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66-403: The John C. Kluczynski Building is constructed of a steel frame and contains 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m) of space. The exterior is sheathed in bronze-tinted glass set into bright aluminum frames. Beneath the windows are steel spandrel panels painted flat black and windows are separated horizontally by steel mullions of projecting steel I-beams also painted black. The two-story lobby

132-658: A Russian Jewish immigrant, who moved to Manitoba in 1893 - and the couple remained notable philanthropists in Winnipeg . The University of Manitoba named its health sciences faculty and its College of Medicine in Rady's honor. The Rady Children’s Hospital in San Diego , and its Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, are named after the Rady family in honor of its largest donor, Ernest S. Rady (b. 1937), Rose and Max's son. Jeremy and Eli Bronfman founded Lincoln Avenue Capital,

198-579: A 39-year-old lawyer of Holden Day Wilson, plunged 24 floors to his death after repeatedly charging a window while attempting to demonstrate its strength to a group of visiting law students. The original three buildings and the plazas of Toronto–Dominion Centre were together recognized as a part of Ontario's built heritage in 2005, when an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque was unveiled by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex , his wife, Sophie, Countess of Wessex , and former lieutenant governor of Ontario Lincoln Alexander . The complex has been designated under Part IV of

264-607: A Golden Eye . The cinema was used for gala events such as the Canadian Film Awards, now the Canadian Screen Awards, and the Toronto International Film Festival. The theatre operated for approximately one decade until, in 1978, the space was repurposed in light of the proliferation of multiplexes throughout the city. The space was used for offices and storage until its eventual transformation into

330-487: A conference centre. Between the towers are two large expanses, collectively known as Oscar Peterson Place. The northern space contains a more formal tract of granite , while the southern space contains the lawn and features The Pasture , a sculpture by Saskatchewan artist Joe Fafard, who died in early 2019. In addition to serving as sanctuaries for building occupants, the plazas have hosted events spanning music, athletics, entertainment and fundraising. The plazas were

396-536: A first for the development process in Canada, in that a bank, rather than creating its head office alone, had aligned itself with real estate interests and the city to influence urban space. The partnership was established as a 50–50 relationship, with the bank having the final say on the design of the complex and Phyllis Lambert —sister-in-law to Allen Lambert and a member of the Bronfman family —was called in as an advisor on

462-538: A pavilion covered in bronze-tinted glass and black-painted steel. Approximately 21,000 people work in the complex, making it the largest commercial office complex in Canada. The project was the inspiration of Allen Lambert , former president and chairman of the board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank. Sister-in-law Phyllis Lambert recommended Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as design consultant to the architects, John B. Parkin and Associates and Bregman + Hamann , and

528-401: A plaza with a sunken courtyard containing a circular banking pavilion. It was at this point that Phyllis Lambert insisted that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (whom she knew from having been the director of planning on his Seagram Building ) be called for an interview. Mies was unimpressed by Parkin's concept and wondered why one would design a building to be entered through its basement. With this,

594-533: A precursor to the Neue Nationalgalerie completed in Berlin in 1968—which had a similar roof supported on only eight large steel columns. The TD Centre pavilion was described by The Globe and Mail as "among the best spaces Mies ever made". The banking pavilion's living roof was installed as part of Cadillac Fairview's goal of having the entire complex LEED -certified by 2013. It is intended to help protect

660-545: A ridiculous proposal on many levels.... Even in a milder climate, it would have been problematic." Bunshaft, due to his refusal to redesign, was relieved of his commission. This left John Parkin , the local architect who would have worked with the American Bunshaft, to design Toronto-Dominion Centre. His firm put forward a model showing a 100-storey, all-concrete tower—to be the largest in the Commonwealth —standing over

726-490: A wireless Nano-Climate system. It was an early adopter of daytime cleaning, which led to reduced energy usage and improved quality of life for the complex's 180 cleaning staff. By 2015, all six towers were certified to LEED EB: O&M Platinum and BOMA BEST (three Gold, three Platinum). In 2017, the 222 Bay Street Tower received WELL gold-level certification, the first existing building in North America to do so. Also in 2017,

