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149-520: Chevrolet designer Clare MacKichan recalled about creating the Chevy II: "There was no time for experimentation or doodling around with new ideas from either the engineers or from us in design; And it had to be a basic-type car." The 1962 Chevy II rode a 110 in (2,794 mm) wheelbase , compared to 109.5 in (2,781 mm) for the Ford Falcon , at which Chevy's new compact was aimed. "I think that

298-447: A fuel cell without side production of NO x , but this is an electrochemical engine not a heat engine. The word engine derives from Old French engin , from the Latin ingenium –the root of the word ingenious . Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults , trebuchets and battering rams , were called siege engines , and knowledge of how to construct them

447-596: A "sport" body colored driver's side mirror that was adjustable from the interior. The well-hyped Vega stole sales from the Nova this year, but the compact soon would enjoy a resurgence of popularity that would last deep into the 1970s. A mid-year production change was the front door hinges spot welded to the A-pillar and the door shell, a design shared with the Vega and later implemented by GM's subsequent light-duty trucks and vans which later

596-452: A 110-horsepower 250-cubic-inch inline six, a 145-horsepower 305 cubic-inch two-barrel V-8, or 170-horsepower 350 cubic-inch four-barrel V-8. Shifting was accomplished by three-speed (column or floor shift) and four-speed manuals or Turbo Hydra-Matic. Novas might also be equipped with a heavy-duty suspension or the F41 sport suspension. A surprising number of police departments ordered Novas with either

745-402: A 195 hp (145 kW) 283 cu in (4.64 L) V-8 and, for $ 93 more, a 275 hp (205 kW) 327 cu in (5.36 L) V-8. Nova SS coupes had a console-mounted shift lever with their Powerglide automatic transmission or a four-speed manual. Other models had a column-mounted gearshift. Compared to the 1966 model year output, sales of the 1967 models dropped by more than

894-470: A 195 hp (145 kW) or 220 hp (160 kW) 283 cu in (4.64 L) V-8 , a 275 hp (205 kW) 327 cu in (5.36 L) V-8 and the top engine, a new Turbo-Fire 327 cu in (5.36 L) V-8 delivering 350 hp (260 kW). This engine was first seen in the Chevelle. This engine with the close-ratio four-speed manual transmission turned the normally mild Nova into

1043-503: A 1975-only option, a 305 cu in (5.00 L) and a 350 cu in (5.7 L)) for 1976 only, were offered. Mated to a three-speed automatic , 3-speed manual or 4-speed – V8s only – Which remained the norm through the end of the decade (and the end of the rear-wheel drive X platform ). By then, Cadillac had developed its own version of the X-body, called the K-body which was named

1192-646: A 305- or 350-cubic-inch V-8 engine, following the lead of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, which had given the compacts an exhaustive evaluation. Promoted as "Concours by Chevrolet", the 1977 Concours featured a new vertical bar grille and a revised stand-up hood ornament. The rear of the Concours also got new triple unit taillamps reminiscent of the Caprice. It also boasted newly designed wheel covers and wider bright wheel-opening moldings. "International in style, it

1341-510: A Nova 400, buyers could choose a Super Sport. Available only in a Sport Coupe, the SS was top of the line. The 194 cu in (3.18 L) inline-six was standard on the Super Sport, but any Chevy II (excluding four-cylinder) engine could be coupled with the SS. The SS was visually distinguished by wide rocker panels and a bright aluminum deck lid cove. It had a bright SS emblem on the grille and in

1490-1256: A Rally Nova. The only allowed exterior options were a vinyl roof (RPO-C08), engine badges for 307 or 350 engines and for mid 1972 the newly available Sky Roof. Other available optional accessories and equipment that could be had with the Rally Nova included - Sport steering wheel (RPO-NK4), vinyl rim steering wheel (RPO-NK2), color-keyed floor mats - front and rear (RPO-B37), color-keyed seat belts front, shoulder and rear (RPO-AK1), AM (RPO-U63) or AM/FM (RPO-U69) radios, windshield antenna (RPO-U76), rear speaker (RPO-U80), clock (RPO-U35), special instrumentation (RPO-U17)(Required V8 coupe with bucket seats and console), rear window defogger (RPO-C50), auxiliary lighting (RPO-ZJ9), A/C (RPO-C60)(with V8 engine only), bucket seats (RPO-A51), console (RPO-D55) (with bucket seats only), softray tinted glass (RPO-A01), trailering rear axle 3:42 ratio (RPO-YD1), positraction (RPO-G80), wheel trim rings (RPO-P06), power drum brakes (RPO-J50), power disk brakes (RPO-JL2), E78X14 bias ply belted single white stripe tires (RPO-PL3), power steering (RPO-N40), front and rear bumper guards (RPO-V30) , heavy duty radiator (RPO-V01) and heavy duty battery (RPO-T60). Production numbers for

1639-621: A brand-new chassis. 1966 Chevy IIs introduced an extensive sharp-edged restyle based in part on the Super Nova concept car . In general, proportions were squared up but dimensions and features changed little. Highlights included a bold grille and semi-fastback roofline. "Humped" fenders in an angular rear end were reminiscent of larger 1966 Chevrolets, though the 1966 Chevy II and Nova had vertical taillights and single headlights. The lineup again started with Chevy II 100 and Chevy II Nova 400 models. For just $ 159 (equal to $ 1,493.13 today) more than

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1788-482: A chemical reaction, but are not heat engines. Examples include: An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy , usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors . The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo . Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors can be run as generators and vice versa, although this

1937-454: A cold cylinder, which are attached to reciprocating pistons 90° out of phase. The gas receives heat at the hot cylinder and expands, driving the piston that turns the crankshaft . After expanding and flowing through the recuperator, the gas rejects heat at the cold cylinder and the ensuing pressure drop leads to its compression by the other (displacement) piston, which forces it back to the hot cylinder. Non-thermal motors usually are powered by

2086-404: A diamond-pattern grille with horizontal parking lights and black headlight bezels (basically the 1976-1977 SS grille), plus triple band striping and color-keyed Rally wheels. All Nova drivers faced a new dual-spoke, soft vinyl-covered steering wheel; the same one found in the Caprice and Malibu. Clare MacKichan Clare M. "Mac" MacKichan (/mækˈkiː.kæn/, March 10, 1918 – February 10, 1996)

2235-485: A few high-end European imports. The Nova LN was called "the most luxurious compact in Chevrolet's history," with wide-back reclining front seats that "look and feel like big, soft lounge chairs." LN equipment included ad­ditional sound insulation, map pockets, an electric clock, a smoked instrument lens, floor shifter and center console, and a day/night mirror. Taillight lenses have additional white accents unavailable with

2384-544: A few limited-production battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared, they have not proved competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics. In the 21st century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners. However, the gasoline engine and the Diesel engine, with their new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, have not yet been significantly challenged. A number of manufacturers have introduced hybrid engines, mainly involving

