72-548: The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a time zone twelve hours and forty-five minutes ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in UTC+12:45 . It is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands , New Zealand. It is one of three time zones with a 45-minute offset from UTC, the others being Nepal Standard Time ( UTC+05:45 ) and the unofficial Australian Central Western Time ( UTC+08:45 ). During summer, daylight saving time
144-611: A Dominion . On the same day, the King issued another Royal Proclamation granting the Colony of Newfoundland the status of Dominion of Newfoundland . The 1907 change from Colony to Dominion was largely symbolic, and New Zealand did not become independent until the General Assembly of New Zealand enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 , which applied the Statute of Westminster 1931 to
216-426: A 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986. All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India , use a single time zone even though
288-557: A C library based on the BSD C library, or the System V Release 4 C library, can make use of this database. Windows -based computer systems prior to Windows 95 and Windows NT used local time, but Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT, base system time on UTC. They allow a program to fetch the system time as UTC, represented as a year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond; Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT 3.5 and later, also allow
360-562: A May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918. Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda! , published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days",
432-480: A clock for each railroad, each showing a different time. Because of this a number of accidents occurred when trains from different companies using the same tracks mistimed their passings. Around 1863, Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders,
504-444: A convenient time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a certain longitude. Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip. Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to
576-626: A first lieutenant on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Blanche , submitted a national ensign design to Sir George Bowen , the Governor of New Zealand. It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag in a surge of patriotism arising from the Second Boer War in 1902. To end confusion between the various designs of the flag, the Liberal Government passed
648-720: A standard reference time while each location in England kept a different time. In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the British Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers . This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as railway time . Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from
720-479: A standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran , India , Myanmar and parts of Australia had time zones with
792-457: A whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India and Nepal . Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during spring and summer , a practice known as daylight saving time (DST). In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC offset when DST
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#1732848294829864-554: Is not in effect. When DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for Lord Howe Island , where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period California observes UTC−07:00 and the United Kingdom observes UTC+01:00 . The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus solar time , varies by location due to
936-407: Is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time . Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had
1008-606: Is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones. If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15 UTC"
1080-470: Is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal , commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude , because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time. Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offsets range from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00 , and are usually
1152-611: Is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time , e.g. a time offset in Chicago , which is in the North American Central Time Zone , is " −06:00 " for the winter (Central Standard Time) and " −05:00 " for the summer (Central Daylight Time). Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", but these are not part of
1224-527: Is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) is 13 hours 45 minutes ahead of UTC, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT). Daylight saving time runs from the last Sunday in September at 2:45 to the first Sunday in April at 3:45. 43°53′54″S 176°31′44″W / 43.89833°S 176.52889°W / -43.89833; -176.52889 Time zone A time zone
1296-560: Is often translated today as governance or government. This point of difference has been a subject of much controversy and political debate. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island and Stewart Island on the basis of discovery, following "first discovery" by Captain James Cook in 1769. New Zealand had had a close relationship with the Colony of New South Wales from 1788 onwards. The relationship
1368-462: Is to allow the more efficient use of afternoon sunlight. Some of these locations also use daylight saving time (DST), further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of
1440-583: Is updated whenever time zone or daylight saving time rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose. As an alternative to the information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library. This library includes its own data based on the IANA time zone database. As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting times. Traditionally, there
1512-403: Is usually converted to local time when displayed to the user, and times specified by the user in local time are converted to Unix time. The conversion takes into account the time zone and daylight saving time rules; by default the time zone and daylight saving time rules are set up when the system is configured, though individual processes can specify time zones and daylight saving time rules using
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#17328482948291584-528: Is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z". UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter "Z". Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be " +01:00 ", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of time zones
1656-558: The Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865 , which required all ships owned by colonial governments to fly the defaced Royal Navy blue ensign with a colonial badge. New Zealand did not have a colonial badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage, and so the letters "NZ" were added to the blue ensign. The Colony New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom. In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham ,
1728-537: The IANA time zone database and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones. The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this. As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via
1800-597: The PECL timezonedb. Colony of New Zealand The Colony of New Zealand was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1841 to 1907. British authority was vested in a governor . The colony had three successive capitals : Okiato (or Old Russell) in 1841; Auckland from 1841 to 1865; and Wellington from 1865. Following the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , the colony became a Crown colony with its first elected parliament in 1853. Responsible self-government