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792-587: Is a permanent gallery located in the southern half of the TD South Tower lobby. It is open to the public, free, through a partnership between TD Bank, the world's largest collector of Inuit art, and Cadillac Fairview, the property owner in whose lobby space the gallery is hosted. The bank's association with Inuit art can be traced to the Northwest Territories, where branch manager Allen Lambert oversaw its Yellowknife operation from 1946 to 1947. The branch

858-416: Is recessed allowing for a colonnade or pilotis to encircle the building at street level. The interior walls and floors of the lobby are covered in granite which extends to the plaza. The lobby contains several commemorative tablets which were removed from the previous building. The entire complex is based on a 28 ft (8.5 m) grid pattern so that seams of the granite pavers in the plaza extend into

924-482: The CN Tower was completed in 1976, offering a viewing height of 447 metres (1,467 ft). The shopping concourse was seamlessly integrated beneath the towers — the first such mall in Canada — and was the genesis of Toronto's PATH system. Extending into this area was Mies's strict design sense; it was fitted in the same black aluminum and travertine as the main lobbies above. To maintain the clean and ordered aesthetic of

990-555: The Fairview Corporation as the developer. The towers were completed between 1967 and 1991. An additional building was built outside the campus and purchased in 1998. As Mies was given "virtually a free hand to create Toronto-Dominion Centre", the complex, as a whole and in its details, is a classic example of his unique take on the International style and represents the end evolution of Mies's North American period . After

1056-532: The Seagram Building and a number of Mies's subsequent projects, the Toronto-Dominion Centre follows the theme of the darkly coloured, steel and glass edifice set in an open plaza, itself surrounded by a dense and erratic, pre-existing urban fabric. The TD Centre, however, comprises a collection of structures spread across a granite plinth, all regulated in three dimensions and from the largest scale to

1122-482: The anti-Semitic pogroms of Imperial Russia . In addition to Samuel Bronfman , Yechiel and Mindel's children at the time of emigration included Abe (15 March 1882, Russia - 16 March 1968, Safety Harbor, Florida ), Harry (15 March 1886, Russia - 12 November 1963, Montreal, QC), and Laura Bronfman (1 Jan 1887, Russia - 1976); in total they had 8 children. The family settled at a homestead near Wapella, Saskatchewan , but soon moved to Brandon, Manitoba . In 1903,

1188-631: The 1955 merger of the Bank of Toronto and the Dominion Bank solidified in 1962, the Toronto-Dominion bank directors decided to commission a new headquarters to demonstrate the bank's emergence as a reputable national institution. Allen Lambert , past-president and chairman of the board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, secured a cooperative partnership in the late 1950s with the Bronfman -owned developer, Fairview Corporation (now Cadillac Fairview ); this marked

1254-478: The 22,000 ft² banking pavilion through a partnership with TD Bank. The planter boxes maintain the 1.5m² grid pattern of the pavilion's ceiling below, allowing the roof to also give new life to Mies's original vision. The property has a waste diversion rate of 84%, almost double the industry average. It has reduced its annual carbon footprint by over 50%, from 12over 50,000 tCO2e in 2008 to 19,500 tCO2e in 2018. It has reduced irrigation water usage by 60% through

1320-407: The 50th anniversary of the complex and Canada's 150th birthday , the buildings became the canvas of an art exhibition by Montreal artist Aude Moreau in which the buildings were used as a canvas to spell out “LESS IS MORE OR,” a take on Mies van der Rohe's famous expression. While this type of installation had been done elsewhere, this was the largest undertaking of its kind in the world. As with

1386-517: The 54th floor houses Canoe, an Oliver & Bonacini restaurant. The 55th floor of the TD Bank Tower is now leased office space but was originally a large public indoor observation platform. This promontory allowed uninterrupted views of the development of the downtown core that the TD Centre had itself helped to spark, as well as Lake Ontario to the south. The floor was repurposed to office space when

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1452-435: The 54th floor of the newly finished Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower was the venue of the centennial year Confederation of Tomorrow conference, a summit of provincial premiers (except for W.A.C. Bennett ) convened by Ontario Premier John Robarts . It was an unsuccessful attempt to achieve a provincial agreement for amendments to the constitution of Canada proposed by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson . In 1993, Garry Hoy ,

