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43-641: Léonard Victor Joseph Charner was born on 13 February 1797 in Saint-Brieuc , Brittany. He became a cadet at the École de Marine in Toulon in February 1812, was appointed a midshipman in 1815 and served in several ships. He was promoted to enseigne de vaisseau (ensign) in 1820 and lieutenant de vaisseau (ship-of-the-line lieutenant) in 1828. He participated in the Invasion of Algiers in 1830 . He recorded his observations in

86-516: A general uprising on September 23 . In the course of what became known as the Southern Resistance War (Nam Bộ kháng chiến) the Viet Minh defeated rival resistance forces but, by the end of 1945, had been pushed out of Saigon and major urban centres into the countryside. After 1945, the status of Cochinchina was a subject of discord between France and Ho Chi Minh 's Viet Minh . In 1946,

129-636: A consequence of the delivered report, he declared war against the Mạc dynasty . The nominal ruler of the Mạc died at the very time that the Chinese armies passed the frontiers of the kingdom in 1537, and his father, Mạc Đăng Dung (the real power in any case), hurried to submit to the Imperial will, and declared himself to be a vassal of China. The Chinese declared that both the Lê dynasty and

172-568: A memoir on the duration of naval manoeuvres. In 1832 Charner received the cross of the Legion of Honour for the capture of Ancona . Charner became a capitaine de corvette (lieutenant commander) in 1837. As second in command of the Belle Poule he accompanied François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville to Saint Helena to bring back the remains of Napoleon to France in 1840 (the Retour des cendres ). He

215-652: A tenacious member of the Nguyễn noble family who fought for 25 years against the Tây Sơn and ultimately conquered the entire country in 1802. He ruled all of Vietnam under the name Gia Long. His son Minh Mạng reigned from 14 February 1820 until 20 January 1841 what was known to the British as Cochin China and to the Americans as hyphenated Cochin-China. In hopes of negotiating commercial treaties,

258-466: A trading community at Saigon , then called Prey Nakor, with the consent of the king of Cambodia, Chey Chettha II . Over the next 50 years, Vietnamese control slowly expanded in this area but only gradually as the Nguyễn were fighting a protracted civil war with the Trịnh lords in the north. With the end of the war with the Trịnh, the Nguyễn were able to devote more effort (and military force) to conquest of

301-517: A truckload of it fell unconscious at the wheel and died. Langueux , La Méaugon , Plérin , Ploufragan , Trégueux and Trémuson . Saint-Brieuc experiences an oceanic climate . Saint-Brieuc is one of the towns in Europe that host the IU Honors Program . The Cemetery of Saint Michel contains graves of several notable Bretons, and sculptures by Paul le Goff and Jean Boucher . Outside

344-708: A widespread insurrection . Fighting in the Mekong Delta continued until the end of the year. Cochinchina was occupied by Japan during World War II (1941–45). After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, the Communist-front Viet Minh had declared a provisional government (a Southern Administrative Committee) in Saigon. In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration assisted by British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered

387-548: Is a historical exonym for part of Vietnam , depending on the contexts, usually for Southern Vietnam . Sometimes it referred to the whole of Vietnam, but it was commonly used to refer to the region south of the Gianh River . In the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was divided between the Trịnh lords to the north and the Nguyễn lords to the south. The two domains bordered each other on

430-666: The Napoléon , battled for five hours with Konstantin Battery . It fired 3,000 shots and was hit by 100 cannon-balls. On 7 June 1855 he was promoted to vice-amiral . He chaired the Naval Works Committee. In May 1860 Charner took command of the naval fores in the China seas and supported the expeditionary force during the Second Opium War . After directing the disembarkation of the troops at Peïo he directed his gunboats to attack

473-630: The Battle of Koh Chang in the 1941 Franco-Thai War . Saint-Brieuc Saint-Brieuc ( [sɛ̃ bʁijø] , Breton : Sant-Brieg pronounced [sãnt ˈbriːɛk] , Gallo : Saent-Berioec ) is a city in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. Saint-Brieuc is named after a Welsh monk, Brioc , who Christianised the region in the 5th century and established an oratory there. Bro Sant-Brieg/Pays de Saint-Brieuc , one of

