Malays , Moken , and Urak Lawoi . Immigrants in the nation includes communities like the Chinese , Indians , and Thai Portuguese . However, the Royal Thai Government officially recognizes only 62 of these ethnolinguistic groups. The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups , of which

SECTION 20

#1732852834970

1716-504: The Han Chinese , Bogda Khans for the Mongols , and Chakravartin kings for Tibetan Buddhists . Dulimbai gurun ( ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ) is the Manchu name for China. It has the same meaning as the Chinese name Zhongguo ( 中國 ; 'Middle kingdom'). The Qing identified their state as "China" (Zhongguo), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu. The Qing equated the lands of

1794-492: The Han Chinese . It was then expanded to include the Five Races Under One Union , based on the ethnic categories of the Qing. The concept of Zhonghua minzu was first publicly espoused by President Yuan Shikai in 1912, shortly after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the founding of the Republic of China . Facing the imminent independence of Outer Mongolia from China, Yuan Shikai stated, "Outer Mongolia

1872-536: The Javanese , Sundanese , Malays , Madurese , Bugis , Torajans , Bataks , Mandarese , Minangkabos , Betawi , Banjarese , Acehnese , Balinese , Dayaks , Sasaks , Cirebonese , Lampungese , Palembang , Gorontaloa , Minahasan , Nias , and Makassarese . Another group of indigenous peoples in the country are the native Melanesians in the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea , which include tribes such as

1950-725: The Kinnauris , Gujjars , Lahaulis , Gaddis , Swanglas , Pangwalis , Khampas , and others; Arunachal Pradesh being the home of various tribes like the Abor , Hruso , Apatanis , Nyishis , Tagins , Galos , Khamptis , Mishmis , Monpa , any Naga tribes, Sherdukpens , and Singpho ; the Assam includes the Assamese, Bodo , and Karbi peoples . Indonesia is a very diverse country with over 1,300 ethnic groups. The vast majority of them speak Austronesian languages and among these tribal people groups are

2028-880: The Komi Republic ( Komi ), Karelia ( Karelians , ethnic Finns , Vepsians ), Ingushetia ( Ingushs ), North Ossetia-Alania ( Ossetians ), Sakha ( Yakuts , Evenki , Evens , Dolgans , Yukaghir ), Buryatia ( Buryats ), Khakassia ( Khakas ), the Altai Republic ( Altai , ethnic Kazakhs ), Tuva ( Tuvans ), and Dagestan (ethnic Azerbaijanis , Chechens , Avars , Dargins , Kumyks , Lezgins , Laks , Tabasarans , Nogais , Aguls , Rutuls , Tsakhurs , Tats and others). There are also 4 autonomous okrugs which are Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ( Khanty & Mansi ), Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets ), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets , Selkup ), and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ( Chukchi ), 1 autonomous oblast , it

2106-535: The Manchus , Mongols , Hui , and Tibetans , under the notion of a republic of five races ( Wǔzú gònghé ). Conversely, Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT) envisioned it as a unified composite of Han and non-Han people. It is slightly different from the word Hanzu ( Chinese : 漢族 ; pinyin : Hànzú ; Wade–Giles : Han -tsu ), a word is only used to refer to the Han Chinese . Zhonghua minzu

2184-715: The Pakistan Movement , which demanded a separate state for the Muslims of the British Raj . The movement was based on the two-nation theory put forward by Muhammad Ali Jinnah : the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of Indian independence , they should be divided into two nation states. Jinnah (known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam", meaning "the great leader") outlined

2262-704: The Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Aimaqs , Turkmens , Balochs , and Sadats . Among the minor groups are the Pashayis , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Kurds , Kyrgyz , and several others. The four major groups that compose Bhutan's ethnic population are the Ngalops , which make up the majority, the Sharchops , the Lhotshampas , and the aboriginal or indigenous tribal peoples living in villages and communities scattered throughout

2340-584: The Québécois "form a nation within a united Canada". According to Canadian political philosopher Charles Blattberg, Canada should be seen as a multinational country. All Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of