1518-581: The Air Force Recruiting Service, the Department of State Passport Agency, Department of Labor, Internal Revenue Service, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission, General Services Administration and offices for both the U.S. senators from Illinois, Richard "Dick" Durbin and Tammy Duckworth . Following his election as president on November 4, 2008, Barack Obama established his administration 's transitional offices in

1584-680: The Bronfman family in collaboration with McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, supported the establishment of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada (MISC), a nonpartisan Canadian research institute. In 1922, Samuel's younger sister, Rose Bronfman (3 February 1898, Manitoba - 31 May 1988), was a substitute teacher and community activist . She married physician Maxwell Rady (born as Avraham Radishkevich, 24 November 1899 - 3 March 1964) - himself

1650-922: The Bronfman family is "perhaps the single largest force in the Jewish charitable world". The name Bronfman ( Yiddish בראָנפמאַן bronfman ) comes from Yiddish בראָנפֿן bronfn , 'liquor, whisky/whiskey, spirits', which is cognate with German Branntwein (in Germany the term refers to any distilled spirits), Dutch brandewijn (which became English brandywine , i.e., 'brandy'), and Afrikaans brandewyn , plus Yiddish מאַן man , 'man'; it coincidently translates to ' spirits -man', referring to one who makes or sells whiskey. The Bronfman family in Canada began with tobacco farmer Yechiel Bronfman (aka Ekiel Bronfman; 16 November 1855 - 24 December 1919) and his wife, Mindel (née Elman; 25 May 1863 - 11 Nov 1918), who emigrated from Moldova to Canada with their children in 1889, escaping

1716-557: The Ontario Heritage Act since 2003. The designation notes "The Toronto-Dominion Centre is an outstanding example of the International Style of architecture." The concrete foundations, the load-bearing black-painted steel frames, the bronze-tinted glass curtain walls with mullions and a grid of exposed and painted steel I-beams, the revolving doors at the bases and, on the towers, the pilotis, are noted architectural features on

1782-500: The Parkin proposal was scrapped and Allen Lambert was convinced to bring Mies on board. Though he was technically commissioned as the design consultant to the local architects (who were still John B. Parkin and Associates, but partnered with Bregman + Hamann Architects ), the project was essentially Mies's design in its entirety, demonstrating all the key characteristics of the architect's unique style. The choice of Mies and his design gave

1848-462: The Pierce & Pierce offices in the 2000 film American Psycho . Bronfman family The Bronfman family is a Canadian family, known for its extensive business holdings. It owes its initial fame to Samuel Bronfman (1889–1971), the most influential Canadian Jew of the mid-20th century, who made a fortune in the alcoholic distilled beverage business during American prohibition , including

1914-523: The TD Bank Tower) in 1967. Though the complex remained unfinished, the official opening took place on 16 May of that year to coincide with the Canadian Centennial celebrations, with Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy , presiding, accompanied by her husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy . At 222.8 m (731 ft), the tower was the tallest building in Canada when completed. The completion of

1980-437: The TD Centre competition. Gordon Bunshaft , then chief designer of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill , was hired by the consortium. His proposal called for exterior structural supports for the main office tower, which then necessitated piston-like slip joints at the roof level to deal with weather-related expansion and contraction of the structure. Phyllis Lambert objected to this submission, later stating in an interview that it "was

2046-551: The TD Centre was the first existing building in Canada to achieve Platinum under the Wired standard. The TD Centre has been publishing an annual sustainability report since 2013. The TD Bank Tower is used for exterior shots of Jabot Cosmetics' headquarters on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless . The TD Bank Tower and TD North Tower are used for exterior and lobby shots of

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2112-542: The Toronto skyline, until a green-and-white "TD" logo was added to spire of the Canada Trust Tower in 2000. The TD Centre often participates in the annual Doors Open Toronto , providing visitors with behind-the-scenes access to various parts of the property. The 54th-floor executive office space is often showcased but, for 2019, the focus was the recently completed conference centre. The TD Centre has developed one of

