Misplaced Pages

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63-616: The format is a derivative of the HD DVD , a medium created by the DVD Forum designed to succeed regular DVDs . Although HD DVD was scrapped as a result of losing the format war to Blu-ray , CBHDs continued to be produced and marketed, though only in China. Originally called CH-DVD, CBHD was developed by a joint venture between the DVD Forum and OMNERC. Development began in 2005, and an early prototype

126-523: A Processing Key was found that could be used to decrypt all HD content that had been released at the time. The processing key was widely published on the Internet after it was found and the AACS LA sent multiple DMCA takedown notices with the aim of censoring it. This caused trouble on some sites that rely on user-submitted content, like Digg and Misplaced Pages , when administrators tried to remove any mentions of

189-399: A blue laser with a shorter wavelength (with the exception of the 3× DVD and HD REC variants), and it stored about 3.2 times as much data per layer as its predecessor (maximum capacity: 15 GB per layer compared to 4.7 GB per layer on a DVD). The format was commercially released in 2006 and fought a protracted format war with rival Blu-ray . On February 19, 2008, Toshiba abandoned

252-438: A .wav or .aiff file) has long been a standard across multiple platforms, but its transmission over networks is slow and expensive compared with more modern compressed formats, such as Opus and MP3. Many multimedia data streams contain both audio and video , and often some metadata that permits synchronization of audio and video. Each of these three streams may be handled by different programs, processes, or hardware; but for

315-516: A 1080-line format, with companion supplements in 480i or 480p . The vast majority of releases were encoded with VC-1, and most of the remaining titles encoded with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC . If a publisher wishes to restrict use of its HD DVD content, it may use the Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) although this is not required for normal disc playback. AACS is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management . It

378-685: A Blu-ray writer that also read HD DVD discs (but could not write to them). HD DVD competed primarily with Blu-ray Disc. Both formats were designed as successors to DVD , capable of higher quality video and audio playback, and of greater capacity when used to store video, audio, and computer data. Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD share most of the same methods of encoding media onto discs with each other, resulting in equivalent levels of audio and visual quality, but differ in other aspects such as interactive capabilities, internet integration, usage control and enforcement, and in which features were mandatory for players. The storage size also varies: A dual-layer HD DVD holds

441-576: A Chinese system called CETC . Like HD DVD, CBHD discs have a capacity of 15 GB single-layer and 30GB dual-layer and can utilize existing DVD production lines. In early March 2009, Warner Bros. announced they would be supporting the CBHD format, launching with titles including the Harry Potter series and Blood Diamond , with discs selling for between 50 and 70 yuan (roughly $ 7.25 to $ 10.15). According to an August 2009 television story by TV-Tokyo , CBHD

504-757: A compromise between the Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft by demanding that Blu-ray Disc use Microsoft's HDi instead of BD-J and threatening to support HD DVD instead. The Blu-ray Disc Association did not agree to HP's demands. On March 31, 2006, Toshiba released their first consumer-based HD DVD player in Japan at ¥ 110,000 (US$ 934). HD DVD was released in the United States on April 18, 2006, with players priced at $ 499 and $ 799. The first HD DVD titles were released on April 18, 2006. They were The Last Samurai , Million Dollar Baby , and The Phantom of

567-499: A day each due to both limited quantities and high demand at that price point. In the same month, the HD DVD promotion group announced that 750,000 HD DVD players had been sold, which included stand-alone players and the Xbox 360 add-on. In January 2008 Toshiba announced that close to one million dedicated HD DVD players had been sold. As of June 24, 2008, 475 HD DVD titles had been released in

630-520: A desktop/laptop personal computer (PC) running Windows XP , Windows Vista , Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard", and many varieties of Linux . Third-party player software for Windows and Linux have successfully played HD DVD titles using the add-on drive. Released at the end of November 2006, the Microsoft HD DVD drive for the Xbox 360 game-console gives the Xbox 360 the ability to play HD DVD movies. The drive

