Misplaced Pages

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64-569: Under the Chatham House Rule , anyone who comes to a meeting is free to use information from the discussion, but is not allowed to reveal who made any particular comment. It is designed to increase openness of discussion. The rule is a system for holding debates and discussion panels on controversial topics, named after the London headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , where

128-455: A detailed annual overview of international relations, the survey's primary role was 'to record current international history'. The survey continued until 1963 and was well received throughout the Institution, coming to be known as 'the characteristic external expression of Chatham House research: a pioneer in method and a model for scholarship.' In 1926, 14 members of Chatham House represented

192-543: A news organization will often "clamp down" on the guidelines for using unnamed sources, but those guidelines are often forgotten after the scandal dies down. One study found that large newspapers' use of anonymous sources dropped dramatically between 2003 and 2004. The Project for Excellence in Journalism , a research group, found use of anonymous sources dropped from 29 percent of all articles in 2003 to just seven percent in 2004, following widespread embarrassment of media after

256-704: A project promoting opposition to the Venezuelan government of Nicholas Maduro . After Juan Guaidó failed to replace Maduro as president, Sabatini said "The current strategy on Venezuela hasn't worked, so we have to try something else. The Guaidó government was a failure but it did provide a rallying point which no longer exists". In 2015, several reports were published by Chatham House, including Nigeria's Booming Borders: The Drivers and Consequences of Unrecorded Trade , which urges formalising trade and driving more sustainable and less volatile growth; Changing Climate, Changing Diets: Pathways to Lower Meat Consumption examines

320-914: A public health crisis. In 2016, Chatham House published Elite Perceptions of the United States in Latin America and the Post-Soviet States , examining how elites in Latin America and the former Soviet Union view the United States, and providing recommendations on how the US could adjust its policies based on these perceptions. 2017 reports included The Struggle for Ukraine , an exploration of, four years after its Euromaidan revolution, Ukraine's fight for survival as an independent and viable state; Chokepoints and Vulnerabilities in Global Food Trade advocates for policymakers to take immediate action to mitigate

384-530: A reduction in global meat consumption as critical to keeping global warming below the "danger level" of two degrees Celsius; Heat, Light and Power for Refugees: Saving Lives, Reducing Costs examines the reasons why energy provision to displaced people undermines the fundamental humanitarian aims of assistance; and Towards a New Global Business Model for Antibiotics: Delinking Revenues from Sales argued for revenues for pharmaceutical companies to be de-linked from sales of antibiotics to avoid their over-use and avert

448-486: A second opinion about how to use the information obtained, how to or how not to identify sources, and whether other options should be pursued. The use of anonymous sources has always been controversial. Some news outlets insist that anonymous sources are the only way to obtain certain information, while others prohibit the use of unnamed sources at all times. News organizations may impose safeguards, such as requiring that information from an anonymous source be corroborated by

512-410: A second source before it can be printed. Prominent reports based on anonymous sources have sometimes been proven to be incorrect. For instance, much of the O. J. Simpson reporting from unnamed sources was later deemed inaccurate. Newsweek retracted a story about a Qur'an allegedly being flushed down a toilet—the story had been based upon one unnamed military source. After the embarrassment,

576-537: A series of events and initiatives such as the SNF CoLab, the Common Futures Conversations project, and the introduction of a panel of young advisers, plus three Chatham House Centenary Awards for Sir David Attenborough , Melina Abdullah and Greta Thunberg . In April 2022, Russia designated Chatham House as an " undesirable organisation ". Christopher Sabatini, a senior fellow at Chatham House, leads

640-468: A specific topic, known as a " beat ". Beat reporters must, however, be cautious of becoming too close to their sources. Reporters often, but not always, give greater leeway to sources with little experience. For example, sometimes a person will say they don't want to talk, and then proceed to talk; if that person is not a public figure, reporters are less likely to use that information. Journalists are also encouraged to be skeptical without being cynical, as per

704-594: Is Bronwen Maddox . Maddox took over in 2022 from Sir Robin Niblett , who had been director of Chatham House for 15 years. Research directors are Tim Benton, Patricia Lewis , Creon Butler, and Alex Vines. Journalism sourcing#Using confidential information According to Shoemaker (1996) and McQuail (1994), there are a multitude of factors that tend to condition the acceptance of sources as bona fide by investigative journalists . Reporters are expected to develop and cultivate sources, especially if they regularly cover