2178-408: The architectural community as building management, under pressure from retail tenants seeking greater visibility, relaxed the strict design guidelines and allowed more individual signage. Ceilings were also renovated from the original flat drywall planes with recessed lights to coffered ceilings. The Toronto-Dominion Bank serves as the anchor tenant of the office complex. The TD Gallery of Inuit Art

2244-708: The banking pavilion and the Royal Trust Tower (now the TD North Tower) followed in 1968 and 1969, respectively. The Commercial Union Tower (now the TD West Tower) was added in 1974 and was the first on the site not conceived by Mies in his plan. It was followed by the IBM Tower (now the TD South Tower), built south of Wellington Street across from the original campus in 1985. The 23-storey building at 95 Wellington Street

2310-537: The building from solar heat gain, reduce storm runoff, and contributes to air quality. The area below the Pavilion serves as the TD Bank Conference Centre, completed in 2018. The space was originally home to a 690-seat Famous Players movie theatre, which would prove to be one of the most fertile palettes for Mies's minimalist aesthetic. The first screenings were Wait Until Dark and Reflections in

2376-524: The building is made of deep steel I-sections, each beam supported on only one steel I-section column at each end, all combined to create a waffle-grid ceiling resting on a row of corresponding, equally spaced columns around the periphery. This structure was both a further development on the post office pavilion of the Federal Center in Chicago —which has fewer expressed columns and a second level balcony—and

2442-533: The building lobbies and up the sides to create unity among the three structures. The Center is similar to Mies' earlier Toronto-Dominion Centre and was expanded in 1991 with the addition of the 28-story Metcalfe Federal Building to the south across Jackson Boulevard. On August 28, 1996, eleven people were arrested while demonstrating at the building. In 2009, GSA undertook a major project to improve energy efficiency which included solar film on windows, LED lighting, upgraded HVAC and other mechanical systems. After

2508-416: The centre and the arrangement of its elements within the site: With the Toronto-Dominion Centre, Mies realized an architecture of movement, and yet at the same time, through proportional relations among parts and whole, and through the restrained use of fine materials, this is also an architecture of repose. The light as it moves across the building surfaces, playing the mullions like stringed instruments, and

2574-401: The court. The rectilinear pattern of Saint-Jean granite pavers follows the grid, serving to organize and unify the complex, and the plaza's surface material extends through the glass lobbies of the towers and the banking pavilion, blurring the distinction between interior and exterior space. The remaining voids between the buildings create space for the plaza and lawn. Phyllis Lambert wrote of

2640-428: The environment, Mies stipulated, with the backing of Phyllis and Alan Lambert, that the storefronts consist only of the glass panels and black aluminium that he specified. Even signage graphics were restricted to only white backlit letters within a black aluminium panel and only in the specific font that Mies had designed for the TD Centre. Renovations to the mall, beginning in the late 1990s, caused some controversy within

2706-608: The exterior of the buildings. Inside, "the interior finishes (granite, marble, travertine, and oak) and custom-built fittings in the Banking Pavilion, in the lobbies of the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower and the Royal Trust Tower" are recognized heritage attributes. In 2007, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada declared the TD Centre a masterpiece of the twentieth century. In May 2017, to mark

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2772-527: The family borrowed money to buy a hotel (the Anglo-American Hotel) in Emerson, Manitoba , which turned out to be profitable due to railway construction. In 1906, the family moved to Winnipeg . With the advent of Prohibition in Canada , Samuel and his brothers turned their energy toward selling mail-order liquor. Following the government's crack-down on the business, the brothers took another route: As it

2838-603: The federal building, prompting heightened security measures in the surrounding area. Toronto-Dominion Centre The Toronto-Dominion Centre , or TD Centre , is an office complex of six skyscrapers in the Financial District of downtown Toronto owned by Cadillac Fairview . It serves as the global headquarters for its anchor tenant, the Toronto-Dominion Bank , and provides office and retail space for many other businesses. The complex consists of six towers and