2533-429: A fresh full-width grille with new integrated headlight bezels. Parking lights moved down to the deep-section bumper, and sedans gained a new roofline. Taillight and backup lights were restyled, as was the rear cove. The 1965 Chevy II came in entry-level 100 form or as the posher Nova 400, each in three body styles. The Nova Super Sport came as a Sport Coupe only, and its production dipped to just 9,100 cars. Super Sports had

2682-412: A gas as in a Stirling engine , or steam as in a steam engine or an organic liquid such as n-pentane in an Organic Rankine cycle . The fluid can be of any composition; gas is by far the most common, although even single-phase liquid is sometimes used. In the case of the steam engine, the fluid changes phases between liquid and gas. Air-breathing combustion engines are combustion engines that use

2831-459: A heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices. Stirling engines can be another form of non-combustive heat engine. They use the Stirling thermodynamic cycle to convert heat into work. An example is the alpha type Stirling engine, whereby gas flows, via a recuperator , between a hot cylinder and

2980-425: A heat engine). Chemical heat engines which employ air (ambient atmospheric gas) as a part of the fuel reaction are regarded as airbreathing engines. Chemical heat engines designed to operate outside of Earth's atmosphere (e.g. rockets , deeply submerged submarines ) need to carry an additional fuel component called the oxidizer (although there exist super-oxidizers suitable for use in rockets, such as fluorine ,

3129-623: A heavy-duty 12-bolt positraction rear as a "towing option' package. At mid-year, a semi-automatic transmission based on the Powerglide called the Torque-Drive (RPO MB1) was introduced as a low-cost option (~$ 100 less than the Powerglide) for clutchless motoring. The Torque-Drive transmission was only offered with the four and six-cylinder engines. The two-speed Powerglide was still the only fully-automatic transmission available with most engines, as

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3278-413: A high-output Chevy 350cid V8 in his special line of Novas, the same engine that the new Z-28 Camaro and LT1 Corvette shared. Additionally, the new "Yenko Deuce", as it was known, had extensive suspension, transmission, and rear axle upgrades along with some very lively stripes, badges, and interior decals. The 1973 model year introduced a hatchback body style based on the 2-door coupe. The front and rear of

3427-640: A joint venture of the Advanced Studios and the Automotive Forward Planning Group. In this form its ambition was to change GM's development process to increase interchangeability of components across platforms, and improve both interior space and fuel efficiency of the cars. Implementation of the program required the restructuring of the development and manufacturing groups and use of new processes. It extended to encouraging outside suppliers to invest in developing new lighter-weight components. As

3576-460: A large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. To reduce the electric energy consumption from motors and their associated carbon footprints , various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher efficiency electric motors. A well-designed motor can convert over 90% of its input energy into useful power for decades. When

3725-489: A majority of the models. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. The 1970s and 1980s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy , which caused

3874-438: A more powerful oxidant than oxygen itself); or the application needs to obtain heat by non-chemical means, such as by means of nuclear reactions . All chemically fueled heat engines emit exhaust gases. The cleanest engines emit water only. Strict zero-emissions generally means zero emissions other than water and water vapour. Only heat engines which combust pure hydrogen (fuel) and pure oxygen (oxidizer) achieve zero-emission by

4023-406: A new brushed-chrome console with floor-mounted four-speed manual transmission or Powerglide automatic, but a column-mounted three-speed manual remained standard. Bucket seats wore textured vinyl trim, and the dashboard held ammeter, oil pressure, and temperature gauges. An expanded engine lineup gave customers six power choices of the six-cylinder or V-8 engines; the four-cylinder was available only in

4172-412: A new, more convenient "inertial reel" one-piece lap/shoulder safety belt assembly was standard for both front outboard passengers, along with a plastic clip attached to the headrest to guide the belt across the wearer's shoulder. Original manufacturers sales prices for the third generation Nova were: The 1975 Chevrolet Nova was the most-changed Chevy car for that model year. "Now it's beautiful," said

4321-560: A nuclear power plant uses the heat from the nuclear reaction to produce steam and drive a steam engine, or a gas turbine in a rocket engine may be driven by decomposing hydrogen peroxide . Apart from the different energy source, the engine is often engineered much the same as an internal or external combustion engine. Another group of noncombustive engines includes thermoacoustic heat engines (sometimes called "TA engines") which are thermoacoustic devices that use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use

4470-559: A pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Improving on the design of the 1712 Newcomen steam engine , the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775, was a great step in the development of the steam engine. Offering a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency , James Watt 's design became synonymous with steam engines, due in no small part to his business partner, Matthew Boulton . It enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on

4619-556: A previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. Later development led to steam locomotives and great expansion of railway transportation . As for internal combustion piston engines , these were tested in France in 1807 by de Rivaz and independently, by the Niépce brothers . They were theoretically advanced by Carnot in 1824. In 1853–57 Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci invented and patented an engine using

Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova - Misplaced Pages Continue

4768-531: A proper muscle car . The Powerglide automatic was not available with the 350 hp engine. The 1967 models received nothing more than a touch-up after a restyling for 1966. All Novas got a crosshatch pattern that filled the deck lid trim panel. The Nova officially was still called the Chevy II Nova and had overtaken the bottom-rung Chevy II 100 in sales. The Chevy II 100 lacked much in the way of trim or brightwork. 1967 models carried significant improvements in

4917-608: A railroad electric locomotive , rather than an electric motor. Some motors are powered by potential or kinetic energy, for example some funiculars , gravity plane and ropeway conveyors have used the energy from moving water or rocks, and some clocks have a weight that falls under gravity. Other forms of potential energy include compressed gases (such as pneumatic motors ), springs ( clockwork motors ) and elastic bands . Historic military siege engines included large catapults , trebuchets , and (to some extent) battering rams were powered by potential energy. A pneumatic motor

5066-555: A return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency. The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 operates with a W16 engine , meaning that two V8 cylinder layouts are positioned next to each other to create the W ;shape sharing the same crankshaft. The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C , a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that

5215-503: A six-cylinder engine. That was $ 173 more than the six-cylinder base-model two-door hatchback. Air conditioning added $ 381. Every 1973 Chevrolet Nova got side guard door beams and additional sound insulation, as well as flow-through ventilation systems. A sunroof could be installed, and fold-down rear seats were available. For 1974, the Chevrolet Nova got a centered bow-tie grille emblem, as well as modified bumpers that added two inches to