2418-656: The Santhals , Oraons , Mundas , Kharias , and Hos while both states are home to several other groups like the Hindustani -speaking peoples; Uttarakhand is where the Garhwalis , Kumaonis , and tribes like the Jaunsaris, Bhotiyas, Tharus, Bhoksas, Rajis, and Banrawats resides; Karnataka houses the Kannadigas , Tuluvas , and several others; Himachal Pradesh is home to tribes like

Chinese Protectorate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-477: The Sindhis , Pashtuns , Balochs , Mohajirs , and Kashmiris . The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a federation , to the recognition of language rights for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession. Despite

2574-641: The Soviet Union , Yugoslavia and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one. Many attempts have been made to define what a multinational state is. One complicating factor is that it is possible for members of a group that could be considered a nation to identify with two different nationalities simultaneously. As Ilan Peleg wrote in Democratizing

2652-584: The US and Europe are living in Mainland China. In addition, there are also unrecognized ethnic groups , for example: Chuanqing people (穿青人), and others, who account for over 730,000 people. However, the Republic of China (ROC), which ruled mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs the island of Taiwan since 1945, had recognized five main ethnic groups under Five Races Under One Union : Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol and Tibetan. Since retreating to Taiwan,

2730-469: The kongsi ) - many of which were secret societies or bodies of organized crime - register with the government. The institution also encouraged the Chinese to seek the government’s help instead of going to the secret societies, thus weakening the latter's influence among the Chinese. The protectorate also aimed to protect women and young girls, who were tricked into prostitution in brothels that were manned by secret societies, and remove all girls there under

2808-417: The 'Chinese language' ( Dulimbai gurun i bithe ) referred to Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term Zhongguo zhi ren ( 中國之人 ; ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma 'Chinese people') referred to all Han, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing. When the Qing conquered Dzungaria in 1759 , they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into China ( Dulimbai gurun ) in

2886-540: The 180 sovereign states then in existence were ethnically and nationally homogeneous, if a homogeneous state was defined as one in which minorities made up less than 5 percent of the population. Sujit Choudhry therefore argues that "[t]he age of the agriculturally homogeneous state, if ever there was one, is over". Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are former colonies and, as such, are not drawn along national lines, making them truly multinational states. There

2964-666: The Ambonese, native Timorese peoples , Biak, Dani , Moi, Arfak, Amungme, Asmat , and Korowai , among others. Non-indigenous peoples includes Indos (half-Dutch, half-native Indonesians), Mardijkers , ethnic Chinese and Peranakans , ethnic Indians , Arabs , Iranians , Japanese , Koreans , and several others. The largest ethnicity in Indonesia is the Javanese which makes up 40% of the population and most of them live indigenously in Java island ,

3042-629: The Chinese Protectorate freed up the labour market and firms (mainly British-run) seeking to hire Chinese workers, who no longer had to go through coolie brokers and secret societies. As a result of this improvement in conditions, the number of Chinese arrivals increased dramatically from the 1880s onwards. Likewise, agents of the Chinese Protectorate often visited domestic servants. Those found to be subjected to especially inhumane conditions were sent to Singapore's Home for Girls . The Protectorate sought to have all Chinese social societies (including

3120-521: The Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics." Zhonghua minzu is also one of the five identifications . In Taiwan . it has been invoked by President Ma as a unifying concept that includes the people of both Taiwan and mainland China without a possible interpretation that Taiwan is part the People's Republic of China, whereas terms such as "Chinese people" can be, given that

3198-787: The Hegemonic State : One can be a Scot and a Brit in the United Kingdom, a Jew and an American in the United States, an Igbo and a Nigerian in Nigeria ... One might find it hard to be a Slovak and a Hungarian, an Arab and an Israeli, a Breton and a Frenchman. A state may also be a society , and a multiethnic society has people belonging to more than one ethnic group, in contrast to societies that are ethnically homogeneous . By some definitions of "society" and "homogeneous", virtually all contemporary national societies are multiethnic. The scholar David Welsh argued in 1993 that fewer than 20 of

Chinese Protectorate - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-529: The PRC is a unitary state composed of 56 ethnic groups , of which the Han are by far the largest. The concept of Zhonghua minzu is seen as an all-encompassing category consisting of people within the borders of the PRC. This term has continued to be invoked and remains a powerful concept in China into the 21st century. In mainland China, it continues to hold use as the leaders of China need to unify into one political entity