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768-516: Is "to help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous, and just world". It is the originator of the Chatham House Rule . The Royal Institute of International Affairs has its headquarters in central London at 10 St James's Square , which is known as Chatham House. It is a Grade I listed 18th-century building that was designed in part by Henry Flitcroft and was occupied by three British prime ministers, including William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham , whose name became associated with

832-503: Is not report or even repeat that information". Unlike a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), an agreement to talk off the record has no legal force. Unlike a non-disclosure agreement, it lacks one or more of the elements that make up a binding contract. However, like a non-disclosure agreement, a source may be able to use contract law to control the use of the information provided or protect their privacy. Some journalists and news organizations have policies against accepting information "off

896-476: Is the origin of the non-attribution rule known as the Chatham House Rule, which provides that a participant in a meeting may discuss the content of this meeting in the outside world, but may not discuss who attended nor identify what a specific individual said. The Chatham House Rule evolved to facilitate frank and honest discussion on controversial or unpopular issues by speakers who may not have otherwise had

960-565: The Commonwealth 's new political stature, in light of growing calls for decolonisation and the development of the Cold War . A board of studies in race relations was created in 1953, allowing for the close examination of changing attitudes and calls for racial equality throughout the world. The group broke off into an independent charity in 1958, forming the Institute of Race Relations . Following

1024-599: The Cuban Missile Crisis and Brazilian coup d'état , the institute developed a growing focus on the Latin American region. Che Guevara , then Cuba 's Minister of Industry, wrote an analysis of 'The Cuban Economy: Its Past and Present Importance' in 1964 for International Affairs . Chatham House played a more direct role in the international affairs of the Cold War through the October 1975 Anglo-Soviet round-table,

1088-575: The United Kingdom at the first conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations , a forum dedicated to the discussion of problems and relations between Pacific nations. The IPR served as a platform for the institute to develop a political and commercial awareness of the region, with special focus being placed upon China's economic development and international relations. In the same year the Institute received its royal charter , thereupon being known as

1152-644: The United Nations and the International Monetary Fund . Combining this with the institute's early support of the League of Nations and impact of the gold study on the Bretton Woods system , Chatham House found itself to be a leading actor in international political and economic redevelopment. In reaction to the changing post-war world, Chatham House embarked on a number of studies relating to Britain and

1216-517: The Watergate scandal which led to the downfall of U.S. president Richard Nixon was in part exposed by information revealed by an anonymous source (" Deep Throat ") to investigative reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein . Divulging the identity of a confidential source is frowned upon by groups representing journalists in many democracies. In many countries, journalists have no special legal status, and may be required to divulge their sources in

1280-442: The gold standard two years later. Around this time Chatham House became known as the place for leading statesmen and actors in world affairs to visit when in London; notably, Mahatma Gandhi visited the institute on 20 October 1931, in which he delivered a talk on "The Future of India". The talk was attended by 750 members, making it the institute's largest meeting up to that point. In 1933 Norman Angell , whilst working within

1344-798: The Asia-Pacific region, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Russia and Eurasia, the USA and Americas and the UK in the World launched in 2023. Chatham House contains the Sustainability Accelerator (formerly Hoffmann Centre for Sustainable Resource Economy), which focuses on the political economy of resource production and consumption. Chatham House regularly hosts speakers from the UK and international policy and business communities. Chatham House has produced

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1408-528: The Bush administration claims that Iraq had WMDs were found to be without basis. In the U.S., this practice is generally not well seen. However, lengthy lists of reporters' sexual involvement with sources were published by American Journalism Review and by the Los Angeles Times . Whether in a formal, sit-down interview setting or an impromptu meeting on the street, some sources request that all or part of

1472-534: The Energy and Research Programme and the International Economics Programme, formed in 1980 - 1981. In addition to reshaping its research practices, the institute also sought to strengthen its international network, notably amongst economically prosperous nations. For example, Chatham House's Far East programme, created with the intention of improving Anglo-Japanese relations in the long and short term,

1536-576: The Institute announced its Academy for Leadership in International Affairs, offering potential and established world leaders a 12-month fellowship at the institution with the aim of providing "a unique programme of activities and training to develop a new generation of leaders in international affairs." In November 2014, The Queen formally launched the academy under the title of the "Queen Elizabeth II Academy for Leadership in International Affairs." The Institute celebrated its centenary in 2020 with

1600-493: The Institute in 1938. These additional properties provided much needed additional space for the institute's activities. 1929 also saw the inception of the institute's special study group on the international gold problem. The group, which included leading economists such as John Maynard Keynes , conducted a three-year study into the developing economic issues which the post-war international monetary settlement created. The group's research anticipated Britain's decision to abandon