5364-724: A small gasoline engine coupled with an electric motor and with a large battery bank, these are starting to become a popular option because of their environment awareness. Exhaust gas from a spark ignition engine consists of the following: nitrogen 70 to 75% (by volume), water vapor 10 to 12%, carbon dioxide 10 to 13.5%, hydrogen 0.5 to 2%, oxygen 0.2 to 2%, carbon monoxide : 0.1 to 6%, unburnt hydrocarbons and partial oxidation products (e.g. aldehydes ) 0.5 to 1%, nitrogen monoxide 0.01 to 0.4%, nitrous oxide <100 ppm, sulfur dioxide 15 to 60 ppm, traces of other compounds such as fuel additives and lubricants, also halogen and metallic compounds, and other particles. Carbon monoxide

5513-453: A source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. In the medieval Islamic world , such advances made it possible to mechanize many industrial tasks previously carried out by manual labour . In 1206, al-Jazari employed a crank - conrod system for two of his water-raising machines. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. In

5662-429: A strict definition (in practice, one type of rocket engine). If hydrogen is burnt in combination with air (all airbreathing engines), a side reaction occurs between atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric nitrogen resulting in small emissions of NO x . If a hydrocarbon (such as alcohol or gasoline) is burnt as fuel, CO 2 , a greenhouse gas , is emitted. Hydrogen and oxygen from air can be reacted into water by

5811-573: A study to evaluate the feasibility of rationalizing platform development for the company's divisions overseen by General Motors Overseas Operations (GMOO) — Vauxhall, Opel, and Holden. In late 1969 MacKichan and a small group from the Overseas Design Studio initiated a project called "World Car" with a similar purpose. This project grew in scope, eventually being renamed the Total Automotive Systems Concept (TASC) and becoming

5960-475: A third to 106,500 (including 12,900 station wagons). About 10,100 Nova SS Chevrolets went to customers this year, 8,200 of them with V-8 engines. In the Chevy II 100 and regular Nova series, six-cylinder engines sold far better than V-8s. The 1968 models were fully-redesigned with an extensive restyle on a longer 111-inch wheelbase that gave Chevrolet's compacts a chassis that was just one inch shorter than that of

6109-431: A torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts . Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets . When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term motor was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as steam rollers . The term motor derives from

Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova - Misplaced Pages Continue

6258-550: A water-powered mill was built in Kaberia of the kingdom of Mithridates during the 1st century BC. Use of water wheels in mills spread throughout the Roman Empire over the next few centuries. Some were quite complex, with aqueducts , dams , and sluices to maintain and channel the water, along with systems of gears , or toothed-wheels made of wood and metal to regulate the speed of rotation. More sophisticated small devices, such as

6407-544: A weight-sensitive relay within the front seat that prevented the vehicle from being started until the driver's seatbelt had been fastened, following a safety mandate from the NHTSA . Later, Congress repealed the mandate requiring this type of device, declaring that it infringed on a driver's freedom of choice, and allowed owners of 1974-model cars to have the seat belt interlock bypassed. The devices were not included in future Nova models. Along with this controversial seat belt interlock,

6556-427: Is American in function," the sales brochure insisted of the Concours. The brochure went on to note that Concours offered a "very special blending of classic style and good sense." That last comment referenced Nova's sensible size. Novas themselves, the marketing materials said, were "not too small, not too big, not too expensive." For 1978 the Concours was discontinued to clear the way for the newly downsized Malibu, and

6705-416: Is a machine that converts potential energy in the form of compressed air into mechanical work . Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed air to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor or piston air motor. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in

6854-534: Is highly toxic, and can cause carbon monoxide poisoning , so it is important to avoid any build-up of the gas in a confined space. Catalytic converters can reduce toxic emissions, but not eliminate them. Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide , from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect – a primary concern regarding global warming . Some engines convert heat from noncombustive processes into mechanical work, for example

7003-710: Is not always practical. Electric motors are ubiquitous, being found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools , and disk drives . They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in

7152-428: Is reached with a coolant temperature of around 110 °C (230 °F). Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today. Engines have ranged from 1- to 16-cylinder designs with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, engine displacement , and cylinder bores . Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) were followed in

7301-534: Is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine). " Combustion " refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer , to supply the heat. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines. The working fluid can be

7450-693: The Antikythera Mechanism used complex trains of gears and dials to act as calendars or predict astronomical events. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century AD, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. Hero of Alexandria is credited with many such wind and steam powered machines in the 1st century AD, including the Aeolipile and the vending machine , often these machines were associated with worship, such as animated altars and automated temple doors. Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams as

7599-656: The Buick division of GM in 1939. When World War II (WWII) broke out MacKichan left GM to work on defense projects, and returned to the company in 1943. When MacKichan returned to GM he worked for the Fisher Body division. In 1947 he took a position as a senior designer in the GM Design studio. By 1951 MacKichan had risen to the position of Chief Designer of the Chevrolet Studio, General Motors Design Staff. Although it

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7748-484: The Corvair , the 1962 Chevy II design team deliberately avoided any revolutionary features in concept or execution; their mission was to give Chevrolet buyers a simple, back-to-the-basics compact car. When he announced the Chevy II to the press, Chevrolet General Manager Ed Cole described the car as offering "maximum functionalism with thrift." When the Chevy II was introduced, it was the second post-WWII American made car from

7897-612: The Nova Super Sport that they referred to as the Pontiac Acadian SS (Super Sport) . For 1969 the Chevy II nameplate was retired, leaving the Nova nameplate. The "Chevy II by Chevrolet" trunklid badge was replaced with "Nova by Chevrolet" and the "Chevy II" badge above the grille was replaced with the bowtie emblem and the 1969 model was promoted under the Nova model name in Chevrolet sales literature. As with other 1969 GM vehicles, locking steering columns were incorporated into

8046-596: The Seville , whose styling was distinct from those of its corporate cousins, and Buick replaced the Apollo with the Skylark name that had been inactive since the previous incarnation ended production at the end of the 1972 model year. The LN (Luxury Nova) package (which was the top luxury trim similar to the Caprice and Malibu Classic) sent Nova into the luxury portion of the compact market; some actually thought of it as competing against

8195-649: The Volkswagen Beetle , the Citroën 2CV , some Porsche and Subaru cars, many BMW and Honda motorcycles . Opposed four- and six-cylinder engines continue to be used as a power source in small, propeller-driven aircraft . The continued use of internal combustion engines in automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems, such as on-board computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection. Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased

8344-451: The big-block 396 cu in (6.5 L) rated at 350 bhp (350 PS; 260 kW); and 375 bhp (380 PS; 280 kW) at 5600 rpm and 415 lb⋅ft (563 N⋅m) at 3600 rpm of torque , which went for US$ 348. Both engines were offered with a choice of transmissions including the M-21 close-ratio four-speed manual, the heavy-duty M-22 "Rock Crusher" four-speed manual , or

8493-407: The club and oar (examples of the lever ), are prehistoric . More complex engines using human power , animal power , water power , wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan , windlass or treadmill , and with ropes , pulleys , and block and tackle arrangements; this power was transmitted usually with