2904-475: The first examples of privately provided large-scale public outdoor spaces within the urban core of Toronto. The space was named as part of the Toronto Legacy Project; Montreal-born jazz legend Oscar Peterson was on-hand for the ceremony. The height of each of Mies's two towers is proportioned to its width and depth. All, save for 95 Wellington Street West, are of similar construction and appearance:

2970-436: The frame is of structural steel, including the core (containing elevators, stairs, washrooms, and other service spaces), and floor plates are of concrete poured on steel deck . The lobby is a double-height space on the ground floor, articulated by large sheets of plate glass held back from the exterior column line, providing for an overhang around the perimeter of the building, behind which the travertine -clad elevator cores are

3036-476: The historic Toronto Stock Exchange building, built in 1937. Since 1994, it has been home to the Design Exchange (‘DX'), Canada’s only museum dedicated to "design excellence". The genesis of the Design Exchange was a citizen movement seeking a centre that would celebrate the role of design in society. The group worked with the city for several years to bring the concept to fruition and, in 1994, the Design Exchange

3102-422: The lawn and a tall eastern flank to the plaza. The banking pavilion is a double-height structure housing the main branch of the bank. It contains fifteen 22.9 m (246 sq ft) modules within a single interior space, with smaller areas inside the pavilion cordoned off using counters and cabinets, all built with the typical rich materials of Mies's palette—marble, English oak , and granite. The roof of

3168-536: The most comprehensive environmental programs in the Canadian real estate industry, “promoting sweeping sustainability initiatives across the complex.” In 2004, the TD Centre was one of the founding sponsors of the Enwave Deep Lake Cooling System, which significantly reduces the need for air conditioning during the summer months. In 2009, a living roof consisting of 11,000 grass plants was installed atop

3234-523: The most renowned and respected architects of their times. The development of the TD Centre required Fairview to acquire a full city block of downtown Toronto, except for some frontages on Bay Street and at the corner of King and York Streets. Among notable losses from the subsequent demolition were the Rossin House Hotel , which dated to the 1850s and was once one of the city's preeminent hotels. The Carrère and Hastings Bank of Toronto headquarters, at

3300-414: The only elements to touch the ground plane. Above the lobby, the building envelope is curtain wall made of bronze-coloured glass in a matte-black painted steel frame, with exposed I-sections attached to the vertical mullions and structural columns; the modules of this curtain wall are 1.5 m (4.9 ft) by 2.7 m (8.9 ft), thereby conforming to the overall site template. The south side of

3366-468: The orchestration of the various buildings are together paradigmatically symphonic. More towers were added over the ensuing decades, outside the periphery of the original site—as they were not part of Mies's master plan for the TD Centre—but still positioned close enough, and in such locations, as to visually impact the sense of space within areas of the centre, forming Miesian western and southern walls to

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3432-517: The project the added significance of being a symbol of Toronto's emergence as a major city. It also marked Mies's last major work before his death in 1969. This followed the precedent set by the previous incarnation of the Toronto-Dominion Bank: the Bank of Toronto's 1862 office at Wellington and Church Streets had been designed by William Kauffman and its 1913 Beaux-Arts headquarters were conceived by Carrère and Hastings . Both firms were

3498-681: The sale of company to Vivendi . Charles was also co-founder of the Historica Foundation of Canada and Heritage Minutes , as well as chairman and principal owner of the Montreal Expos . The youngest daughter of Edgar Sr., Clare Bronfman , was a benefactor of Keith Raniere and has been sentenced to almost seven years for her role in the NXIVM case. Samuel's nephews Edward and Peter Bronfman (sons of Allan Bronfman ), founded Edper Investments (now Brookfield Asset Management ). In 1994,

3564-524: The sale of liquor through organized crime, through founding the Seagram Company, and who later became president of the Canadian Jewish Congress (1939–62). The family is of Russian-Jewish and Romanian-Jewish ancestry; the patriarch, Yechiel ( Ekiel ) Bronfman , was originally a tobacco farmer from Bessarabia . According to The New York Times staff reporter Nathaniel Popper ,

3630-550: The single largest force in the Jewish charitable world". The family owes its initial fame to Samuel Bronfman (1889–1971), who made a fortune in the alcoholic distilled beverage business during American prohibition through founding the Seagram Company, and who later became president of the Canadian Jewish Congress (1939–62). Saidye Bronfman , Samuel's wife, was president of the Young Women’s Hebrew Association (YWHA) beginning in 1929, and later founded