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516-743: The Son River . The northern section was called Tonkin by Europeans, and the southern part, Đàng Trong , was called Cochinchina by most Europeans and Quinam by the Dutch . Jean-Louis Taberd , in his 1838 map, called Tonkin as "Cocincina exterior" ( Đàng Ngoài ) and "Cochin China" as "Cocincina interior" ( Đàng Trong ). In this classic 1838 map, the Gianh River is north of "Lũy Sầy" (an incorrect pronunciation and spelling of "Lũy Thầy" ) demarcating "Cocincina exterior" (or "Outer Annam") from "Cocincina interior" (or "Inner Annam"). A small river immediately north of "Lũy Sầy", drawn but not annotated,

559-593: The war between 1831 and 1834 , but were forced to relinquish these conquests in the war between 1841 and 1845 . For a series of complex reasons, the Second French Empire of Napoleon III , with the help of Spanish troops arriving from the Spanish East Indies , attacked Đà Nẵng (Tourane) of Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam in September 1858. Unable to occupy Đà Nẵng, the alliance moved to Lower Cochinchina in

602-453: The British in 1822 sent East India Company agent John Crawfurd , and the Americans in 1833 sent diplomatist Edmund Roberts , who returned in 1836. Neither envoy was fully cognizant of conditions within the country, and neither succeeded. Gia Long's successors (see the Nguyễn dynasty for details) repelled the Siamese from Cambodia and even annexed Phnom Penh and surrounding territory in

645-594: The Cambodians. During the late 18th century emerged the Tây Sơn Rebellion , coming out from the Nguyễn domain. In 1774, the Trịnh army captured the capital Phú Xuân of the Nguyễn realm, whose leaders then had to flee to Lower Cochinchina. The three brothers of Tây Sơn, former peasants, however, soon succeeded in conquering first the lands of the Nguyễn and then the lands of the Trịnh, briefly unifying Vietnam. Final unification of Vietnam came under Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ,

688-716: The Chinese Jiāozhǐ , in Cantonese Kawci , pronounced Giao Chỉ in Vietnam. They appended the "China" specifier to disting uish the area from the city and the princely state of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the Malabar Coast . As a result of a civil war that started in 1520, the Emperor of China sent a commission to study the political status of Annam in 1536. As

731-696: The French proclaimed Cochinchina an "autonomous republic", which was one of the causes of the First Indochina War . In 1948, Cochinchina was renamed as the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam . It was merged the next year with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam , and the State of Vietnam , with former emperor Bảo Đại as head of state, was then officially established. After

774-534: The Goued/ Gouët and the Gouedig/ Gouédic . Other towns of notable size in the département of Côtes d'Armor are Gwengamp/ Guingamp , Dinan , and Lannuon/ Lannion all sous-préfectures . In 2009, large amounts of sea lettuce , a type of alga , washed up on many beaches of Brittany, and when it rotted it emitted dangerous levels of hydrogen sulphide . A horse and some dogs died and a council worker driving

817-416: The Mekong Delta fell under French control. In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral Dupré as its first governor. As a result, the name "Cochinchina" came to refer exclusively to the southern third of Vietnam. (In Catholic ecclesiastical contexts Cochinchina still related to the older meaning of Đàng Trong until 1924 when

860-513: The Mạc had a right to part of the lands and so they recognised the Lê rule in the southern part of Vietnam while at the same time recognising the Mạc rule in the northern part, which was called Tunquin (i.e. Tonkin). This was to be a feudatory state of China under the government of the Mạc. However, this arrangement did not last long. In 1592, Trịnh Tùng , leading the Royal (Trịnh) army, conquered nearly all of

903-409: The Mạc territory and moved the Lê kings back to the original capital of Hanoi . The Mạc only held on to a tiny part of north Vietnam until 1667, when Trịnh Tạc conquered the last Mạc lands. In 1600 after returning from Tonkin, lord Nguyễn Hoàng built his own government in the two southern provinces of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam, today in central Vietnam. In 1623, lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên established