8642-733: The combustion of a fuel causes rapid pressurisation of the gaseous combustion products in the combustion chamber, causing them to expand and drive a piston , which turns a crankshaft . Unlike internal combustion engines, a reaction engine (such as a jet engine ) produces thrust by expelling reaction mass , in accordance with Newton's third law of motion . Apart from heat engines, electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air , and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy . In biological systems, molecular motors , like myosins in muscles , use chemical energy to create forces and ultimately motion (a chemical engine, but not

8791-399: The oxygen in atmospheric air to oxidise ('burn') the fuel, rather than carrying an oxidiser , as in a rocket . Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. A continuous stream of air flows through the air-breathing engine. This air is compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and expelled as the exhaust gas . In reaction engines , the majority of

8940-429: The pistons or turbine blades or a nozzle , and by moving it over a distance, generates mechanical work . An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an internal working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger . The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work . The fluid

9089-560: The rear-engine Chevrolet Corvair was outsold by the conventional Ford Falcon in 1960, Chevrolet completed work on a more conventional compact car that would eventually become the Chevy II. The car was of semi- unibody construction having a bolt on front section joined to its unitized cabin and trunk rear section, available in two- and four-door sedan configurations as well as convertible and 4-door station wagon versions. The 1962 Chevy II came in three series and five body styles—the 100 Series, 300 Series and Nova 400 Series. A 200 series

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9238-460: The "Big 3", after the Pontiac Tempest (and the first Chevrolet since the 1928 Chevrolet National ), to use a four-cylinder engine. There was a lot of debate within the Chevrolet organization over just what to call this new car, and the decision to go with "Chevy II" was a very late one. Among the finalists was Nova. It lost out because it didn't start with a "C," but was selected as the name for

9387-475: The "Yenko Supernova") had a stronger body frame and suspension system to house the powerful and heavy 427cid (7.0 L) V8 engine that powered the Yenko Super Cars. Only 37 were known to be produced with an original selling price of $ 4,000.00. Today, only seven units are registered and known to exist. In 1970, emissions standards and fuel economy were taking a toll on muscle cars. To counter this, Yenko requested

9536-522: The 100. But, for Chevy II enthusiasts, 1965 is best remembered as the year the Chevy II became a muscle car. A 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8 was available with up to 300 hp (220 kW), suddenly putting Nova SS performance practically on a par with the GTO, 4-4-2, and 271 bhp Mustang 289s-at least in straight-line acceleration. Midyear also brought a more potent 283 with dual exhausts and 220 horsepower. The Chevelle Malibu SS continued to eat away at

9685-467: The 13th century, the solid rocket motor was invented in China. Driven by gunpowder, this simplest form of internal combustion engine was unable to deliver sustained power, but was useful for propelling weaponry at high speeds towards enemies in battle and for fireworks . After invention, this innovation spread throughout Europe. The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at

9834-594: The 1955–1957 production Chevrolet Nomad . MacKichan was responsible for the shape of the 1957 Chevrolet Corvette SS racing car. Design of the Jaguar D-Type influenced body took place in Studio X. MacKichan was team lead for the group that developed the "Sculpturamic" design language used for the 1958 Chevrolet line. The style was applied to the 1958 Impala. It was also seen in the related 1958 Brookwood and Yeoman station wagons. The compact Chevrolet Corvair

9983-424: The 1967 Chevrolet Nova SS got a new black-accented anodized aluminum grille. SS wheel covers were again inherited, this time from the 1965–66 Impala SS. The 1966 "Chevy II SS" badges were replaced with "Nova SS" emblems for the '67s. Nova versions started with the 194 cu in (3.18 L)in-line six engine but new was an optional 250 cu in (4.1 L) inline-six. Further powertrain options included

10132-573: The 1968 Chevy II Nova fell by half. In 1969 Chevrolet dropped the Chevy II portion of its compact car's name; it was now known simply as the Chevrolet Nova . The 153 cu in (2.51 L) four-cylinder engine was offered between 1968 and 1970, then was dropped due to lack of interest (besides its other usage in the Jeep DJ-5A a.k.a. the Postal Jeep or a marine/industrial engine) and to clear

10281-503: The 1970 Nova were wider and positioned slightly differently. This was the final year for the SS396 (actually, a 402 cubic in. engine now). All other engines were carried over including the seldom-ordered four-cylinder which was in its final year. The car finally became simply the Chevrolet Nova this year after two years of transitional nameplates (Chevy II Nova in 1968 and Chevrolet Chevy Nova in 1969). Out of 254,242 Novas sold for 1970, 19,558 were

10430-544: The 1973 T Car and 1978 V Car. The Chevrolet Small Family Car (SFC) project was aligned with the TASC program and eventually resulted in the 1980 GM X-Bodies. Other car lines resulting from the TASC project included the J, A, B, and C lines. A garageable minivan was also part of the TASC initiative. A full-size model of this concept was presented to GM's management in January 1973, but was not approved for further development. MacKichan

10579-565: The 1976 Chevrolet Nova were a 105-horsepower inline-six, a 165-horsepower 350-cubic-inch V-8, or a 140-horse 305-cubic-inch V-8. 1976 GM vehicles first saw use of the THM200 — from the GM T platform to GM X-Bodies (Chevrolet Nova et al.). A lighter duty, 10-bolt rear differential with a 7.5" ring gear (also used with the Vega/Monza and produced until 2005) was phased into production - being standard equipment with

10728-426: The 1977 model year included a more modern round gauge cluster to replace the long sweeping speedometer, and a revised dash panel which changed to a flatter design. Some new colors were offered (as with the rest of the divisions) and some small trim added. A separate brochure was printed for the Concours while the "1977 Nova" brochure detailed only base and Custom versions. The Nova SS previously offered for 1975 and 1976

10877-437: The 307 cu in (5.03 L) and 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8s becoming fairly common. The 1973 Nova with a six-cylinder engine or 307 cu. in. (5.0 L) V8 were among the last Chevrolets to be offered with the two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, which was in its final year. A dressy Custom series (which became a mid-level trim package in 1975) joined the Nova line and a Custom hatchback listed for $ 2,701 with

11026-653: The Chevy II was available in a convertible body style, and a two-door hardtop was available from 1962 to 1965, although the hardtop was dropped when the 1964 models were first introduced, but subsequently brought back to the line later in the model year. Like all Chevy two-door hardtops, the body style was marketed as the Sport Coupe. For 1963, the Chevy II Nova Super Sport was released, under RPO Z03. It featured special emblems, instrument package, wheel covers, side moldings, bucket seats, and floor shifter, and