3696-428: The smallest, by a mathematically ordered, 1.5 m (16 sq ft) grid. Three structures were conceived: a low banking pavilion anchoring the site at the corner of King and Bay Streets , the main tower in the centre of the site, and another tower in the northwest corner, each structure offset to the adjacent by one bay of the governing grid, allowing views to 'slide' open or closed as an observer moves across

3762-560: The southwest corner of King and Bay Streets, was also razed despite protests urging that the Beaux-Arts building be incorporated into the new centre. Fairview officials brushed these aside and said that it "did not fit in". Elements of the old edifice can still be found as relics in Guild Park and Gardens , in Scarborough . The first structure completed was the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower (now

3828-424: The underground shopping mall, such that all of the storefronts displayed their names in an identical font in white against black. However, in the late 1990s, under pressure from retail tenants seeking greater visibility, building management relaxed its requirements and allowed stores to customize their signage to their individual brands. This caused some controversy within the design and architecture community. There

3894-593: The women’s division of the Combined Jewish Appeal . In 1952, the couple formed The Samuel and Saidye Bronfman Family Foundation to make grants primarily in support of education, the arts, heritage preservation , and Jewish community initiatives. Their daughter, Phyllis Lambert , founded the Canadian Center for Architecture . For years, Seagram was run by Samuel and Saidye's sons, Edgar and Charles Bronfman ; and their grandson Edgar Bronfman Jr. oversaw

3960-408: The work, the building received a LEED Silver certification. Alexander Calder 's sculpture Flamingo , a 53-foot (16 m) red steel sculpture, was unveiled on the plaza October 24, 1974. The sculpture was conserved and restored in 1998. The plaza is also the site of a weekly farmers' market during the spring and summer seasons, open to the community. Federal agencies in the building include

4026-401: Was Mies's signature font, as he believed it reflected the calmness and order of the architecture, and he decreed that it be used universally throughout the TD Centre. To this day, the font is used not just on exterior signs and wayfinding, but also for such communications as artwork captions, fire hose cases and designated smoking areas. Originally, the branding system extended to the stores in

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4092-439: Was a two-room log cabin, with Lambert working in the front and living in the back. Lambert developed a keen interest in the art being produced by local artists. Twenty years later, as Chairman of the Toronto-Dominion Bank, he launched a Centennial project that would establish the bank as a strong ally in providing Inuit art with exposure within the organization and beyond. The easternmost tower, 222 Bay Street, contains in its base

4158-447: Was completed in 1987 and contains 330,000 sq ft (31,000 m ). Cadillac Fairview acquired it in 1998 and incorporated it into Toronto-Dominion Centre. Finally with little available space left on or near the block, the final building—the Ernst & Young Tower (now 222 Bay Street)—was constructed in 1992 over the existing 1930s Toronto Stock Exchange . From November 27–30, 1967,

4224-475: Was further controversy in 2015 when TD Bank affixed its green-and-white logo atop two of the towers. Although these signs contravene Mies's strict minimalist vision, the city could not and did not officially oppose the move because the two towers in question were built after Mies's death and are not designated as historic. TD Bank had previously been the sole member of the Big Five banks not to have its logo visible on

4290-595: Was officially opened by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. Design Exchange has mounted hundreds of exhibitions, seminars, lectures, conferences and educational programs related to the role of design in culture, industry, and business. In 2017, DX launched a 10-day festival called Expo for Design, Innovation & Technology (EDIT), in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme. The TD Centre represents one of commercial real estate's most comprehensive branding systems. Sans Copperplate Gothic

4356-459: Was still legal to sell alcohol as medicine, the brothers rebranded their liquor using names like "Liver & Kidney Cure", "Dandy Bracer-Liver", and "Rock-a-bye Cough-Cure". Samuel took control of the business after prohibition came to an end in the United States, and was known as "Mr. Sam". According to The New York Times staff reporter Nathaniel Popper , the Bronfman family is "perhaps

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