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18-398: Trongsa District ( Dzongkha : ཀྲོང་གསར་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie transliteration : Krong-gsar rdzong-khag ) is one of the districts of Bhutan . It is the most central district of Bhutan and the geographic centre of Bhutan is located within it at Trongsa Dzong . Trongsa is a linguistically diverse district. In the north and east inhabitants speak Bumthangkha , and in the extreme southeast Khengkha

36-544: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

54-744: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Paro District 27°30′N 89°20′E  /  27.500°N 89.333°E  / 27.500; 89.333 Paro District ( Dzongkha : སྤ་རོ་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie : Spa-ro rdzong-khag )

72-409: Is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by the superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/

90-576: Is a district ( dzongkhag ), valley, river and town (population 20,000) in Bhutan . It is one of the most historic valleys in Bhutan. Both trade goods and invading Tibetans came over the pass at the head of the valley , giving Paro the closest cultural connection with Tibet of any Bhutanese district. The dominant language in Paro is Dzongkha , the national language. Paro contains the only international airport in Bhutan, Paro International Airport . Paro District

108-472: Is bordered by Haa district to the west, Tibet to the north, Thimphu district to the east, and Chukha district to the south. Paro Districts comprises ten village blocks (or gewogs ): Northern Paro District (the gewogs of Doteng and Tsento ) contains part of Jigme Dorji National Park and the biological corridor connecting it to Torsa Strict Nature Reserve in neighboring Haa District . Important cultural sites of Paro include: Druk Air ,

126-449: Is divided into five village blocks (or gewogs ): Most of Trongsa Districts is environmentally protected. Wangchuck Centennial Park in the north (the gewog of Nubi ) and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in central, western, and southern Trongsa (the gewogs of Langthil and Tangsibji ) are connected by biological corridors , all of which are protected areas of Bhutan . Biological corridors also occupy substantial portions of

144-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

162-617: Is spoken. Nyenkha is spoken in the western half of the district, straddling the border with Wangdue Phodrang District . To the north, along and across the same border, live speakers of Lakha . In the extreme south, the national language Dzongkha is spoken. Across the mid-south, tiny communities of autochthonous 'Olekha (Black Mountain Monpa) speakers have all but disappeared. Historically, Bumthangkha and its speakers have had close contact with speakers of Kurtöpkha , Mangduepikha and Khengkha , nearby languages of central and eastern Bhutan, to

180-400: Is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

198-550: The Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha

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216-481: The extent that they may be considered part of a wider collection of "Bumthang languages." Nyenkha, also related to the Bumthang languages, is more divergent while 'Olekha is only distantly related. Trongsa covers a total area of 1807 sq km. It is bordered by Wangdue Phodrang District to the west and Bumthang District to the east. To the south it borders Tsirang , Sarpang , and Zhemgang Districts . Trongsa District

234-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

252-556: The fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are

270-507: The language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of

288-558: The native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and

306-566: The southeast and northeast, leading to Thrumshingla National Park in neighboring districts. Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park preserves some of Bhutan's wildlife such as the Himalayan Bear and White Langur. Dzongkha Dzongkha ( རྫོང་ཁ་ ; [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́] ) is a Tibeto-Burman language that is the official and national language of Bhutan . It is written using the Tibetan script . The word dzongkha means "the language of

324-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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