11175-696: The Custom which became the mid-level trim option. For 1976 the Nova LN was rebranded Concours to rival the Ford Granada and the Mercury Monarch , as well as upscale versions of the Dodge Dart and Plymouth Valiant . Like regular versions of the 1976 Nova, the Concours came in three body styles: coupe, hatchback coupe, and four-door sedan. Concours was the most luxurious Chevrolet compact to date. Rosewood vinyl decorated

11324-496: The Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation ), heat energy (e.g. geothermal ), chemical energy , electric potential and nuclear energy (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion ). Many of these processes generate heat as an intermediate energy form; thus heat engines have special importance. Some natural processes, such as atmospheric convection cells convert environmental heat into motion (e.g. in

11473-545: The K2XX series) and vertical vents on the B-pillar. All Novas now had cut-pile carpeting, formerly installed only in the Custom series. Speedometers had larger, easier-to-read graphics. Windshields offered greater glass area. Front-door armrests were redesigned with integral pull bars. The base model carried the inline six-cylinder 250 cu in (4.1 L), 105 hp (78 kW), three V8 engines (262 cu in (4.29 L),

11622-517: The Latin verb moto which means 'to set in motion', or 'maintain motion'. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion. Motor and engine are interchangeable in standard English. In some engineering jargons, the two words have different meanings, in which engine is a device that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, and a motor is a device driven by electricity , air , or hydraulic pressure, which does not change

11771-523: The Nova Custom inherited much of the Concours' exterior finery but lacked the stand-up hood ornament displayed by the Concours. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl or Edinburgh woven sport cloth/vinyl. More basic versions of the 1978 Chevrolet Nova had the same grille as used in 1976-1977 and added a gold-tinted Chevy bowtie emblem at the leading edge of the hood. For '78 Nova was also available with Rally equipment, which included yet another front-end layout:

11920-507: The Nova SS market: Out of 122,800 Chevy IIs built for 1965 (compared to 213,601 Falcons), only 9,100 were Super Sports. For 1965, Chevy II had the dubious distinction of being the only car in GM's lineup to suffer a sales decline. It is possible that some Chevy II sales were lost to the brand-new '65 Corvair, which addressed virtually all its 1960–64 problems, got rave reviews from automotive journals and featured sleek new (Z-body) styling along with

12069-409: The Nova were restyled, following a government mandate for vehicles to be fitted with front bumpers capable of withstanding 5 mph (8 km/h) impacts and rear bumpers capable of absorbing 2.5 mph (4 km/h) impacts. To go along with the bigger bumpers, stylists gave the Nova a new grille with a loosely patterned crosshatch insert and parking lights located inboard of the headlights. In 1974,

12218-472: The Nova. Simulated air extractor/vents were added below the Nova script, which was relocated to the front fender behind the wheel-well instead of the rear quarter panel. The 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 with four-barrel carburetor that came standard with the SS option was revised with a 5 hp (4 kW) increase to 300 hp (220 kW), while a two-barrel carbureted version of the 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 rated at 255 hp (190 kW)

12367-544: The Rally Nova were 7,700 built in 1971 and 33,319 in 1972 of 403,450 total Nova 2-door coupes produced from 1971-1972. Retired race car driver and muscle car specialist Don Yenko of Yenko Chevrolet in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania , refitted a series of third-generation Novas, as well as Chevelles and Camaros for optimum performance to compete with the frontrunning Ford Mustangs , Plymouth Barracudas and Dodge Challengers . The specially redesigned Nova (sometimes known as

12516-515: The SS 350 or SS 396 version. Approximately 177 Central Office Production Order (COPO) Novas were ordered, with 175 converted by Yenko Chevrolet . The other two were sold in Canada. The Nova was used in Trans-Am racing this year. Year 1971 Novas were similar to the previous year. The 396 cu in (6.49 L) engine was replaced with the 350 cu in (5.7 L) in the SS model. 1971 also saw

12665-681: The Turbo-Hydra-matic automatic (RPO-M40) (V8 only). The Rally Nova only came with 2" single exhaust since the 2-1/4" dual exhaust was reserved for the SS-only 200 hp Turbo-Fire 350 V8 4V (RPO-L48). Optional interior trim levels Custom (RPO-ZJ1) and Special (RPO-ZJ3) could be ordered. Custom Exterior (RPO-ZJ2/YF8) and Exterior Decor Package (RPO-ZJ5) were not available when the Rally Nova was ordered. This means bright rear panel trim plate, bright side window moldings, sill moldings, fender moldings, side molding and accent striping would have never come on

12814-675: The US MacKichan was made Executive in Charge of Advanced Design and Engineering for Design Staff. He started work on a new rear-engined concept car called the XP-892 in January 1968. This car used a rear-mounted inline four-cylinder engine rather than the Corvair's air-cooled flat-six. After progressing to a full-scale mockup, the project was cancelled in June of that year. In 1962 GM's Bill Mitchell commissioned

12963-555: The area of safety equipment. A government-mandated energy-absorbing steering column and safety steering wheel, soft interior parts such as armrests and sun visors, recessed instrument panel knobs, front seat belt anchors and dual brake master cylinders, were included in all 1967 models. The 1967 Chevy II and its deluxe Nova rendition continued to attract compact-car shoppers, but the Chevrolet Camaro, introduced for 1967, took away some Nova sales. Available only in hardtop coupe form,

13112-528: The base inline-six. A "Cabriolet" padded vinyl top was available for Nova coupes. Modest revisions were made to the brakes, and also to fuel and exhaust system mountings. Dashboards contained new knobs. After testing the 1976 Chevrolet Nova, the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department placed the largest order for compact police cars ever seen in the U.S. The $ 187 Nova SS option group included a black grille with unique diamond-mesh pattern, Rally wheels, four-spoke steering wheel, and heavy-duty suspension. Minor changes for

13261-497: The base model and a chrome plated grille. Above the front marker lenses, the LN had 4.3 LITER (or 5.7 LITER) decals - making it the first Chevrolet product with metric displacement badges sold in the Americas. Swing-out quarter windows could be ordered for the coupe. "Thanks to LN," the sales brochure announced, "Nova's image will never be the same again." The LN was more Eurocentric as opposed to

13410-423: The best-selling year for the option. A modified rear side window shape was also introduced, eliminating the vent windows on both two- and four-door models. A revised rear suspension was adapted from the second generation Camaro with multi-leaf springs replacing the mono-leaf springs used on Novas since the original 1962 model. By this time, six-cylinder and V8 engines were de rigueur for American compact cars , with

13559-439: The brochure of Nova's all-new sheet metal, "refined along the lines of elegant European sedans." Chevrolet wisely maintained a visual kinship with the 1968–1974 design, and also retained Nova's efficiently sized 111-inch wheelbase. Front tread grew by an inch and a half, and the front stabilizer bar had a larger diameter. Novas now had standard front disc brakes and steel-belted radial tires. The front suspension and subframe assembly