693-456: A lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction. Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue together with Philips, a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE) and later on with Pioneer a format of read only discs (BD-ROM). The two formats share several technologies (such as the AV codecs and

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756-531: A lower bit rate. There are thousands of audio and video codecs, ranging in cost from free to hundreds of dollars or more. This variety of codecs can create compatibility and obsolescence issues. The impact is lessened for older formats, for which free or nearly-free codecs have existed for a long time. The older formats are often ill-suited to modern applications, however, such as playback on small portable devices. For example, raw uncompressed PCM audio (44.1 kHz, 16-bit stereo, as represented on an audio CD or in

819-462: A maximum of 30 GB of data, while a dual-layer Blu-ray Disc carries 50 GB. Even after finalizing the HD DVD standard, engineers continued developing the technology. A 51 GB triple-layer spec was approved at the DVD Forums 40th Steering Committee Meeting (held on November 15, 2007). No movies had been scheduled for this disc type, and Toshiba had declined to say whether the 51 GB disc

882-401: A new copy protection system, DKAA , as an alternative to HD DVD's and Blu-ray's AACS . CBHD's developers claim the format contains more copy protection features and is part of a big push by China to fight piracy in addition to reducing their reliance upon foreign patents with their associated royalty payments . CBHD also eschews HD DVD's Advanced Content navigation system in favor of

945-431: A product based on the chip. HD DVD-R is the writable disc variant of HD DVD, available with a single-layer capacity of 15 GB or a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB. Write speeds depend on drive speed, with a data rate of 36.55 Mbit/s (4.36 MB/s) and a recording time of 56 minutes for 1× media, and 73 Mbit/s (8.71 MB/s) and a recording time of 28 minutes for 2×. The Toshiba SD-L902A for notebooks

1008-450: A protective caddy to avoid mis-handling by the consumer (early CD-Rs also featured a protective caddy for the same purpose.) The Blu-ray Disc prototype's caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs. In spite of this decision,

1071-443: A scripting environment (BDMV) or a Java-based platform ( BD-J ). DVD video discs use pre-rendered MPEG segments, selectable subtitle pictures, and simple programmatic navigation which is considerably more limited. Backward compatibility is available with all HD DVD players, allowing users to have a single player to play all types of HD DVD, DVD and CD. There is also a hybrid HD DVD format which contains both DVD and HD DVD versions of

1134-447: Is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream, and hence is a type of codec. Endec is a portmanteau of encoder/decoder . A coder or encoder encodes a data stream or a signal for transmission or storage, possibly in encrypted form, and the decoder function reverses the encoding for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing , streaming media , and video editing applications. In

1197-470: Is also notable as New Line Cinema 's only film to be released on HD DVD, as the studio quickly shifted to Blu-ray. Death Proof was released on HD DVD format as a special-release steelbook by Senator Films in Germany on December 15, 2008. On April 3, 2010, Engadget reported that Anthem Films would release the film Deadlands 2: Trapped on HD DVD in a limited run of 500 copies. This eventually happened in

1260-409: Is being compressed and uses it as a disguise. This disguise appears as a codec download through a pop-up alert or ad. When a user goes to click or download that codec, the malware is then installed on the computer. Once a fake codec is installed it is often used to access private data, corrupt an entire computer system or to keep spreading the malware. One of the previous most used ways to spread malware

1323-461: Is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney , Intel , Microsoft, Panasonic , Warner Bros., IBM , Toshiba and Sony . One of the advantages over CSS , the content restriction system for DVDs, is that AACS allows content providers to revoke an individual player device model if its cryptographic keys have been compromised (meaning that it will not be able to decrypt subsequently released content). There

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1386-406: Is no Region Coding in the existing HD DVD specification, which means that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player ( WinDVD ). Notably,

1449-401: Is no longer identifiable (visually, audibly, or both). Using more than one codec or encoding scheme successively can also degrade quality significantly. The decreasing cost of storage capacity and network bandwidth has a tendency to reduce the need for lossy codecs for some media. Many popular codecs are lossy. They reduce quality in order to maximize compression. Often, this type of compression