1872-507: The TZ environment variable . This allows users in multiple time zones, or in the same time zone but with different daylight saving time rules, to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone and daylight saving time rule information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database . In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library ,
1944-416: The high seas . As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time zones consist of gores of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at
2016-611: The spherical shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four minutes of time for every degree of longitude , so for example when it is solar noon in London , it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in Bristol , which is about 2.5 degrees to the west. The Royal Observatory, Greenwich , founded in 1675, established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing
2088-620: The British (Imperial) Government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840. The Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a de jure Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 3 May 1841. In its early years, British effective control over the whole colony was limited. Connecting control with sovereignty, the historian James Belich , says sovereignty fell into two categories: nominal (meaning
2160-598: The Dominion of New Zealand (although the United Kingdom retained the right to legislate for New Zealand at its request); certain colonial enactments survived for sometime after—the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was finally replaced by the Constitution Act 1986 . A Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued on 26 September 1907. Māori were counted separately and not as part of
2232-563: The Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT. On November 2, 1868, the British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony. It was based on longitude 172°30′ east of Greenwich , that
Chatham Standard Time Zone - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-588: The Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session. While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone and daylight saving time rule information, the Java Platform , from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own database of time zone and daylight saving time rule information. This database
2376-526: The US version shows Eastern Time . US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime". Email systems and other messaging systems ( IRC chat , etc.) time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display
2448-497: The area becomes a function of UTC time. The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00). The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones. Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on
2520-510: The article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect.) Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time, whereas
2592-465: The begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. Unix-like systems, including Linux and macOS , keep system time in Unix time format, representing the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds ) that have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970. Unix time
2664-543: The calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 am, and makes a calendar entry at 9 am (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 am if taking the computer's time zone. Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons,
2736-671: The council. In response, Wynyard prorogued parliament for two weeks. On 31 August, he appointed Thomas Forsaith , Jerningham Wakefield and James Macandrew to the Executive Council, but when parliament met again, it moved a motion of no confidence in the members. Parliament met on 8 August 1855, by which time Wynyard had received instructions from the Colonial Office to introduce responsible government. The new governor, Sir Thomas Gore Browne , arrived on 6 September 1855 and relieved Wynyard of his duties. On 28 January 1858, Wynyard
2808-475: The country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, with the only operative part of the 1846 Act being the creation of New Zealand's first provinces. In the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. The latter proposal
2880-645: The de jure status of sovereignty, but without the power to govern in practice) and substantive (in which sovereignty can be both legally recognised and widely enforced without competition). He wrote: "Certainly, for many years after 1840, 'nominal sovereignty' was much closer to the reality. This ambiguity was a source of friction. The British imagined that they were entitled to govern the Maoris in fact as well as name, although [William Hobson and Robert FitzRoy ] were sufficiently realistic to grasp that substantive sovereignty could not be applied comprehensively overnight." With
2952-544: The equation is equivalent to UTC. The conversion equation can be rearranged to For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 ( EST , UTC offset= −05:00). In California ( PST , UTC offset= −08:00) and India ( IST , UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for
Chatham Standard Time Zone - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-519: The equator. Near the summer solstice , Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of Stockholm , which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though. In the United States, the reasons were more historical and business-related. In Midwestern states, like Indiana and Michigan , those living in Indianapolis and Detroit wanted to be on
3096-549: The establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became governor of New Zealand. The first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established to assist the governor: an Executive Council and a (General) Legislative Council . The Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general , colonial secretary , and colonial treasurer . The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, and three justices of
3168-535: The extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina , use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China. In Russia, which has 11 time zones , two time zones were removed in 2010 and reinstated in 2014. ISO 8601
3240-547: The first centered on Washington, D.C. , but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich , with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains . Dowd's system was never accepted by North American railroads. Chief meteorologist at the United States Weather Bureau Cleveland Abbe divided the United States into four standard time zones for consistency among
3312-532: The first centred on the meridian of Rome . He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death. Scottish -born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - see Sandford Fleming § Inventor of worldwide standard time . The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to
3384-449: The greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and China's UTC+08:00 . Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring forward", "fall back"). Modern DST
3456-416: The international time and date standard ISO 8601 . Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "CST" can mean (North American) Central Standard Time (UTC−06:00), Cuba Standard Time (UTC−05:00) and China Standard Time (UTC+08:00), and it is also a widely used variant of ACST ( Australian Central Standard Time , UTC+09:30). Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship in which each side of
3528-570: The islands of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 in two separate declarations. In the first declaration, Hobson declared sovereignty over the North Island on the basis of cession following the Treaty of Waitangi. In the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty and received the rights, privileges and protections of being British subjects . The Māori version of the treaty refers to kāwanatanga which