13708-431: The cars were introduced to the public in late 1959 as 1960 models. At introduction in the fall, the hardtop coupe was missing in the lineup, contributing to a loss of sales (as well as showroom appeal). Chevrolet subsequently reintroduced the Sport Coupe in the lineup later in the model year, and it remained available through 1967. The 1965 Chevrolet Chevy II and Nova were updated with cleaner front-end styling courtesy of

13857-436: The chemical composition of its energy source. However, rocketry uses the term rocket motor , even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover —a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy . An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from

14006-447: The combustion energy (heat) exits the engine as exhaust gas, which provides thrust directly. Typical air-breathing engines include: The operation of engines typically has a negative impact upon air quality and ambient sound levels . There has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements. Though

14155-544: The compact car market; both the Apollo and Omega debuted, using the same body styles from the Nova lineup. Additional options were included on these Nova-like models, such as lighting under the dashboard and in the glove compartment. Pontiac's final GTO of this era was based on a facelifted 1974 Ventura coupe, itself based on the Nova, but fitted with a shaker hood scoop from the Trans Am . Novas and all 1974 cars were fitted with

14304-497: The company later fused their badge engineering with platform sharing to cut expenditures. The initials of the four model names spelled out the acronym NOVA ( N ova, O mega, V entura, A pollo). The 1973 introduction of the Omega and Apollo coincided with the subsequent oil crisis where sales of the X and H platform increased. The 1972 Nova received only minor trim changes. The Rally package option with heavy duty suspension returned and

14453-489: The efficiency of a motor is raised by even a few percentage points, the savings, in kilowatt hours (and therefore in cost), are enormous. The electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by: 1) reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor , improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities , such as copper ), 2) reducing

14602-496: The electrical losses in the rotor coil or casting (e.g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper), 3) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic steel , 4) improving the aerodynamics of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5) improving bearings to reduce friction losses , and 6) minimizing manufacturing tolerances . For further discussion on this subject, see Premium efficiency ). By convention, electric engine refers to

14751-404: The engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam). Simple machines , such as

14900-448: The entire front suspension was integrated with the bodyshell, a separate subframe housing the powertrain and front suspension (similar to the front part of the frame of GM's full-size , full-framed vehicles) replaced the earlier style. Although the front subframe design was unique for the Nova, the Camaro introduced a year earlier was the first to incorporate such a design; the redesigned Nova

15049-408: The field for the Vega. Far more popular were the 230 cu in (3.8 L) six-cylinder and the base 307 cu in (5.03 L) V8 , which replaced the 283 cu in (4.64 L) V8 offered in previous years. Several units were produced with the 327 cu in (5.36 L), 275 hp (205 kW), engine, four-barrel quadrajet carb and four-speed Saginaw transmission with

15198-636: The first half of the 20th century, a trend of increasing engine power occurred, particularly in the U.S. models. Design changes incorporated all known methods of increasing engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the rate at which the engine produces work. The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements. Optimal combustion efficiency in passenger vehicles

15347-674: The forces multiplied and the speed reduced . These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece , as well as in mines , water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome . The writers of those times, including Vitruvius , Frontinus and Pliny the Elder , treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient. By the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills , driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. According to Strabo ,

15496-403: The form of rising air currents). Mechanical energy is of particular importance in transportation , but also plays a role in many industrial processes such as cutting, grinding, crushing, and mixing. Mechanical heat engines convert heat into work via various thermodynamic processes. The internal combustion engine is perhaps the most common example of a mechanical heat engine in which heat from

15645-488: The four-seat Impala concept car that debuted the same year, incorporating several Corvette styling cues in the car. MacKichan did the first sketches and led the design effort that resulted in the Motoramic style embodied in the 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air , the first of what came to be called the " Tri-Five " Chevrolets. He then revisited the shape for minor redesigns in 1956 and 1957. He also adapted his 1954 Nomad concept for

15794-524: The free-piston principle that was possibly the first 4-cycle engine. The invention of an internal combustion engine which was later commercially successful was made during 1860 by Etienne Lenoir . In 1877, the Otto cycle was capable of giving a far higher power-to-weight ratio than steam engines and worked much better for many transportation applications such as cars and aircraft. The first commercially successful automobile, created by Karl Benz , added to

15943-411: The heat of a combustion process. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (generally, fossil fuel ) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber . In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to components of the engine, such as

16092-518: The interest in light and powerful engines. The lightweight gasoline internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for light automobiles, while the thermally more-efficient Diesel engine is used for trucks and buses. However, in recent years, turbocharged Diesel engines have become increasingly popular in automobiles, especially outside of the United States, even for quite small cars. In 1896, Karl Benz

16241-485: The introduction of the Rally Nova, a trim level that only lasted two years (until it resurfaced as the Nova Rally in 1977). The Rally kit included black or white stripes that ran the length of the car and between the taillights in the back, a Rally Nova sticker on the driver's side of the hood, 6-slot 14X6" Rally wheels, heavy duty suspension with mono-leaf or multi-leaf in the rear depending on optional equipment ordered., and

16390-464: The introduction of the new Chevelle , and the Chevy II received its first factory V8 option, a 195 hp (145 kW) 283 cu in (4.6 L), as well as a 230 cu in (3.8 L) straight six. The six-cylinder was all-new, replacing the older Stovebolt engine . Rival manufacturer Chrysler had earlier developed the Slant Six in their Plymouth Valiant , a Chevy II competitor, when

16539-436: The length and helped cushion minor impacts. The Powerglide was replaced by a lightweight version of the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 350 ( THM 250 ) already offered with the 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8, which was the only V8 offered for 1974. Nova sales continued the surge they had enjoyed since 1972 and approached 400,000 cars for 1974. Six-cylinder Novas were the fastest gainers, as sales of V-8 Novas declined. These were

16688-508: The midsize Chevelle coupe. The station wagon and hardtop sport coupe were discontinued, the former in line with an industry trend which left AMC the only American maker of compact station wagons until Chrysler rejoined the market in 1976 (the 1966–70 Ford Falcon wagon was actually midsize, using a bodyshell identical to the Fairlane wagon's). One notable change was the front subframe assembly — as compared with Ford , Chrysler and AMC , in whose cars

16837-477: The more desirable three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic was only available with the largest V8 engines. The Nova Super Sport was transformed from a trim option to a performance package for 1968. One of the smallest muscle cars ever fielded by Detroit, the Nova SS now included a 295 hp (220 kW) 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 engine along with a heavy-duty suspension and other performance hardware, priced at US$ 312. Optional V8 engines included two versions of

16986-431: The more expensive Super Sport option. The other reason was because of insurance surcharges that applied to owners of "real" Muscle Cars. The SS was more expensive to insure because of the 200 hp Turbo-Fire 350 V8 engine. The Rally Nova option included black or white tapered stripe decals that ran the length of the car with "Rally Nova" wording in the stripes toward the rear of both quarter panels. A stripe decal between