1664-475: The Institute in an attempt to develop their international and political awareness as well as post war reconstruction planning. Chatham House had been researching potential post-war issues as early as 1939 through the Committee on Reconstruction. Whilst a number of staff returned to the Institute at the end of the war, a proportion of members found themselves joining a range of international organisations, including

1728-543: The Institute quickly focused upon Edward Grey's resolution, with the 1920s proving an active decade at Chatham House. The journal International Affairs was launched in January 1922, allowing for the international circulation of the various reports and discussions which took place within the institute. After being appointed as Director of Studies, Professor Arnold Toynbee produced the institute's annual Survey of International Affairs until his retirement in 1955. While providing

1792-512: The Middle East and North Africa examines the common economic factors that continue to drive conflict in Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen. And Kazakhstan: Tested by Transition examines if the country can pursue modernisation and reform, and break from its authoritarian past. In 2020 and 2021, there were reports on The Business Case for Investment in Nutrition claiming to be the first of its kind to reveal

1856-520: The Paris Agreement on climate change, and Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs arguing the rise of AI must be better managed in the near term in order to mitigate longer term risks and to ensure that AI does not reinforce existing inequalities. 2019 saw three major reports produced. The UK and Japan makes the case that a stronger relationship could advance each country's ability to address shared global concerns. Conflict Economies in

1920-460: The Royal Institute of International Affairs. The Charter set out the aims and objectives of the institute, which were to "advance the sciences of international politics... promote the study and investigation of international questions by means of lectures and discussion... promote the exchange of information, knowledge and thought on international affairs." The year 1929 marked the next stage in

1984-585: The Theater G-5 officer (Civil-Military Affairs), MG Ray W. Barker . Research facilities were opened to refugee and allied academics, whilst arrangements were made for both the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and the Polish Research Centre to relocate to the Institute following the bombing of their premises. In addition, allied officers undertook courses in international affairs at

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2048-588: The air, a person avoids having an audience see or hear them being uncomfortable (if they have unpleasant news); it also permits the individual to be anonymous or identified only by title. In journalism, attribution is the identification of the source of reported information. Journalists' ethical codes normally address the issue of attribution, which is sensitive because in the course of their work, journalists may receive information from sources who wish to remain anonymous. In investigative journalism , important news stories often depend on such information. For example,

2112-409: The appropriate forum to speak freely. However, most meetings at Chatham House are held on the record rather than under the Chatham House Rule. Chatham House research is structured around five thematic programmes, comprising: environment and society; global economy and finance; global health security; international law; and international security; as well as seven regional programmes, covering Africa,

2176-551: The course of a criminal investigation, as any other citizen would be. Even in jurisdictions that grant journalists special legal protections, journalists are typically required to testify if they bear witness to a crime. Journalists defend the use of anonymous sources for a variety of reasons: The use of anonymous sources is also criticized by some journalists and government officials: There are several categories of "speaking terms" (agreements concerning attribution) that cover information conveyed in conversations with journalists. In

2240-558: The encounter not be captured in an audio or video recording ("tape"), but continue speaking to the reporter. As long as the interview is not confidential, the reporter may report the information given by the source, even repeating direct quotes (perhaps scribbled on a notepad or recalled from memory). This often shows up in broadcasts as "John Brown declined to be interviewed on camera, but said" or simply "a spokesperson said". Some interview subjects are uncomfortable being recorded. Some are afraid they will be inarticulate or feel embarrassed if

2304-514: The enemy and various other topics. Many eminent historians served on the FPRS under Arnold J. Toynbee as its director and with Lionel Curtis (represented the Chairman) at Oxford until 1941 when Ivison Macadam took over from him. There were four deputy directors, Alfred Zimmern , George N. Clark , Herbert J. Patton and Charles K. Webster , and a number of experts in nineteen national divisions. It

2368-419: The first Presidents of the institute, with Lionel Curtis and G. M. Gathorne–Hardy appointed joint Honorary Secretaries. By 1922, as the institute's membership grew, there was a need for a larger and more practical space and the Institute acquired, through the gift of Canadian Colonel R. W. Leonard , Chatham House, Number 10 St. James's Square , where the institute is still housed. Following its inception,

2432-635: The first in a series of meetings between Chatham House and the Institute of World Economy and International Relations in Moscow. As an early example of two-track diplomacy , the meeting sought to develop closer communication and improved relations between Britain and the Soviet Union. At the start of the 1980s, the Council moved to expand the institute's research capabilities in two key emerging areas. The first modern programmes to be created under this initiative were