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946-506: The Saigon garrison. These efforts allowed the French to capture three provinces of Cochinchina . Charner was replaced by Admiral Bonard in November 1861, who managed to obtain the recognition of the French conquests by Emperor Tự Đức in 1862, with the June 1862 Treaty of Saigon . Charner returned to France in September 1861, and on 22 January 1862 was made a senator. Until his death he sat with

989-625: The South. On 17 February 1859, they captured Saigon . Later on, the French defeated the Nguyễn army at the Battle of Ky Hoa in 1861. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three southern Vietnamese provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường to France in the June 1862 Treaty of Saigon . In 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long . With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and

1032-634: The emperor Lê Thánh Tông , at the expense of Champa . The next two hundred years was a time of territorial consolidation and civil war with only gradual expansion southwards. In 1516, Portuguese traders sailing from Malacca landed in Da Nang , Đại Việt, and established a presence there. They named the area "Cochin-China", borrowing the first part from the Malay Kuchi , Kochi , Kuci , or Koci (unrelated to Indian or Japanese cities of Kochi ), which referred to all of Vietnam , and which in turn derived from

1075-469: The endeavour of Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly , and permitting the establishment of the first French territories in Vietnam . The French Navy Minister Chasseloup-Laubat wrote to Charner: "We wish to draw commerce to Saigon (...) What we want is a sort of suzerainty or sovereignty with free trade accessible to all". After three weeks of combat, ending with the Battle of Kỳ Hòa , Charner managed to relieve

1118-704: The forts that defended the entrance to the river. He was then appointed commander in chief of the land and sea forces in Cochinchina . As soon as the war ended, Charner left for Vietnam in January 1861 with his naval squadron and a force of 3,000 troops to support French troops under Captain Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules d'Ariès encircled in Saigon . On February 11, 1861, he relieved the Siege of Saigon , thereby continuing

1161-759: The increased rubber demand after the First World War , the European plantations recruited, as indentured labour, workers from "the overcrowded villages of the Red River Delta in Tonkin and the coastal lowlands of Annam ". These migrants brought south the influence of the Communist Party of Nguyen Ai Quoc ( Ho Chi Minh ), and of other underground nationalist parties (the Tan Viet and Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng – VNQDD). At

1204-659: The nine traditional bishoprics of Brittany, which were used as administrative areas before the French Revolution , was named after Saint-Brieuc. It also dates from the Middle Ages when the ‘pays de Saint Brieuc’, or Penteur, was established by Duke Arthur II of Brittany as one of his eight ‘battles’ or administrative regions. The town is located by the English Channel , on the Bay of Saint-Brieuc. Two rivers flow through Saint-Brieuc:

1247-517: The place of residence for many notable people. Saint-Brieuc préfecture of the Côtes-d'Armor is twinned with: Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China ( / ˌ k oʊ tʃ ɪ n ˈ tʃ aɪ n ə / , UK also / ˌ k ɒ tʃ -/ ; Vietnamese : Đàng Trong (17th–18th centuries), Việt Nam (1802–1831), Đại Nam (1831–1862), Nam Kỳ (1862–1945) ; Khmer : កូសាំងស៊ីន , romanized :  Kosăngsin ; French : Cochinchine ; Chinese : 交趾支那 ; pinyin : Jiāozhǐ zhīnà )

1290-551: The same time, the local peasantry were driven into debt servitude, and into plantation labour, by land and poll taxes . Such conditions contributed to the 1916 Cochinchina uprising , and to widespread agrarian and labor unrest in 1930-32. In 1936 the formation in France of the Popular Front government led by Leon Blum was accompanied by promises of colonial reform. Failure to deliver, helped generate further unrest culminating in

1333-510: The south. First, the remaining Champa territories were taken; next, the areas around the Mekong river were placed under Vietnamese control. At least three wars were fought between the Nguyễn lords and the Cambodian kings in the period 1715 to 1770 with the Vietnamese gaining more territory with each war. The wars all involved the much more powerful Siamese kings who fought on behalf of their vassals,