17135-645: The power output of smaller displacement engines that are lighter in weight and more fuel-efficient at normal cruise power.. Similar changes have been applied to smaller Diesel engines, giving them almost the same performance characteristics as gasoline engines. This is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine-propelled cars in Europe. Diesel engines produce lower hydrocarbon and CO 2 emissions, but greater particulate and NO x pollution, than gasoline engines. Diesel engines are also 40% more fuel efficient than comparable gasoline engines. In

17284-542: The previous year on Camaros and Vegas. Despite the lack of change, Nova had its best sales season in years, with the production of the 1972 models reaching 349,733. Of these, 139,769 had the six-cylinder engine. Mid 1971 saw the introduction of the Rally Nova(RPO-YF1) available with the Nova coupe (X27) model only. The Rally Nova option was basically an appearance option but did include heavy duty front and rear suspension (RPO-F40) which could be mono-leaf or multi-leaf in

17433-455: The program expanded the size of the team under MacKichan's direct oversight grew to seventy persons. One product of the TASC project was a sporty 2+2 fastback called the TASC4GT. This car, which was powered by a rear-mounted rotary engine, was designed by a small group led by Dick Ruzzin and progressed to the point of a full-sized fiberglass model. Among the earliest models influenced by TASC were

17582-453: The rear bumper could absorb 5 mph impacts. Fuel tank capacity increased to 21 gallons, which required a redesigned trunk pan where a circular section was stamped to house the space-saver spare tire used on hatchback models. An SS option remained available, but it was merely a $ 123 dress-up package that included a blackout grille and Rally wheels. It could be ordered with any of the Nova engines. 35,542 SS packages were installed, making 1973

17731-468: The rear depending on optional equipment ordered. The Rally Nova was a would-be Muscle Car. It had the look of a Muscle Car with stripes, black grill, left hand sport mirror and 14X6" 6-slot Rally wheels but it could not be ordered with the SS-only 200 hp (150 kW) Turbo-Fire 350 V8 4V (RPO-L48) engine. This was done for two reasons, people who wanted the Muscle Car look could have it without paying for

17880-424: The ribbed rear panel, and Super Sport script on the quarter panels. Wheel covers were inherited from the 1965 Malibu SS. Strato-bucket front seats were included, but a tachometer cost extra. The ’66 Chevy II sales brochure clearly promoted the Super Sport as the “Chevrolet Chevy II Nova Super Sport,” but the name "Nova" was not used anywhere on the body. Front and rear emblems displayed "Chevy II SS." In 1967, Chevy II

18029-701: The taillights on the back, a "Rally Nova" decal on the driver's side of the hood, 6-slot 14x6" Rally wheels with special center caps, driver's side body colored remote adjustable Sport mirror, black painted grill with bright upper and lower horizontal bars, black accent headlight bezels, bright roof drip moldings and color-keyed floor carpeting. Available engines for the Rally Nova were the 110 hp (80 kW) Turbo-Thrift 250 L6 1V (RPO-L22), 130 hp (95 kW) Turbo-Fire 307 V8 2V (RPO-L14) and 165 hp (125 kW) Turbo-Fire 350 V8 2V (RPO-L65). Available transmissions were 3-Speed manual (RPO-ZW4) (all engines), Powerglide automatic (RPO-M35) (standard engines only) and

18178-442: The thousands of kilowatts . Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, and by their application. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on

18327-483: The three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 400 automatic transmission . A total of 5,571 SS coupés were produced for 1968. Novas sported the SS badge until 1976. Front disc brakes were optional on the 1968 Nova SS. Strangely enough, also in 1968, and in 1969, Pontiac would have their Canadian division overtake both of the Acadian and Beaumont divisions of General Motors in Canada, and they too would have their own variant of

18476-560: The top-of-the-line series. Ultimately the Nova badge would replace Chevy II, but that wouldn't happen until 1969. In almost every way, the creators of the Chevy II used Falcon as a benchmark. The 1962 model range included sedans and wagons, as well as a two-door hardtop and a convertible . The only body styles it didn't offer which the Falcon did were a 2-door wagon/sedan delivery and coupe utility (the Ford Falcon Ranchero ). After

18625-405: The upper door panels, instrument panel, and steering wheel. Concours models had an upright hood ornament, bumper guards, bright trim moldings, black bumper impact strips, and full wheel covers; more-basic Novas came with hubcaps. The Concours coupe also was the first Chevrolet coupe with a fold-down front center armrest. A V8 Concours coupe sold for $ 547 more than the comparable base Nova. Engines for

18774-531: The use of unleaded gasoline as a result of a GM corporate mandate that took effect with the 1971 model year. After 1971, other GM divisions began rebadging the Nova as their new entry-level vehicle, such as the Pontiac Ventura II (once a trim option for full-size Pontiacs to 1970), Oldsmobile Omega and the Buick Apollo . This was considered to build brand loyalty with respective GM divisions although

18923-584: The years of the first energy crisis as Middle Eastern countries cut back on oil exports. After waiting for hours in gas lines and fretting about the prospect of fuel rationing, thrifty compacts looked pretty good to plenty of Americans and it fit the bill. The 'Spirit of America' Nova was introduced in 1974. In anticipation of the US bicentennial in 1976, the limited edition Nova Coupes were painted white and featured blue and red accent stripes as well as red and blue interior carpets and fabrics. Oldsmobile and Buick entered

19072-590: Was Director of Design. His job in Rüsselheim included establishing the Opel Design studio, building the necessary facilities, and hiring staff. Designs attributed to MacKichan at Opel include the 1964 Kapitan , Admiral , and Diplomat . The design that MacKichan is most closely associated with from his time at Opel is the Opel GT . Based on Opel Kadett mechanicals, and with a body designed by Erhard Schnell, MacKichan

19221-462: Was a new option on non-SS models. The SS option price remained US$ 312 A new Turbo-Hydramatic 350 three-speed automatic was made available for non-SS Novas with six-cylinder and V8 engines, although the older two-speed Powerglide continued to be available on the smaller-engined Novas. 1969 SS models were the first Nova SS models to have standard front disc brakes. The 1970 Nova was basically a carryover from 1969. The side marker and taillight lenses for

19370-553: Was a rather popular choice, with 33,319 sold. SuperSport equipment went on 12,309 coupes. Nova production moved to Norwood, Ohio, where it would be assembled alongside the Camaro. At mid-year, a sunroof option called the Sky Roof became available on two-door models. Also, the optional Strato bucket seats available on coupes switched from the previous low-back design with adjustable headrests to the high back units with built-in headrests introduced