2496-641: The freeholds of 6 Duke of York Street, then called York Street (largely through the generosity of Waldorf Astor , John Power , and others) and later 9 St James's Square, then the Portland Club , in 1943 (through a donation to cover its purchase by Henry Price ), and connect these adjoining properties to the original freehold property of Chatham House at 10 St James Square (with the cost of these connections covered by Astor's sons, William, David, and John). Power also donated his leasehold property in Chesham Place to

2560-447: The group's steering committee . The practice has been criticized by some commentators, who view the conferences as a means for policymakers to make decisions without public accountability. Royal Institute of International Affairs The Royal Institute of International Affairs , commonly known as Chatham House , is a British think tank based in London , England. Its stated mission

2624-445: The hidden costs of malnutrition for business, and the extent to which these costs are recognised and addressed by multinational companies and Myths and misconceptions in the debate on Russia which aims to deconstruct sixteen of the most prevalent myths and misconceptions that shape contemporary Western thinking on Russia. As of 2024 , The chairman of the Council of Chatham House is Sir Nigel Sheinwald GCMG , and its director and CEO

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2688-499: The house. Canadian philanthropists Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Wells Leonard and Kate Rowlands Leonard purchased the property in 1923 and then donated the building to the fledgling institute as its headquarters. As a result, the Chatham House name is used as a metonym for the institute as a whole. Chatham House accepts individual members, as well as members from corporations , academic institutions , and NGOs . Chatham House

2752-524: The implications of recent Imperial Conferences. With various dominion nations seeking to follow individual foreign policy aims, Major-General Sir Neill Malcolm , the chairman of the Council of the institute, emphasised the need for "essential agreement in matters of foreign policy between the various Governments," with the Commonwealth Relations Conference being the vehicle upon which this cooperation would be achieved and maintained. At

2816-527: The institute's Council, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his book The Great Illusion , making him the first and only Laureate to be awarded the prize for publishing a book. Chatham House held the first Commonwealth Relations Conference in Toronto, Ontario , Canada in 1933. Held roughly every five years, the conference provided a forum for leading politicians, lawyers, academics and others to discuss

2880-423: The institute's development, with the appointment of a full-time chief executive or director. Ivison Macadam was appointed to the position (Secretary and then Director-General), in which he oversaw the institute's rapid expansion with its growing research, organisational and financial needs, a role he occupied until 1955. Macadam was able to secure funding to expand the physical plant of the Institute by acquiring

2944-443: The interview is broadcast. Others might be uncooperative or distrust the motives or competence of the journalist, and wish to prevent them from being able to broadcast an unflattering sound bite or part of the interview out of context. Professional public relations officers know that having the reporter repeat their words, rather than being heard directly on the air, will blunt the effect of their words. By refusing to be taped or on

3008-638: The outbreak of the Second World War the institute was decentralised for security reasons, with many of the staff moving to Balliol College, Oxford from Chatham House's main buildings in St James's Square . There, the Foreign Press and Research Service of the Institute worked closely with the Foreign Office to provide intelligence for and to work closely with the Foreign Office dedicating their research to

3072-582: The policy journal International Affairs since 1922, and the Journal of Cyber Policy since 2016. It has also published a monthly global affairs magazine, The World Today , since 1945. The Royal Institute of International Affairs originated in a meeting, convened by Lionel Curtis , of the American and British delegates to the Paris Peace Conference on 30 May 1919. Curtis had long been an advocate for

3136-698: The practice; and America's International Role Under Donald Trump explores the impact of US President Donald Trump 's personality and style—brash, unpredictable, contradictory and thin-skinned—on his engagement in foreign affairs. Major reports in 2018 included Transatlantic Relations: Converging or Diverging? which argues that the longer-term fundamentals of the transatlantic relationship remain strong, Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete exploring why significant changes in how cement and concrete are produced and used are urgently needed to achieve deep cuts in emissions in line with

3200-429: The record" because they believe it interferes with their ability to report truthfully, or because they suspect it may be intended to mislead them or the public. Some people believe it is unethical for a source to give information off the record. Even if writers cannot report certain information directly, they can use "off the record" information to uncover related facts, or to find other sources who are willing to speak on

3264-414: The record. This is especially useful in investigative journalism . Information about a surprise event or breaking news , whether on or off the record, is known as a "tip-off". Information that leads to the uncovering of more interesting information is called a "lead". The identity of anonymous sources is sometimes revealed to senior editors or a news organization's lawyers, who would be considered bound by