1512-441: Is not an ISO standard . There are also other well-known container formats, such as Ogg , ASF , QuickTime , RealMedia , Matroska , and DivX Media Format . MPEG transport stream , MPEG program stream , MP4 , and ISO base media file format are examples of container formats that are ISO standardized. Fake codecs are used when an online user takes a type of codec and installs viruses and other malware into whatever data

1575-460: Is that reader-writer technology available may not be able to support the additional data layers. NEC , Broadcom , Horizon Semiconductors , and STMicroelectronics have separately developed a single chip/laser that can read both the HD DVD and the Blu-ray Disc standard. Broadcom and STMicroelectronics will be selling their dual-format single chip/laser solution to any OEM willing to develop

1638-541: Is the HDi Interactive Format , and "HDi" is frequently used to refer to the Advanced Content system. Advanced Content is based on web technologies such as HTML , XML , CSS , SMIL , and ECMAScript ( JavaScript ), so authoring in Advanced Content should be a fairly easy transition for web developers. No existing DVD authoring experience is required. In comparison, Blu-ray Disc content is authored using either

1701-702: Is the codecs used in the sound cards of personal computers. A video codec accomplishes the same task for video signals. When implementing the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) protocol, an endec may be used between the UART and the optoelectronic systems. In addition to encoding a signal, a codec may also compress the data to reduce transmission bandwidth or storage space. Compression codecs are classified primarily into lossy codecs and lossless codecs. Lossless codecs are often used for archiving data in compressed form while retaining all information present in

1764-630: Is virtually indistinguishable from the original uncompressed sound or images, depending on the codec and the settings used. The most widely used lossy data compression technique in digital media is based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), used in compression standards such as JPEG images, H.26x and MPEG video, and MP3 and AAC audio. Smaller data sets ease the strain on relatively expensive storage sub-systems such as non-volatile memory and hard disk , as well as write-once-read-many formats such as CD-ROM , DVD , and Blu-ray Disc . Lower data rates also reduce cost and improve performance when

1827-580: The DVD-RAM and specifications for it were developed, but the format never reached the market. In the late 1990s, commercial HDTV sets started to enter a larger market, but there was no inexpensive way to record or play back HD content. JVC 's D-VHS and Sony 's HDCAM formats could store that amount of data, but were neither popular nor well-known. It was known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would yield optical storage with higher density. Shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes , but

1890-503: The GPL appears in the manuals. The current specification books for HD DVD are listed at the DVD FLLC website. HD DVD-ROM, HD DVD-R and HD DVD-RW have a single-layer capacity of 15 GB, and a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB. HD DVD-RAM has a single-layer capacity of 20 GB. Like the original DVD format, the data layer of an HD DVD is 0.6 mm below the surface to physically protect

1953-508: The videotape format war between VHS and Betamax , HD DVD was competing with a rival format, Blu-ray Disc. In an attempt to avoid a costly format war, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in early 2005. One of the issues was that Blu-ray Disc companies wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ( BD-J based on Sun Microsystems ' Java TV standards), while HD DVD companies wanted to use Microsoft's "iHD" (which became HDi ). Another problem

China Blue High-definition Disc - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-553: The China HD Association, Shinco was selling under 11,000 CBHD players every month between mid-2009 and mid-2010. HD DVD HD DVD (short for High Density Digital Versatile Disc ) is an obsolete high-density optical disc format for storing data and playback of high-definition video . Supported principally by Toshiba , HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor to the standard DVD format, but lost to Blu-ray , supported by Sony and others. HD DVD employed

2079-499: The DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc. It was adopted by the DVD forum and renamed to HD DVD the next year. The HD DVD Promotion Group was a group of manufacturers and media studios formed to exchange thoughts and ideas to help promote