19519-511: Was also introduced, but was discontinued almost immediately. The sportiest-looking of the lot was the US$ 2,475 ($ 24,930 in 2023 dollars ) Nova 400 convertible—23,741 were produced that year. Available engines for the Chevy II in 1962 and 1963 included Chevrolet's inline-four engine of 153 cu in (2.5 L) and a new 194 cu in (3.2 L) Hi-Thrift straight-six engine . All Chevy II engines featured overhead valves . A V8 engine

19668-651: Was an automotive designer and executive with General Motors (GM). He is best known for designing or overseeing the design of several significant models for the Chevrolet division in the United States and Opel in Germany. MacKichan was born on 10 March 1918 in Applegate, Michigan . He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1937 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. He started as an apprentice designer with

19817-542: Was available only on the 400 series sport coupe and convertible. Cost of the package was US$ 161.40, equal to $ 1,606.28 today. As mentioned above, the Nova option could not officially have V8 engines at this time—the standard SS engine was the six-cylinder (this was also applicable to the Impala (and later the early Chevelle c. 1964–65) when the SS was a sport and appearance package)—but small-block V8 engine swaps were commonplace among enthusiasts. For 1964, sales were hit hard by

19966-517: Was designed to power the Emma Mærsk , the largest container ship in the world when launched in 2006. This engine has a mass of 2,300 tonnes, and when running at 102 rpm (1.7 Hz) produces over 80 MW, and can use up to 250 tonnes of fuel per day. An engine can be put into a category according to two criteria: the form of energy it accepts in order to create motion, and the type of motion it outputs. Combustion engines are heat engines driven by

20115-654: Was discontinued, the option code for the SS — RPO Z26 — continued as the Nova Rally from 1977 through 1979. A badged-engineered Nova Malibu Rallye (1977 and 1978 model years – not related to the USA market Chevelle-based model and based on the Nova hatchback coupe) was sold in Mexico using the RPO Z26 package but fitted with 'Malibu Rallye' graphics and a front grille emblem. Three engines and four transmissions were available for every 1977 Chevrolet Nova, including Concours. Buyers could choose from

20264-436: Was granted a patent for his design of the first engine with horizontally opposed pistons. His design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal cylinders and reach top dead center simultaneously, thus automatically balancing each other with respect to their individual momentum. Engines of this design are often referred to as “flat” or “boxer” engines due to their shape and low profile. They were used in

20413-499: Was involved in what would become another Corvette project with the XP-897 concept car, later called the 2-Rotor Corvette. This mid-engined prototype was designed in the US, and built by Pininfarina on a Porsche 914 chassis. It was first shown at the 1973 Frankfurt Auto Show. MacKichan retired from GM in 1978 or 1979. Clare MacKichan died on 10 February 1996 in Nokomis, Florida . He

20562-463: Was merely a water pump, with the engine being transported to the fire by horses. In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust ). Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines . Examples of engines which exert

20711-517: Was not available in 1962 and 1963. With no documentation proving it, the legend of a dealer installed V8 engine being in a 1962 or 1963 model year Chevy II is a myth. Refer to the GM Heritage Center 1963 Chevrolet Nova information available on the GM Heritage site. In addition, that documentation does not list a V8 engine as a possible dealer installed option. In 1962 and 1963 the Nova option for

20860-464: Was often treated as a military secret. The word gin , as in cotton gin , is short for engine . Most mechanical devices invented during the Industrial Revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the original steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery , were not mechanical engines but pumps. In this manner, a fire engine in its original form

21009-548: Was primarily the work of Robert McLean, MacKichan contributed to the final design of the original 1953 Corvette. He would have a long association with the Corvette, overseeing all Corvette styling from the early 1950s well into the 1960s. He also spoke at Covette-themed events, and kept Corvette parts in his office. MacKichan drew the shape for the Corvette-based 1954 Chevrolet Nomad Motorama concept car. He led development of

21158-415: Was pushed a year ahead to 1968 instead of 1969. The sales brochure claimed 15 powertrain choices for coupes and a dozen for sedans. Options included power brakes and steering, Four-Season or Comfort-Car air conditioning, rear shoulder belts, and head restraints. There were a few Chevrolet Novas built with the 194 ci (3.1 L), the same motor that had been used in the previous generations of the Chevy II. Sales of

21307-570: Was released in 1960, during his tenure as Chief Designer. This car's shape influenced several other manufacturers' products, particularly in Europe. Shortly afterwards MacKichan was chief designer of another compact Chevrolet; the 1962 Chevy II . Continuing his involvement with the Corvette, he supervised development of the C2 Corvette design that was released in 1963. This was also a Studio X project. In 1962 MacKichan transferred to GM's wholly owned German subsidiary, Opel. At Opel his position

21456-411: Was similar to the one used in the second generation GM F-body cars (the Camaro and Pontiac Firebird ), whereas the rear axle and suspension were carried over from the previous generation. Coupes, including the hatchback, had fixed side windows (or optional flip-out windows) - the first for a GM vehicle later optioned throughout the 1980s with its light duty trucks (S10, Astro/Safari, and GMT400 trucks to

21605-447: Was still the name of the vehicle, but the Nova SS option package replaced all Chevy II badging with Nova SS badging. The 90 hp (67 kW) 153 cu in (2.51 L) inline-four engine was only offered in the base Chevy II 100 series models. Buyers could also order a 194 cu in (3.18 L) inline-six engine (std. in the SS), a 230 cu in (3.8 L) inline-six,

21754-678: Was survived by wife Edith and four children; Kathleen, Carol, Janis, and Robert. In 2011 MacKichan was posthumously inducted into the Corvette Hall of Fame at the National Corvette Museum . Presentation of the Clare M. MacKichan Memorial Award is a feature of some classic Chevrolet conventions. Engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy . Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of

21903-576: Was the driving force behind creation of the GT. The car's styling appears to have been influenced by the Chevrolet Corvair Monza GT and Monza SS Spyder. While it is believed that MacKichan had left for Germany by the time the Monza GT was being developed, Anatole Lapine , who worked on the Monza GT with Larry Shinoda , joined MacKichan at Opel in 1964. MacKichan returned to the US in 1967. Back in

22052-590: Was the quickest program we ever did at any time," he continued. "We worked night and day on that car, and it didn't take very long to run it through our shop because we had a deadline." And that is what made the Chevy II one of the fastest new-car development programs in GM history – just 18 months after the designers got the green light, the first production Chevy II rolled off the Willow Run, Michigan, assembly line in August 1961, in time for its September 29 introduction. Unlike

22201-583: Was used with the S10, Astro van, and full-size trucks commencing with the GMT400 a decade later. The 250 cu in (4.1 L) six-cylinder engine was now the standard Nova engine with the demise of the 153 cu in (2.51 L) four-cylinder and 230 cu in (3.8 L) six-cylinder engines. The 307 cu in (5.03 L) and 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8s were carried over from 1970 and all engines featured lowered compression ratios to enable

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