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3328-461: The risk of severe disruption at certain ports, maritime straits, and inland transport routes, which could have devastating knock-on effects for global food security; Collective Action on Corruption in Nigeria: A Social Norms Approach to Connecting Society and Institutions examines how anti-corruption efforts could be made significantly more effective through new ways of understanding why people engage in

3392-519: The rule for a question-and-answer session and opening remarks for Cœuré, respectively, by Vice President Vítor Constâncio and fellow board member Peter Praet , gained attention. An ECB governing council member Boštjan Jazbec also had, the same month, convened questions-and-answers, under the rule. The Bilderberg Group uses the Chatham House Rule for its annual conferences, which feature between 120 and 150 prominent politicians, CEOs , national security experts , academics , and journalists invited by

3456-413: The rule into Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. The European Central Bank (ECB) sometimes adopts the Chatham House Rule. In May 2015, release of a speech, which adhered to the rule, by ECB board member Benoît Cœuré caused divided opinion as to its use and his self-publication. The Cœuré speech affected currency, and stock and bond markets. Thereafter, ECB invocations of

3520-519: The rule originated in June 1927. The rule was created in 1927 and refined in 1992. Since its most recent refinement in 2002, the rule states: When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to use the information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that of any other participant, may be revealed. Although sometimes referred to as Chatham House Rules , Chatham House states that

3584-433: The same confidentiality as the journalist. (Lawyers are generally protected from subpoena in these cases by attorney–client privilege .) Legal staff may need to give counsel about whether it is advisable to publish certain information, or about court proceedings that may attempt to learn confidential information. Senior editors are in the loop to prevent reporters from fabricating non-existent anonymous sources and to provide

3648-524: The saying "If your mother says she loves you, check it out," popularized by the City News Bureau of Chicago . As a rule of thumb, but especially when reporting on controversy, reporters are expected to use multiple sources. A journalist may agree to discuss a topic "off the record". According to the Poynter Institute , if a reporter agrees to an off-the-record conversation, "the ethical thing to do

3712-627: The scientific study of international affairs and, following the beneficial exchange of information after the peace conference, argued that the method of expert analysis and debate should be continued when the delegates returned home in the form of international institute. The British and American delegates formed separate institutes, with the Americans developing the Council on Foreign Relations in New York . The British Institute of International Affairs, as it

3776-439: The singular should be used as there is only one rule. The rule aims to foster open dialogue on public policy and current affairs. It enables individuals to express and debate controversial opinions without risking their professional standing and establishes a clear distinction between personal views and those of their employer. The original rule of 1927 was refined in October 1992 and again in 2002. Chatham House has translated

3840-701: The war effort under the Chairmanship of Waldorf Astor , The formal remit of Chatham House for the FPRS at Balliol was: 1. To review the press overseas. 2. To “produce at the request of the Foreign Office, and the Service and other Departments, memoranda giving the historical and political background on any given situation on which information is desired”. 3. “To provide information on special points desired" (in regards to each country). It provided various reports on foreign press, historical and political background of

3904-556: Was bolstered by the support of the Japan 2000 group in 1984. In 1998, Chatham House launched the Angola Forum. Angola's oil reserves, combined with growing international ambition, facilitated Angola 's quick ascent as an influential African nation. Chatham House said the Angola Forum was intended to create an international platform for "forward looking, policy focused and influential debate and research". The institute's wider Africa Programme

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3968-434: Was created in 2002, beginning the modern structure of area studies programmes. In 2005, Security, Terrorism and the UK was published. The Chatham House Prize was launched in 2005, recognising heads of state and organisations that made a significant contribution to international relations during the previous year. Queen Elizabeth II presented the debut award to Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko . In January 2013,

4032-449: Was moved to the Foreign Office 1943–46. The institute also provided many additional services to scholars and the armed forces at its St. James's Square home. The Institute reopened formally on 28 October 1943; the session was addressed by the American commanding general of U.S. Army logistics forces in the ETO, then-Maj. Gen. John C. H. Lee , who spent a substantial part of his time working with

4096-469: Was then known, held its inaugural meeting, chaired by Robert Cecil , on 5 July 1920. In this, former Foreign Secretary Edward Grey moved the resolution calling the institute into existence: "That an Institute be constituted for the study of International Questions, to be called the British Institute of International Affairs." These two, along with Arthur J. Balfour and John R. Clynes , became

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