2142-475: The HD DVD group reported that they had sold 100,000 dedicated HD DVD units in the United States. In the middle of 2007, the first HD DVD recorders were released in Japan. In November 2007, the Toshiba HD-A2 was the first high-definition player to be sold at a sale price of less than $ 100. This was done through several major retailers to make room for the new HD-A3 models. These closeout sales lasted less than

2205-471: The HD DVD standard, was greatly helped by Japanese engineers. In particular, Hisashi Yamada, former Chief Technology Fellow at Toshiba's Digital Media Network, often referred to as the "father of DVD", has played a key role in China's plan to create its own high-definition consumer video format. CBHD differs from HD DVD in several key areas. CBHD uses the PRC government-owned AVS video codec , DRA audio codec, and

2268-413: The HD DVD's original sleeve art to be returned to Warner as proof of purchase. The turnaround time for processing was approximately two weeks. Multi-disc sets were exchangeable at a discount, such as $ 14.95 for the five-disc Blade Runner release rather than $ 24.75. No exchanges were offered to customers outside the United States. Toshiba-branded HD DVD players use open source software such as Linux as

2331-457: The Opera by Warner Home Video and Serenity by Universal Studios . The first independent HD film released on HD DVD was One Six Right . In December 2006 Toshiba reported that roughly 120,000 Toshiba branded HD DVD players had been sold in the United States, along with 150,000 HD DVD add-on units for the Xbox 360 . On April 17, 2007, one year after the first HD DVD titles were released,

2394-539: The US. As of April 29, 2008, 236 HD DVD titles had been released in Japan. Approximately 232 were released in the UK. On January 4, 2008, citing consumer confusion and indifference as a reason for lackluster high-definition software sales, Warner Bros. publicly announced it would stop supporting HD DVD by June 2008, and the company would release HD titles only on Blu-ray Disc. This was followed by news of Netflix phasing out support for

2457-527: The Wild , Warner's P.S. I Love You and Twister , on May 27, 2008. In June, the final HD DVD, Freedom: 6 , was released by Bandai Visual, which acknowledged the demise of HD DVD, but stated that it wanted to complete the release of the seven-part Freedom Project , of which six parts had been released. The seventh part, due for August 2008, never saw a release. Disco Pigs was announced but postponed, with no new date announced for release. Pan's Labyrinth

2520-559: The Xbox 360 , though they could be read back by the SD-L902A. HD DVD-RW is the rewritable disc variant of HD DVD with equal storage capacity to an HD DVD-R. The primary advantage of HD DVD-RW over HD DVD-R is the ability to erase and rewrite to an HD DVD-RW disc, up to about 1,000 times before needing replacement, making them comparable with the CD-RW and DVD-RW standards. This is also of benefit if there are writing errors when recording data, as

2583-510: The Xbox 360 HD DVD add on drive would reflect a heavily discounted price down to $ 49.99. In 2007, LG and Samsung released standalone consumer players that could read both HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs. The machines were sold at premium prices, but failed to sell in large quantities. In May 2008, both companies announced they would stop manufacturing dual-compatibility drives. A few computer manufacturers (such as HP and Acer ) sold computers with combination HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc drives. LG marketed

China Blue High-definition Disc - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-576: The aforementioned formats, or in one of the HD DVD optional codecs: DTS-HD High Resolution Audio and DTS-HD Master Audio . For the highest-fidelity audio experience, HD DVD offers content-producers the choice of LPCM, Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio. HD DVD video can be encoded using VC-1 , H.264/MPEG-4 AVC , or H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 . A wide variety of resolutions are supported, from low-resolution CIF , all SDTV resolutions supported by DVD-Video, and HDTV formats: 720p , 1080i , and 1080p . All studio-released movie titles have featured video in

2709-675: The data is transmitted, e.g., over the internet. Two principal techniques are used in codecs, pulse-code modulation and delta modulation . Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media to be encoded. For example, a digital video (using a DV codec) of a sports event needs to encode motion well but not necessarily exact colors, while a video of an art exhibit needs to encode color and surface texture well. Audio codecs for cell phones need to have very low latency between source encoding and playback. In contrast, audio codecs for recording or broadcasting can use high-latency audio compression techniques to achieve higher fidelity at