3354-553: The PRC is commonly known as "China". The adoption of the Zhonghua minzu concept may give rise to the reinterpretation of Chinese history. For example, the Qing dynasty was originally sometimes characterized as a conquest dynasty or non-Han regime. Following the adoption of the Zhonghua minzu ideology, which regards the Manchus as a member of the Zhonghua minzu , dynasties founded by ethnic minorities are no longer stigmatized. The concept of Zhonghua minzu nevertheless also leads to

3432-466: The Qing monarch; with the abdication of the Qing, they owed no allegiance to the new Chinese state. This was rejected by the Republic of China and subsequently the People's Republic of China . This development in Chinese thinking was mirrored in the expansion of the meaning of the term Zhonghua minzu . Originally coined by the late Qing philologist Liang Qichao , Zhonghua minzu initially referred only to

3510-408: The Qing state, including present day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas, proclaiming that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of China, using "China" to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and

3588-608: The ROC government recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines , which constitutes a number 569,000 or 2.38% of the island 's population. The PRC classifies them as Gāoshān . India has more than 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups which includes over 645 indigenous tribes with 52 major tribes among them, and over 80,000 subcultures, and every major religion is represented being Hinduism , Islam , Adivasi , Sikhism , Buddhism , and Christianity as are four major language families ( Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Austroasiatic , and Sino-Tibetan ) and

3666-735: The Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" ( dulimba-i gurun ) were like the Torghut Mongols, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus. Before the rise of nationalism people were generally loyal to the city-state , the feudal fief and its lord or, in the case of China, to a dynastic state. While Qing rulers adopted the Han Chinese imperial model and considered their state as Zhongguo ( Chinese : 中國 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ; Wade–Giles : Chung -kuo ,

3744-705: The Shan Major National Ethnic Race includes 33 ethnic groups speaking languages in at least four widely differing language families. Many unrecognized ethnic groups exist, the largest being the Burmese Chinese and Panthay (who together form 3% of the population), Burmese Indians (who form 2% of the population), Rohingya , Anglo-Burmese and Gurkha . Nepal is a multi-ethnic country with over 100 ethnic groups. Most ethnic groups fall into one of two categories and either speak Indo-Aryan languages or Sino-Tibetan languages . The official language of

3822-623: The Straits Settlements' Chinese residents. In particular, it sought to mitigate the human rights violations of the coolie trade, which had expanded to notorious levels by the 1850s in the region. Perhaps the most significant goal of the British colonial administration in the founding of the entity was to regulate and humanize the coolie trade and lessen the misery of the coolies, who were subject to merciless exploitation. First, coolie agents were required to register with Protectorate. Policing by

3900-642: The Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 85.32% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining percent. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country). The central highland peoples commonly termed Degar or Montagnards ( mountain people ) consist of two main ethnolinguistic types-- Malayo-Polynesian and Mon–Khmer . About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over

3978-486: The age of 16 for immoral practices. Chinese race Zhonghua minzu ( Chinese : 中華民族 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá mínzú ; Wade–Giles : Chung -hua min -tsu ) is a political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building , ethnicity , and race in the Chinese nationality . Zhonghua minzu was established during the early Beiyang (1912–1927) periods to include Han people and four major non-Han ethnic groups :

SECTION 50

#1732852834970

4056-559: The country is Nepali , earlier known as Gorkhali in the Kingdom of Nepal , which is part of the Indo-Aryan group and is the spoken by majority of the population. The Indo-Aryan languages languages are spoken by Madhesi people ( Maithili , Bhojpuri , Awadhi ) and Tharu ethnic groups which constitutes majority of the speakers in southern Nepal in the Terai region. The people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages includes Tamang , Newari , Magar , Gurung , Kiranti and Sherpa ethnic groups in central and northern Nepal. Much of

4134-447: The country's various nationalities and to foster a South African identity. Many of the nationalities found in South Africa are also found in bordering countries, and in some cases, more members live in South Africa than in the country where the group originated. For example, there are more Sotho , Tswana, and Swazi people living in South Africa than in the bordering nation states of Lesotho , Botswana , and Eswatini , respectively. In

