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24-532: Chendebji ( ཅན་དན་སྦྱིས། in Dzongkha ) is a village in Trongsa District in central Bhutan . This Bhutan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dzongkha The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha

48-487: A colon divided by a tilde is used for this in the extensions to the IPA : [n͋] is a voiced alveolar nasal fricative, with no airflow out of the mouth, and [n̥͋] is the voiceless equivalent; [v͋] is an oral fricative with simultaneous nasal frication. No known language makes use of nasal fricatives in non-disordered speech. Nasalization may be lost over time. There are also denasal sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with

72-544: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

96-616: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Nasalized In phonetics , nasalization (or nasalisation )

120-481: A head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean . Vowels assimilate to surrounding nasal consonants in many languages, such as Thai , creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalization of segments adjacent to phonemic or allophonic nasal vowels , such as Apurinã . Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to

144-477: A nasal flap [ɾ̃] (or [n̆] ) as an allophone of / ɾ / before a nasal vowel; voiced retroflex nasal flaps are common intervocalic allophones of / ɳ / in South Asian languages. A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism . However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it

168-447: A transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by

192-585: Is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near

216-460: Is actually trilled. Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like Toro-tegu Dogon and Inor . A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages, Nzema language contrasts /l, l̃/ . Other languages, such as the Khoisan languages of Khoekhoe and Gǀui , as well as several of the !Kung languages , include nasal click consonants. Nasal clicks are typically with a nasal or superscript nasal preceding

240-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

264-412: Is the nasalized equivalent of [v] . A subscript diacritic [ą] , called an ogonek or nosinė , is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde. For example, [ą̄ ą́ ą̀ ą̂ ą̌] are more legible in most fonts than [ã̄ ã́ ã̀ ã̂ ã̌] . Many languages have nasal vowels to different degrees, but only a minority of world languages around

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288-507: Is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is [n] . In the International Phonetic Alphabet , nasalization is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic U+0303 ◌̃ COMBINING TILDE above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: [ã] is the nasalized equivalent of [a] , and [ṽ]

312-503: The ( allophonically ) nasalized approximant [w̃] and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant. In Old and Middle Irish , the lenited ⟨m⟩ was a nasalized bilabial fricative [β̃] . Ganza has a phonemic nasalized glottal stop [ʔ̃] while Sundanese has it allophonically; nasalized stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals. Nasal flaps are common allophonically. Many West African languages have

336-736: The Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted

360-551: The Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in

384-412: The airflow characteristic of fricatives is produced not in the mouth but at the anterior nasal port , the narrowest part of the nasal cavity . (Turbulence can also be produced at the posterior nasal port, or velopharyngeal port, when that port is narrowed – see velopharyngeal fricative . With anterior nasal fricatives, the velopharyngeal port is open.) A superimposed homothetic sign that resembles

408-697: The consonant (for example, velar-dental ⟨ ŋ͡ǀ ⟩ or ⟨ ᵑǀ ⟩ and uvular-dental ⟨ ɴ͡ǀ ⟩ or ⟨ ᶰǀ ⟩). Nasalized laterals such as [‖̃] (a nasalized lateral alveolar click) are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; nasalized lateral clicks are common in Southern African languages such as Zulu . Often when /l/ is nasalized, it becomes [n] . Besides nasalized oral fricatives, there are true nasal fricatives, or anterior nasal fricatives , previously called nareal fricatives . They are sometimes produced by people with disordered speech . The turbulence in

432-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

456-412: The lightly nasalized vowels are best described as oro-nasal diphthongs . Note that Ladefoged and Maddieson's transcription of heavy nasalization with a double tilde might be confused with the extIPA adoption of that diacritic for velopharyngeal frication . By far the most common nasal sounds are nasal consonants such as [m] , [n] or [ŋ] . Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through

480-744: The mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the stops . Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 ( [ȵʑ] ; [ʐ] in modern Standard Chinese ) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into [ ʐ ] and [ɑɻ] (or [ ɻ ] and [ ɚ ] respectively, depending on accents) in Standard Chinese ; [ z ] / [ ʑ ] and [ n ] in Hokkien ; [z] / [ʑ] and [n] / [ n̠ʲ ] while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it

504-494: The superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

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528-747: The world have nasal vowels as contrasting phonemes. That is the case, among others, of French , Portuguese , Hindustani , Nepali , Breton , Gheg Albanian , Hmong , Hokkien , Yoruba , and Cherokee . Those nasal vowels contrast with their corresponding oral vowels . Nasality is usually seen as a binary feature, although surface variation in different degrees of nasality caused by neighboring nasal consonants has been observed. There are languages, such as in Palantla Chinantec , where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality: oral e.g. [e] vs lightly nasalized [ẽ] vs heavily nasalized [e͌] , although Ladefoged and Maddieson believe that

552-491: Was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal [ʝ̃] . In Coatzospan Mixtec , fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. In the Hupa , the velar nasal /ŋ/ often has the tongue not make full contact, resulting in a nasalized approximant, [ɰ̃] . That is cognate with a nasalized palatal approximant [ȷ̃] in other Athabaskan languages . In Umbundu , phonemic /ṽ/ contrasts with

576-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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