3600-403: The meantime, he sent a dispatch to London requesting clarification. Wynyard then offered to add some elected members of parliament to the Executive Council, and appointed James FitzGerald , Henry Sewell and Frederick Weld to the council. The compromise worked for a few weeks but on 1 August parliament demanded complete power to appoint ministers. Wynyard refused, and all three MPs resigned from
3672-653: The message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time. Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous. Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because
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#17328482948293744-416: The necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard , while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See
3816-489: The official census. The total population of the Colony of New Zealand was 772,719 people with the number of "full-blooded" Māori being counted at 43,143 people. The number of " half-castes " living as members of Māori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census were counted at 5,540 people. The first flag used by the Colony of New Zealand was the British Union Flag . This began to change with
3888-618: The peace appointed by the governor. The Legislative Council had the power to issue laws called Ordinances . The colony was initially divided into three provinces : New Ulster Province (the North Island), New Munster Province (the South Island), and New Leinster Province (Stewart Island). As new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson ( Wellington ) had its own elected council, which
3960-492: The provincialist (pro-provinces) faction, William Fox , defeated Sewell's government on 20 May 1856. Fox himself, however, did not retain office for long, being defeated by Edward Stafford , a moderate. The Colony of New Zealand continued until 26 September 1907, when, as a result of a decision by the 1907 Imperial Conference and by request of the New Zealand Government, King Edward VII declared New Zealand to be
4032-486: The same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has two sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day. China extends as far west as 73°E , but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 ( 120°E ), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang . The Afghanistan-China border marks
4104-535: The same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones. He advocated his system at several international conferences, including the International Meridian Conference , where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming's system. By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted
4176-419: The same time zone as New York to simplify communications and transactions. A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska , which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone ( 165°W ). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time ( 135°W ) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer. Kotzebue, Alaska , also near
4248-465: The system time to be fetched as a count of 100 ns units since 1601-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to
4320-522: The time-zone system. It was a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide . The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit , Buffalo , Pittsburgh , Atlanta , and Charleston . It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons", when each railroad station clock
4392-465: The war. Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time. One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians
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#17328482948294464-467: The weather stations. In 1879, he published a paper titled Report on Standard Time . In 1883, he convinced North American railroad companies to adopt his time-zone system. In 1884, Britain, which had already adopted its own standard time system for England, Scotland, and Wales, helped gather international consent for global time. In time, the American government, influenced in part by Abbe's 1879 paper, adopted
4536-565: The west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones. For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France , they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ( Central European Time ) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after
4608-546: Was appointed to the Legislative Council. Governor Thomas Gore Browne subsequently announced that self-government would begin with the 2nd New Zealand Parliament , elected in 1855. Henry Sewell was asked by the governor to form a government, now known as the Sewell Ministry . He became colonial secretary—effectively the first Premier of New Zealand—on 7 May. Sewell's government was short-lived, however. The leader of
4680-690: Was established in 1856 with the governor being required to act on the advice of his ministers . In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand within the British Empire . Following the extension of the boundaries of New South Wales in January 1840 by Governor Gipps to include New Zealand, William Hobson left Sydney for New Zealand. The Treaty of Waitangi —between Māori chiefs and British representatives of Queen Victoria —was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840. Hobson declared British sovereignty over
4752-415: Was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal . Despite controversy , many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight there is minimal. Many computer operating systems include
4824-463: Was forcibly dissolved by Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson in 1840. Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for a representative government led by Samuel Revans , who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848. The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide
4896-546: Was formalised when a new definition of NSW's boundaries arrived from London on 15 June 1839 which included New Zealand. It stated that the NSW colony would include "any territory which is or may be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty ... within that group of Islands in the Pacific Ocean, commonly called New Zealand." This made Lieutenant-Governor Hobson answerable to his superior, the governor of New South Wales . By letters patent ,
4968-572: Was opened on 24 May 1854. The Administrator of Government, Robert Wynyard , was quickly confronted by the demands of the new parliament that responsible government be granted to the colony immediately; on 2 June the House of Representatives passed a resolution, sponsored by Edward Gibbon Wakefield , to that effect. Wynyard refused, stating that the Colonial Office made no mention of responsible government in its dispatches. The Executive Council advised Wynyard against implementing responsible government, and in
5040-582: Was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Grey's constitution. The second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly , which consisted of the Legislative Council and an elected House of Representatives . The first general election for the House of Representatives was held from 14 July 1853 until early October. The 1st New Zealand Parliament
5112-502: Was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time. A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time , and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before
5184-665: Was very little in the way of time zone support for JavaScript . Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres. ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones. However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it. The DateTime object in Perl supports all entries in
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