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1376-655: The successes of the British in China in 1842, and France hoped to counterbalance these successes by accessing China from the south. During the French Second Republic on 13 May 1849 Charner was elected representative of Côtes-du-Nord in the Legislative Assembly. He sat with the right and supported the policy of President Louis Napoleon . He was a member of the Naval Investigation Commission and

1419-671: The summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes. The left anti-colonial forces split between the Moscow-oriented Communist Party and their Trotskyist left opposition and, following the French declaration of war against Germany in September 1939 was suppressed. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam", in November 1940 the Communist Party in Cochinchina instigated

1462-676: The supporters of the imperial regime. He was promoted to admiral by decree of 15 November 1864. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 10 February 1861. Charner died on 7 February 1869 in Paris. Several French Navy ships have been named after him, such as the French cruiser Amiral Charner or the Bougainville -class colonial sloop (" aviso colonial ") Amiral Charner (1933) which fought at

1505-452: The three Apostolic Vicariates of Northern, Eastern, and Western Cochinchina were renamed to Apostolic Vicariates of Huế , Qui Nhơn , and Saïgon). In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the Union of French Indochina . Unlike the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both de jure and de facto , and

1548-442: The wall is Armel Beaufils 's statue of Anatole Le Braz . Le Goff, who was killed with his two brothers in World War I, is also commemorated in a street and with his major sculptural work La forme se dégageant de la matière in the central gardens, which also includes a memorial to him by Jules-Charles Le Bozec and work by Francis Renaud . The town of St. Brieux in Saskatchewan, Canada is named after Saint-Brieuc of Brittany. It

1591-448: Was a constituent territory of French Indochina from 1887 until early 1945. So during the French colonial period, the label Cochinchina moved further south, and came to refer exclusively to the southernmost part of Vietnam. Beside the French colony of Cochinchina, the two other parts of Vietnam at the time were the French protectorates of Annam (Central Vietnam) and Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). South Vietnam (also called Nam Việt )

1634-399: Was appointed capitaine de vaisseau (ship-of-the-line captain) in April 1841, and served in various naval commands during the remainder of the July Monarchy . In 1843 Charner was part of the fleet sent to the Pacific Ocean by the French Foreign Minister François Guizot under Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille with the diplomat Marie Melchior Joseph Théodore de Lagrené . The move responded to

1677-508: Was founded by immigrants from this region in Brittany. It was settled in the early 1900s. Inhabitants of Saint-Brieuc are called Briochins in French. In 2008, 3.98% of primary school children attended bilingual schools. The Saint-Brieuc railway station , situated on the Paris–Brest railway , is connected by TGV Atlantique to Paris Montparnasse station , with a journey time of about 3 hours. There are no scheduled air services from Saint-Brieuc – Armor Airport . Saint-Brieuc has been

1720-450: Was likely the Son River , a tributary to the Gianh River . Lower Cochinchina ( Basse-Cochinchine ), whose principal city is Saigon , is the newest territory of the Vietnamese people in the movement of Nam tiến (Southward expansion). This region was also the first part of Vietnam to be colonized by the French. Inaugurated as the French Cochinchina in 1862, this colonial administrative unit reached its full extent from 1867 and

1763-410: Was often involved in discussions on technical matters. He was also a member of the Côtes-du-Nord General Council. After the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 Charner was appointed Chief of Staff of the Minister of the Navy. He was promoted to rear admiral on 3 February 1852, and made second in command of the Pacific Ocean Squadron in August 1853. During the Crimean War on 17 October 1854 his battleship,

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1806-486: Was reorganized from the State of Vietnam after the Geneva Conference in 1954 by combining Lower Cochinchina with the southern part of Annam, the former protectorate. The conquest of the south of present-day Vietnam was a long process of territorial acquisition by the Vietnamese. It is called Nam tiến (Chinese characters: 南 進 , English meaning "South[ern] Advance") by Vietnamese historians. Vietnam (then known as Đại Việt ) greatly expanded its territory in 1470 under

1849-426: Was represented by a deputy in the National Assembly in Paris. Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon. The French authorities dispossessed Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production. As they expanded in response to

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