2772-892: The data layer from damage. The numerical aperture of the optical pick-up head is 0.65, compared with 0.6 for DVD. All HD DVD players are backward compatible with DVD and CD. As with previous optical disc formats, HD DVD supports several file systems , such as ISO 9660 and Universal Disk Format (UDF). All HD DVD titles use UDF version 2.5 as the file system. In this file system, multiplexed audio and video streams are stored in EVO container format . The HD DVD format supports encoding in up to 24-bit/192 kHz for two channels, or up to eight channels of up to 24-bit/96 kHz encoding. All HD DVD players are required to decode uncompressed linear PCM , Dolby Digital AC-3, Dolby Digital EX , DTS , Dolby Digital Plus E-AC-3 and Dolby TrueHD . A secondary soundtrack, if present, can be stored in any of

2835-405: The disc is not ruined and can still store data by erasing the faulty data. The dual-layer variant was never released and the single-layer variant was, but it is among the rarest of optical media. Codec A codec is a device or computer program that encodes or decodes a data stream or signal . Codec is a portmanteau of coder/decoder . In electronic communications, an endec

2898-453: The form of HD DVD-Rs. Deadlands: The Rising , announced on September 5, 2010, was released on HD DVD in limited numbers. As with the previously released Deadlands 2: Trapped , the film was pressed on HD DVD-R disc. In mid-2009, Warner offered to replace any HD DVD Warner home video release with a Blu-ray Disc equivalent for $ 4.95, plus $ 6.95 shipping to the contiguous United States or $ 8.95 to Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico. The deal required

2961-417: The format (including firmware updates), effectively making the platform obsolete. The company cited "recent major changes in the market". Shipments of HD DVD machines to retailers were reduced and eventually stopped by the end of March 2008. Toshiba later revealed that they lost about $ 986 million on the format's failure. The final HD DVD major-studio releases in the United States were Paramount's Into

3024-514: The format worldwide. Its members comprised Toshiba as the Chair Company and Secretary, Memory-Tech Corporation and NEC as Vice-Chair companies, and Sanyo Electric as Auditors; there were 61 general members and 72 associate members in total. The HD DVD promotion group was officially dissolved on March 28, 2008, following Toshiba's announcement on February 19, 2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. Much like

3087-478: The format, announcing it would no longer manufacture HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28, 2008. The HD DVD physical disc specifications (but not the codecs ) were used as the basis for the China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) formerly called CH-DVD. Besides recordable and rewritable variants, a HD DVD-RAM variant was proposed as the successor to

3150-478: The format, and Best Buy 's decision to recommend Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD in its retail locations and to remove HD DVD players as part of its ongoing "HDTV advantage" promotion. Finally, retailer Wal-Mart announced that it would be supporting only Blu-ray Disc by June 2008. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced plans to discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players while still providing product support and after-sale service to consumers of

3213-555: The key. AACS has also been circumvented by SlySoft with their program AnyDVD HD, which allows users to watch HD DVD movies on non- HDCP -compliant PC hardware. SlySoft has stated that AnyDVD HD uses several different mechanisms to disable the encryption, and is not dependent on the use of a single compromised encryption key. Other AACS circumvention programs have become available, like DVDFab HD Decrypter. HD DVDs use Advanced Content to allow interactive content to be authored for discs. Microsoft's implementation of Advanced Content

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3276-543: The laser diode). In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members. The DVD Forum (chaired by Sony) was deeply split over whether or not to go with the more expensive blue lasers. Although today's Blu-ray Discs appear virtually identical to a standard DVD, when the Blu-ray Discs were initially developed they required

3339-490: The mid-20th century, a codec was a device that coded analog signals into digital form using pulse-code modulation (PCM). Later, the name was also applied to software for converting between digital signal formats, including companding functions. An audio codec converts analog audio signals into digital signals for transmission or encodes them for storage. A receiving device converts the digital signals back to analog form using an audio decoder for playback. An example of this