4212-446: The country. Russia is also home to small Buddhist populations, such as the nomadic Buryats in Buryatia, and the Kalmyks; native to Kalmykia, the only Buddhist region in Europe. There are also the Shamanistic peoples of Siberia and the Far North ; the Finno-Ugric peoples of Northwest Russia and the Volga region ; the Korean inhabitants of Sakhalin ; and the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus . Russia's official language

4290-452: The country. There are also Tibetan refugees that have been around since 1959 during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion . While the ethnic Khmer make up 90-94% of Cambodia , others consists of four different major minority groups: the Chams , the indigenous highland Khmer Loeu tribes, the ethnic Chinese , and the ethnic Vietnamese , in addition to other smaller minority groups such as the Khmer Krom . The People's Republic of China (PRC)

4368-490: The establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of cultural imperialism that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples. The most successful of these movements was Bengali nationalism , which led to the creation of the Bengali -speaking nation-state of Bangladesh . The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair advantage to Muhajirs (most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue) and Punjabis (whose mother tongue, Punjabi ,

4446-437: The ethnic Lao who make up the majority in the country, 32 Mon-Khmer peoples, 7 Tibeto-Burmese peoples, and 2 Hmong - Loumien peoples. They are generally spread across the nation each with their own distinct traditions, cultures and languages. When it was formed on 16 September 1963, Malaysia comprised four independent, self-governing nations: Malaya , Singapore , Sabah , and Sarawak . In 1965, Singapore seceded from

4524-552: The ethnic groups migrated from neighbouring countries over the centuries from India and Tibet . Pakistan 's population comprises various ethnolinguistic groups; the major groups are the Punjabis , Pashtuns , Sindhis , Saraikis , Balochs , Brahuis , Paharis , and Muhajirs . Minor groups includes the Kashmiris , Chitralis , Shina , Baltis , Kohistanis , Torwalis , Hazaras , Burusho , Wakhis , Kalash , Siddis , Uzbeks , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Hazarewals and several other minorities. Present-day Pakistan arose out of

4602-413: The ethnic nation-state would result in the loss of large parts of imperial territory, Chinese nationalists discarded this concept. The abdication of the Qing emperor inevitably led to controversy about the status of territories in Tibet and Mongolia. While the emperor formally bequeathed all the Qing territories to the new republic, it was the position of Mongols and Tibetans that their allegiance had been to

4680-401: The fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small Punjabi movement that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and supports the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with East Punjab in India. The Philippines has more than 182 distinct ethnolinguistic groups that

4758-464: The federation. Today, Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak each have their own ethnic majority. Generally, however, Malaysia is considered to have three major groups: Bumiputeras ( Malays , Orang Asal , and Peranakans ), ethnic Chinese , and ethnic Indians . While the Malays make up the majority of population in the country, the Ibans for Sarawak and the Kadazan-Dusun , Murut , and Sama-Bajau peoples for Sabah are dominant in their respective states. Malay

SECTION 60

#1732852834970

4836-403: The five largest groups—the Kikuyu, Luo , Luhya , Kamba , and Kalenjin —account for 70 percent of Kenyans. The largest nation in Nigeria is the Hausa-Fulani , which accounts for 29 percent of the country's population. However, the group actually encompasses two distinct ethnicities: the Hausa and the Fulani (or Fulbe). While both ethnicities are found in large areas of West Africa , it

4914-431: The government of such a state." This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the partition of India . Urdu was then promoted as the national language of all South Asian Muslims . However, Pakistan remains ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest ethnolinguistic group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak

4992-680: The group aside from them Nigeria as about 250–500 other ethnic nationalities considered minorities with some large enough to control the outcomes of elections in states such as the Igala and Urhobo. While some are so small that they only show up in one local Government area. Present-day South Africa is the successor state to the Union of South Africa , which was formed from four British colonies in 1910. South Africa has eleven official languages ( Afrikaans , English, Ndebele , Pedi , Sotho , Swazi , Tsonga , Tswana , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu ) and formally recognizes several other languages spoken by minority nations. Speakers of each language may be of

5070-431: The highland territory. Other minority groups include the Chams —remnants of the once-mighty Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese through a progress called " Nam Tiến ", Hmong , Chinese , and Thái . Montenegro is the only European state with no ethnic majority, but many others have ethnic minorities that form a majority within a province or region (see multilingual countries and regions of Europe ). Russia