3402-408: The multimedia data streams to be useful in stored or transmitted form, they must be encapsulated together in a container format . Lower bitrate codecs allow more users, but they also have more distortion. Beyond the initial increase in distortion, lower bit rate codecs also achieve their lower bit rates by using more complex algorithms that make certain assumptions, such as those about the media and

3465-421: The original stream. If preserving the original quality of the stream is more important than eliminating the correspondingly larger data sizes, lossless codecs are preferred. This is especially true if the data is to undergo further processing (for example, editing ) in which case the repeated application of processing (encoding and decoding) on lossy codecs will degrade the quality of the resulting data such that it

3528-538: The packet loss rate. Other codecs may not make those same assumptions. When a user with a low bitrate codec talks to a user with another codec, additional distortion is introduced by each transcoding . Audio Video Interleave (AVI) is sometimes erroneously described as a codec, but AVI is actually a container format, while a codec is a software or hardware tool that encodes or decodes audio or video into or from some audio or video format. Audio and video encoded with many codecs might be put into an AVI container, although AVI

3591-581: The same movie on a single disc, providing a smooth transition for the studios in terms of publishing movies, and allowing consumers with only DVD players to still use the discs. DVD replication companies can continue using their current production equipment with only minor alterations when changing over to the format of HD DVD replication. Due to the structure of the single-lens optical head, both red and blue laser diodes can be used in smaller, more compact HD DVD players. However, HD DVD discs can't be played on standard DVD players. HD DVD drives can also be used with

3654-418: Was announced with an MSRP of US$ 199 and includes a USB 2.0 cable for connection to the console. The first drives also included Peter Jackson's King Kong or Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins on HD DVD. The final "regular" for the drive was US$ 129.99 as of February 25, 2008. On February 23, 2008 Microsoft discontinued the Xbox 360 HD DVD player. On February 26, 2008, Microsoft "officially" announced that

3717-625: Was compatible with existing drives and players. Specification 2.0 Part 1 (Physical Specification) for triple layer HD DVD had been approved in November 2007. At the CES 2007, Ritek revealed their high definition optical disc process that extended both competing high definition formats to ten layers, increasing capacity to 150 GB for HD DVD and 250 GB for Blu-ray Disc. A major obstacle to implementing this technology in either format (150 GB HD DVD will not be developed due to HD DVD's discontinuation)

3780-464: Was demonstrated in 2007. In 2008, during the DVD Forum's 42nd Steering Committee Meeting, the DVD Forum gave OMNERC the permission to edit HD DVD specifications. Though HD DVD proponents had hoped that CBHD would be a viable successor to the HD DVD format, the CBHD spec was ultimately incompatible with HD DVD players despite the similarities between the two. As a result, CBHD is a proprietary format unique to China. Development of CBHD, heavily based on

3843-400: Was one of the first available HD DVD writers, although it was not meant for retail. Burning HD DVD (including Dual Layer) with a 1× write speed, it could also burn DVDs and CDs. In a test of the SD-L902A by C't computer magazine with Verbatim discs, the written HD DVD-Rs suffered from high noise levels, as a result, the written discs could not be recognized by the external HD DVD drive of

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3906-512: Was outselling rival Blu-ray by a margin of 3 to 1 in China (due to heavy advertisement and favored backing from the government). In September 2009, Universal Studios and National Geographic announced their support for the format. Also adding support for the format are Paramount Pictures (US), Celestial (HK/CN) and BBC / Discovery (UK/US). Six CBHD players were released: four by Shinco (CBHD-9100, CBHD-3800, HD-2100 and HD-3700U) two by TCL (THBD-1008 and THBD-1038) According to reports from

3969-500: Was the physical formats of the discs themselves. The negotiations proceeded slowly and ultimately stalled. On August 22, 2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed. Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled; publicly, the same reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited. By the end of September that year, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD. Hewlett-Packard attempted to broker

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