5148-423: The idea of a unification of the different peoples. A Manchu language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing as "people of the central kingdom ( Dulimbai gurun )". In the Manchu official Tulisen 's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut Mongol leader Ayuka Khan , it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike

5226-438: The legal right to inherit all Qing territories, including Mongolia, through the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor . There is also controversy between China and the Korean Peninsula regarding the historical status of Goguryeo . Multinational state Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire , British India , Qing Empire , Czechoslovakia ,

5304-474: The most populous island in the country. Generally, people who live outside of Jakarta still retain the ethnic language and utilize it in daily conversations. As a result, formation of distinct dialects each unique to the regions, is prominently used among the population. The government of Laos recognizes over 160 ethnic groups with 49 main ethnicities. These main Laotian ethnic groups separated into 4 linguistic groups which are 8 Lao-Tai peoples which includes

5382-478: The national language, Urdu, as their mother tongue . As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation theory have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation. Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that

5460-419: The other kinds. He thus recognizes the following nations within Canada: those formed by the various First Nations , that of francophone Quebecers, that of the anglophones who identify with English Canadian culture , and perhaps that of the Acadians . While Pashto and Dari being Afghanistan 's two official languages, the nation is separated into several ethnolinguistic groups which the major ones include

5538-456: The past, this has led to conflict. Lesotho still claims large swathes of South Africa, and attempts have been made to cede some South African territory to Botswana and Eswatini. All three states were intended to be incorporated in the Union of South Africa, but those plans never came to fruition because of power struggles within their apartheid governments. Since 2010, under the presidency of Evo Morales , Bolivia has been officially defined as

5616-460: The present we speak of unifying the 'five nationalities', yet surely our country has far more than five nationalities? My stand is that we should unite all the peoples of China into one Chinese nation ( Zhonghua minzu ) ...furthermore, develop that nation into an advanced, civilized nation; only then will nationalism be finished. After the founding of the PRC, the concept of Zhonghua minzu became influenced by Soviet nationalities policy . Officially,

5694-457: The reassessment of the role of many traditional hero figures. Heroes such as Yue Fei and Zheng Chenggong , who were originally often considered to have fought for China against barbarian incursions, have been re-characterized by some as minzu yingxiong ('ethnic heroes') who fought not against barbarians but against other members of the Zhonghua minzu —the Jurchens and Manchus respectively. At

5772-400: The same time, China exemplified heroes such as Genghis Khan , who became a national hero as a member of the Zhonghua minzu . The concept of the Zhonghua minzu has sometimes resulted in friction with neighboring countries such as Mongolia , North Korea and South Korea , who claim regional historical peoples and states. For instance, Mongolia has questioned the concept of Genghis Khan as

5850-509: The term for China in Standard Chinese ), and the name "China" was commonly used in international communications and treaties such as the Treaty of Nanking , some Han nationalists such as Sun Yat-sen initially described the Manchus as "foreign invaders" to be expelled, and planned to establish a Han nation-state modelled closely after Germany and Japan. Fearing that this restrictive view of

5928-838: The theory as follows: It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It

6006-799: The vast majority of them speaking Austronesian languages , with the Tagalogs , Bisayans , Ilocanos , Bikols , Kapampangans , Pangasinans , Ivatans , Romblomanons , Masbateños , Kamayos , Moros , Igorots , Lumads , Mangyans , and Zamboangueños being the most prevalent. Among the immigrants and mixed peoples are the Spanish Filipinos , Chinese Filipinos , Japanese Filipinos , Mestizo de Españols , Mestizo de Sangleys , Tornatrás , Indian Filipinos , Sangils , Jewish Filipinos , and American Filipinos . There are some 70 ethnic groups in Thailand which make up 24 ethnolinguistically Tai peoples such as

6084-466: Was initially rejected in the People's Republic of China (PRC) but resurrected after the death of Mao Zedong to include Han Chinese alongside 55 other ethnic groups as a collective Chinese family. Since the late 1980s, the most fundamental change of the PRC's nationalities and minorities policies is the renaming from Zhongguo renmin ( 中国人民 ; 'the Chinese people') to Zhonghua minzu ( 中华民族 ; 'the Chinese nation'), signalling

#969030